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Chung JY, Park JE, Kim YJ, Lee SJ, Yu WJ, Kim JM. Styrene Cytotoxicity in Testicular Leydig Cells In Vitro. Dev Reprod 2022; 26:99-105. [PMID: 36285149 PMCID: PMC9578320 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2022.26.3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Styrene is the precursor of polystyrene. Human exposure to styrene could occur in occupational and residential settings and via food intake. Styrene is metabolized to styrene-7,8-oxide by cytochrome P450 enzyme. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxicity mediated by styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide in TM3 testicular Leydig cells in vitro. We first monitored the nuclear fragmentation in Leydig cells after exposure to styrene or styrene-7,8-oxide. Hoechst 33258 cell staining showed that styrene exposure in TM3 Leydig cells did not exhibit nuclear fragmentation at any concentration. In contrast, nuclear fragmentation was seen in styrene-7,8-oxide-exposed cells. These results indicate that cytotoxicity-mediated cell death in Leydig cells is more susceptible to styrene-7,8-oxide than to styrene. Following styrene treatment, procaspase-3 and XIAP protein levels did not show significant changes, and cleaved (active) forms of caspase-3 were not detected. Consistent with the western blot results, the active forms of caspase-3 and XIAP proteins were not prominently altered in the cytoplasm of cells treated with styrene. In contrast to styrene, styrene-7,8-oxide induced cell death in an apoptotic fashion, as seen in caspase-3 activation and increased the expression of XIAP proteins. Taken together, the results obtained in this study demonstrate a fundamental idea that Leydig cells are capable of protecting themselves from cytotoxicity-mediated apoptosis as a result of styrene exposure in vitro. It remains unclear whether the steroid-producing function, i.e., steroidogenesis, of Leydig cells is also unaffected by exposure to styrene. Therefore, further studies are needed to elucidate the endocrine disrupting potential of styrene in Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Chung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan
49201, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan
49201, Korea
| | - Yoon-Jae Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan
49201, Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology
Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology,
Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Wook-Joon Yu
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology
Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology,
Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan
49201, Korea,Corresponding author Jong-Min
Kim, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A
University, Busan 49201, Korea. Tel: +82-51-240-2792, E-mail:
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De Santis E, Minicozzi V, Rossi G, Stellato F, Morante S. Is styrene competitive for dopamine receptor binding? Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:200-206. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The potential role of styrene oxide in altering the dopaminergic pathway in the ear is investigated by means of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. We estimate the binding affinity of both styrene oxide and dopamine to the dopaminergic receptor DrD2 by computing the free-energy difference, ∆G, between the configuration where the ligand is bound to the receptor and the situation in which it is “infinitely” far away from it. The results show that the styrene oxide has a somewhat lower affinity for binding with respect to dopamine, which, however, may not be enough to prevent exogenous high concentration styrene oxide to compete with endogenous dopamine for DrD2 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano De Santis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University , Husargatan 3 , 752 37 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Velia Minicozzi
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata and Istituto di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Roma , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Rossi
- Hystorical Museum for Physics and Enrico Fermi Studies and Research Center, Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata and Istituto di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Roma , Italy
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Via Panisperna 89a , 00184 Roma , Italy
| | - Francesco Stellato
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata and Istituto di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Roma , Italy
| | - Silvia Morante
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata and Istituto di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Roma , Italy
