Tooth surface loss and associated risk factors in northern saudi arabia

Prevalence of tooth wear diseases in patients with diabetes and its impact on the quality of life in Dakshina Kannada population: a cross sectional study

Background

Early detection and management of tooth wear (TW) has not been given due consideration in the dental profession. Thus, this study aimed to explore the prevalence of TW in adults with diabetes in Dakshina Kannada population using the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) and recording its impact on quality of life using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14).

Methods

In total, 236 dentate adults with diabetes and TW, who visited the Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore were recruited to the study. Assessment of TW was done using BEWE during examination of each participant and was categorized as none, mild, moderate, and severe. Impact of TW on quality of life was assessed using the OHIP-14.

Results

Overall, 81 (34.30%) individuals had a poor score on the basic erosive tooth index, 82 (34.70%) had a medium score, . The level of TW, both moderate and severe (high), affected quality of life. Erosion, abrasion and attrition were seen in a large proportion of the study population. The diabetic status of the individual was collected from their medical file. The HbA1C level was found to range from good, fair and poor control. The quality of life among the study population was affected because of TW and diabetes. Few participants had hypertension along with diabetes. The majority of study participants were on oral hypoglycaemic agents. Participants used tooth brushes and tooth paste and brushing frequency varied between once or twice daily.

Conclusions

In the study population, there were moderate and severe TW patterns. Quality of life was found to be impacted by TW. Dental professionals must give proper consideration to the influence of TW on quality of life in addition to clinical findings. This will make it easier to offer preventive or restorative management depending on the situation.

Chewing Ability and the Quality of Life: A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Relationship Between Tooth Wear and Oral Health

INTRODUCTION

It is important to understand how a very common prevalent condition of tooth wear (TW) impacts a person's day-to-day oral health. An emerging concept of measuring the parameter of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), which evidently impacts the daily living of a person, makes it practical to examine the correlation between TW and OHRQoL. For measuring the OHRQoL, we can apply various methods, and the most effective is the use of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) questionnaire. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess the correlation between TW and the OHRQoL among adult patients attending a dental college and hospital.

METHODS

A cross-sectional research was performed on patients who visited the outpatient department of Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, India. Initially, the sociodemographic details of patients, including their oral hygiene and dietary habits, were recorded. This step was followed by the assessment of TW using the Smith and Knight TW index. Then, the translated and validated version of the OHIP questionnaire was filled up, in which the patients were asked to rate each question on a Likert scale, with five points ranging from 0 to 4, where 0 = never, 1 = hardly ever, 2 = occasionally, 3 = fairly often, and 4 = very often.

RESULTS

Based on a clinical examination on 630 subjects and the OHIP questionnaire responses from the participants, a significantly remarkable association (p ≤ 0.05) was found using a chi-square test between TW and the OHRQoL. In particular, TW was linked to other sociodemographic data and various lifestyle, dietary, and drinking habits. Along with the OHRQoL, TW also showed a positive correlation with gender. Using the chi-square test, a statistically significant association between age and TW was observed, with p-value = 0.004. Meanwhile, the place of residence did not show any association with TW. Educational qualifications of patients, visits to dental clinics, and reasons for dental visits showed very significant association with TW. Oral hygiene aids, materials used, frequency of brushing, and brushing technique did not have any association with TW as per the results obtained. A highly significant association was found between consumption of fruit drinks, citric drinks, and beverages and TW in the adult patients. Among all the domains of the OHIP questionnaire, the physical pain domain was the most affected, followed by the physical disability domain.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that TW has a direct association and positive correlation with the OHRQoL. As TW was increasing, so were the OHIP values, which indicated a lesser OHRQoL. The study also presents information on how to maintain a regular and healthy dietary lifestyle and oral hygiene to combat the impacts of TW.

A study to evaluate psychological and occlusal parameters in bruxism

Purpose

To evaluate the role of anxiety/depression and occlusal factors in bruxism using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and T-Scan III respectively.