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Schulte S, Gries M, Christmann A, Schäfer KH. Using multielectrode arrays to investigate neurodegenerative effects of the amyloid-beta peptide. Bioelectron Med 2021; 7:15. [PMID: 34711287 PMCID: PMC8554832 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-021-00078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multielectrode arrays are widely used to analyze the effects of potentially toxic compounds, as well as to evaluate neuroprotective agents upon the activity of neural networks in short- and long-term cultures. Multielectrode arrays provide a way of non-destructive analysis of spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity, allowing to model neurodegenerative diseases in vitro. Here, we provide an overview on how these devices are currently used in research on the amyloid-β peptide and its role in Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disorder. MAIN BODY Most of the studies analysed here indicate fast responses of neuronal cultures towards aggregated forms of amyloid-β, leading to increases of spike frequency and impairments of long-term potentiation. This in turn suggests that this peptide might play a crucial role in causing the typical neuronal dysfunction observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS Although the number of studies using multielectrode arrays to examine the effect of the amyloid-β peptide onto neural cultures or whole compartments is currently limited, they still show how this technique can be used to not only investigate the interneuronal communication in neural networks, but also making it possible to examine the effects onto synaptic currents. This makes multielectrode arrays a powerful tool in future research on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Schulte
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Manuela Gries
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Anne Christmann
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Moujahed S, Ruiz A, Hallegue D, Sakly M. Quercetin alleviates styrene oxide-induced cytotoxicity in cortical neurons in vitro via modulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1634-1643. [PMID: 33297769 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1851706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Styrene 7,8-oxide (SO) is the principal metabolite of styrene, an industrial neurotoxic compound which causes various neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aimed to explore the mechanisms of SO cytotoxicity (0.5 - 4 mM) in primary cortical neurons and to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of quercetin (QUER). Our results showed that exposure to SO decreased viability of cortical neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. In the presence of QUER, cell viability was increased significantly. The neuroprotective effects of QUER were associated with the reduction of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), the decrease in calcium overload and the restoration of mitochondrial membrane depolarization caused by SO. Additionally, to evaluate neuronal death mechanisms triggered by SO, cells were incubated with Ac-DEVD-CHO, Calpeptin and Necrostatin-1, pharmacological inhibitors of caspase-3, calpains and necroptosis respectively. The data showed that the three inhibitors reduced cell death induced by SO and suggested the implication of apoptotic, necrotic and necroptotic pathways. However, western blot analysis showed that QUER attenuated the activation of caspase-3 but did not prevent calpain activity. Taken together, these data indicated that the cytotoxicity of SO was mediated by oxidative stress and apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis mechanisms, while the neuroprotection provided by QUER against SO depended mainly on its anti-apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Moujahed
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Asier Ruiz
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Dorsaf Hallegue
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, Jarzouna, Tunisia
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Wu C, V Gopal K, Lukas TJ, Gross GW, Moore EJ. Pharmacodynamics of potassium channel openers in cultured neuronal networks. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 732:68-75. [PMID: 24681057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of drugs - potassium (K(+)) channel openers or activators - has recently been shown to cause anticonvulsive and neuroprotective effects by activating hyperpolarizing K(+) currents, and therefore, may show efficacy for treating tinnitus. This study presents measurements of the modulatory effects of four K(+) channel openers on the spontaneous activity and action potential waveforms of neuronal networks. The networks were derived from mouse embryonic auditory cortices and grown on microelectrode arrays. Pentylenetetrazol was used to create hyperactivity states in the neuronal networks as a first approximation for mimicking tinnitus or tinnitus-like activity. We then compared the pharmacodynamics of the four channel activators, retigabine and flupirtine (voltage-gated K(+) channel KV7 activators), NS1619 and isopimaric acid ("big potassium" BK channel activators). The EC50 of retigabine, flupirtine, NS1619, and isopimaric acid were 8.0, 4.0, 5.8, and 7.8µM, respectively. The reduction of hyperactivity compared to the reference activity was significant. The present results highlight the notion of re-purposing the K(+) channel activators for reducing hyperactivity of spontaneously active auditory networks, serving as a platform for these drugs to show efficacy toward target identification, prevention, as well as treatment of tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Wu
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States; Center for Network Neuroscience, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
| | - Kamakshi V Gopal
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States; Center for Network Neuroscience, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Thomas J Lukas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Guenter W Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States; Center for Network Neuroscience, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Ernest J Moore
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States; Center for Network Neuroscience, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
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