Methods

The present case control study was comprising of a group of thirty patients with bruxism (Group Br) and 30 healthy individuals as control group (Group NBr). Subjects were selected from outdoor patients visiting the dental unit with the chief complaint of wearing off/sensitivity of all the teeth due to habitual grinding. The cases were selected by using the diagnostic criteria as given by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Further based on similarities of age and gender, controls were selected. Tooth wear index was recorded using an index given by Ekfeldt et al. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire was administered to both the groups to evaluate anxiety and depression. Recording of occlusal parameters in both the groups was done digitally by using T-Scan III. Statistical analysis was done by using student's t-test, chi square test and Mann Whitney U test.

Results

Group Br had significantly greater mean tooth wear index (22.24 ± 11.5) than group NBr (5.17 ± 3.30). Group Br had significantly higher anxiety (9.03 + 1.87/7.17 + 1.82) and depression scores (8 + 1.93/6.17 + 1.23) as compared to NBr. The disclusion time of group Br was 0.652 ± 0.749 and that of group NBr was 0.247 ± 0.289 (p = 0.008).

Conclusions

Subjects with higher level of anxiety, depression and increased disclusion time may have greater predilection towards suffering from bruxism (p < 0.05).

The Prevalence of Tooth Wear in an Adult Population from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Aim

To assess the prevalence of tooth wear in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia in an adult population and to identify potential contributing factors, such as sociodemographic factors.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included adults between 18 and 40 years, seeking routine dental care. A clinical examination using the tooth wear index (TWI) was performed. Each tooth was given a TWI score, followed by classifying participants according to different risk levels. This was followed by a self-administered questionnaire on demographic information and oral hygiene habits. Statistical analyses included univariate, bivariate, as well as multivariate to assess the risk of tooth wear in relation to possible risk factors. The tests used were odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values < 0.05 to be statistically significant.

Results

The prevalence of tooth wear and dentin exposure was 83.5% and 58.8%, respectively, with the mean affected teeth of 1.3 ± 0.6 and 0.2 ± 0.2. Both gender and education level were significantly associated with tooth wear at bivariate and multivariate levels (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The prevalence of tooth wear among sampled adults in this study was high. There was a clear difference in rates of tooth wear for gender and education level. Early identification and prevention of tooth wear will help reduce signs and symptoms in later stages of life.

Prevalence of erosive lesions with respect to risk factors in a young adult population in Poland-a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of erosive lesions and related risk factors in the population of 18-year-old young adults in Poland.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Calibrated examiners measured erosive tooth wear according to Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) scoring system in 1869 patients and assessed the impact of risk factors with a questionnaire.

RESULTS

Erosion was present in 42.3% of the patients. Early damage to the enamel was the most frequent finding (BEWE 1)-28.9%. More advanced lesions (BEWE 2) were observed in 12% of the patients. Advanced damage to the teeth (BEWE 3) was diagnosed rarely-1.4% of the examined population. Acidic diet, hygienic habits, and medical conditions such as asthma, eating disorders, and esophageal reflux showed statistical significance, as associated with erosion in the examined population.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study indicates that dental erosion is a common oral disease in the 18-year-old population with prevalence of frequency and intensity in males. However, on the basis of observations carried out in recent years, it may be assumed that the prevalence of this type of lesion is increasing.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Present findings support other longitudinal studies toward evaluation of the BEWE system as a valuable standard for assessing erosive and related risk factors among different populations.

Effect of neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser and fluoride on the acid demineralization of enamel

AIM

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of the neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and acidic phosphate fluoride (APF) on enamel erosion caused by hydrochloric acid.

METHODS

Fifty human enamel specimens were distributed according to the following treatments (n = 10): untreated (control), APF (1.23%) 4 min, Nd:YAG laser (100 mJ, 1 W, 10 Hz, 141.5 J/cm² ), APF + Nd:YAG laser, and Nd:YAG laser + APF. For 14 days the specimens were submitted to erosive challenge: 5 min in 3 mL hydrochloric acid (0.01 M, pH 2.2), rinsed with distilled water, and stored in artificial saliva for 3 h. This cycle was repeated four times per day. The calcium (Ca) loss was determined in demineralizing solution by atomic emission spectroscopy, and superficial roughness (Ra) was measured before and after the erosive challenge.

RESULTS

The mean Ca loss was (mg/L, ± standard deviation): control 12.74 ± 3.33, APF 1.71 ± 0.11, laser 1.64 ± 0.08, APF + laser 1.38 ± 0.08, and laser + APF 1.48 ± 0.07. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between the control and other groups. APF + laser showed minor loss of Ca. After the erosive challenge, the APF + laser group showed Ra alteration.

CONCLUSION

A significant reduction in tooth dissolution was observed after fluoride application combined with Nd:YAG irradiation.

Assessment of Oral Conditions and Quality of Life in Morbid Obese and Normal Weight Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study

The aim of this study was to identify the impact of oral disease on the quality of life of morbid obese and normal weight individuals. Cohort was composed of 100 morbid-obese and 50 normal-weight subjects. Dental caries, community periodontal index, gingival bleeding on probing (BOP), calculus, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, dental wear, stimulated salivary flow, and salivary pH were used to evaluate oral diseases. Socioeconomic and the oral impacts on daily performances (OIDP) questionnaires showed the quality of life in both groups. Unpaired Student, Fisher’s Exact, Chi-Square, Mann-Whitney, and Multiple Regression tests were used (p<0.05). Obese showed lower socio-economic level than control group, but no differences were found considering OIDP. No significant differences were observed between groups considering the number of absent teeth, bruxism, difficult mastication, calculus, initial caries lesion, and caries. However, saliva flow was low, and the salivary pH was changed in the obese group. Enamel wear was lower and dentine wear was higher in obese. More BOP, insertion loss, and periodontal pocket, especially the deeper ones, were found in obese subjects. The regression model showed gender, smoking, salivary pH, socio-economic level, periodontal pocket, and periodontal insertion loss significantly associated to obesity. However, both OIDP and BOP did not show significant contribution to the model. The quality of life of morbid obese was more negatively influenced by oral disease and socio-economic factors than in normal weight subjects.

Predicting tooth surface loss using genetic algorithms-optimized artificial neural networks

Our aim was to predict tooth surface loss in individuals without the need to conduct clinical examinations. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to construct a mathematical model. Input data consisted of age, smoker status, type of tooth brush, brushing, and consumption of pickled food, fizzy drinks, orange, apple, lemon, and dried seeds. Output data were the sum of tooth surface loss scores for selected teeth. The optimized constructed ANN consisted of 2-layer network with 15 neurons in the first layer and one neuron in the second layer. The data of 46 subjects were used to build the model, while the data of 15 subjects were used to test the model. Accepting an error of ±5 scores for all chosen teeth, the accuracy of the network becomes more than 80%. In conclusion, this study shows that modeling tooth surface loss using ANNs is possible and can be achieved with a high degree of accuracy.

Overlays or ceramic fragments for tooth restoration: an analysis of fracture resistance

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mode of fracture and resistance of partial ceramic restorations of posterior teeth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty healthy upper premolars were selected and divided into three groups (n = 10): Group 1- control, healthy unrestored teeth, group 2-teeth restored with ceramic fragments; and group 3-teeth restored with ceramic overlays. The restorations were manufactured with feldspathic ceramic and cemented with RelyX ARC resin cement. After being stored in distilled water for 7 days, the teeth were subjected to axial compression mechanical testing with a universal testing machine. Force was applied to the long axis of the tooth at a speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). The mode of fracture was scored according to the degree of involvement of the tooth structure and the type of restoration.

RESULTS

A significant difference (p < 0.05) was showed between groups 2 (1155 N) and 3 (846.6 N), but there was no significant difference between group 1 and the other groups (1046 N), More extensive fractures were prevalent in the healthy teeth group (Group 1), which had no occlusal coverage; less severe fractures were found in groups 2 and 3.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that teeth restored with ceramic fragments may offer greater resistance to fractures compared to teeth that have overlay restorations.