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Mukherjee S, Patra R, Behzadi P, Masotti A, Paolini A, Sarshar M. Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244345. [PMID: 37822929 PMCID: PMC10562563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or dying cells. The wide distribution of different cell types, ranging from epithelial to immune cells, highlights the crucial roles of TLRs in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, TLRs binding mediates the expression of several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, that lead to the induction of several other signaling molecules such as key pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, extraordinary progress in immunobiological research has suggested that TLRs could represent promising targets for the therapeutic intervention of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections as well as human cancers. So far, for the prevention and possible treatment of inflammatory diseases, various TLR antagonists/inhibitors have shown to be efficacious at several stages from pre-clinical evaluation to clinical trials. Therefore, the fascinating role of TLRs in modulating the human immune responses at innate as well as adaptive levels directed the scientists to opt for these immune sensor proteins as suitable targets for developing chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics against cancer. Hitherto, several TLR-targeting small molecules (e.g., Pam3CSK4, Poly (I:C), Poly (A:U)), chemical compounds, phytocompounds (e.g., Curcumin), peptides, and antibodies have been found to confer protection against several types of cancers. However, administration of inappropriate doses of such TLR-modulating therapeutics or a wrong infusion administration is reported to induce detrimental outcomes. This review summarizes the current findings on the molecular and structural biology of TLRs and gives an overview of the potency and promises of TLR-directed therapeutic strategies against cancers by discussing the findings from established and pipeline discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Camels' biological fluids contained nanobodies: promising avenue in cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:279. [PMID: 36071488 PMCID: PMC9449263 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major health concern and accounts for one of the main causes of death worldwide. Innovative strategies are needed to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers. Recently, there has been an evolving interest in utilizing nanobodies of camel origin as therapeutic tools against cancer. Nanotechnology uses nanobodies an emerging attractive field that provides promises to researchers in advancing different scientific sectors including medicine and oncology. Nanobodies are characteristically small-sized biologics featured with the ability for deep tissue penetration and dissemination and harbour high stability at high pH and temperatures. The current review highlights the potential use of nanobodies that are naturally secreted in camels’ biological fluids, both milk and urine, in the development of nanotechnology-based therapy for treating different typesQuery of cancers and other diseases. Moreover, the role of nano proteomics in the invention of novel therapeutic agents specifically used for cancer intervention is also illustrated.
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Zhao Y, Shin DG. Deep Pathway Analysis V2.0: A Pathway Analysis Framework Incorporating Multi-Dimensional Omics Data. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 18:373-385. [PMID: 31603796 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2019.2945959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathway analysis is essential in cancer research particularly when scientists attempt to derive interpretation from genome-wide high-throughput experimental data. If pathway information is organized into a network topology, its use in interpreting omics data can become very powerful. In this paper, we propose a topology-based pathway analysis method, called DPA V2.0, which can combine multiple heterogeneous omics data types in its analysis. In this method, each pathway route is encoded as a Bayesian network which is initialized with a sequence of conditional probabilities specifically designed to encode directionality of regulatory relationships defined in the pathway. Unlike other topology-based pathway tools, DPA is capable of identifying pathway routes as representatives of perturbed regulatory signals. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model by applying it to two well-established TCGA data sets, namely, breast cancer study (BRCA) and ovarian cancer study (OV). The analysis combines mRNA-seq, mutation, copy number variation, and phosphorylation data publicly available for both TCGA data sets. We performed survival analysis and patient subtype analysis and the analysis outcomes revealed the anticipated strengths of our model. We hope that the availability of our model encourages wet lab scientists to generate extra data sets to reap the benefits of using multiple data types in pathway analysis. The majority of pathways distinguished can be confirmed by biological literature. Moreover, the proportion of correctly indentified pathways is 10 percent higher than previous work where only mRNA-seq and mutation data is incorporated for breast cancer patients. Consequently, such an in-depth pathway analysis incorporating more diverse data can give rise to the accuracy of perturbed pathway detection.
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Siamakpour-Reihani S, Cobb LP, Jiang C, Zhang D, Previs RA, Owzar K, Nixon AB, Alvarez Secord A. Differential expression of immune related genes in high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 156:662-668. [PMID: 31918995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify novel immunologic targets and biomarkers associated with overall survival (OS) in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC). METHODS In this retrospective study, microarray data from 51 HGSC specimens were analyzed (Affymetrix HG-U133A). A panel of 183 immune/inflammatory response related genes linked to 279 probe sets was constructed a priori and screened. Associations between gene expression and OS were assessed using logrank tests. Multiple testing was addressed within the False Discovery Rate (FDR) framework. For external validation, TCGA Ovarian dataset and five GSE publicly available HGSC datasets were evaluated. RESULTS In Duke data, 110 probe sets linked to 83 immunologic/inflammatory-related genes were differentially expressed in tumors from long versus short-term HGSC survivors (adjusted p < 0.05). In TCGA, concordant with the results from the Duke discovery cohort, high expression of one probe (IL6R) demonstrated a consistent significance and concordant association with higher expression in long-term HGSC survivors (Duke q-value = 0.022) and improved OS in the TCGA dataset (p-value = 0.015, HR = 0.8). Thirteen genes in GSE14764 (N = 4) and GSE26712 (N = 9) datasets had significant p-values and consistent concordant with Duke Data. Despite the significant associations of gene expression and OS in the individual GSE datasets, in the GSE meta-analysis no genes were consistently concordant and significantly associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of IL6R expression may be warranted based on higher expression in long-term survivors and association with improved survival in advanced HGSC. The other candidate genes may also be of worthy of further exploration to enhance immuno-oncology drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Siamakpour-Reihani
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, United States.
| | - Lauren Patterson Cobb
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Chen Jiang
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Duke Cancer Institute, United States.
| | - Dadong Zhang
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Duke Cancer Institute, United States.
| | - Rebecca A Previs
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - Kouros Owzar
- Duke Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, United States; Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Duke Cancer Institute, United States.
| | - Andrew B Nixon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, United States.
| | - Angeles Alvarez Secord
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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Lupi LA, Delella FK, Cucielo MS, Romagnoli GG, Kaneno R, Nunes IDS, Domeniconi RF, Martinez M, Martinez FE, Fávaro WJ, Chuffa LGDA. P-MAPA and Interleukin-12 Reduce Cell Migration/Invasion and Attenuate the Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Ovarian Cancer SKOV-3 Cells: A Preliminary Study. Molecules 2019; 25:E5. [PMID: 31861351 PMCID: PMC6982916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have emerged as promising complementary treatments for ovarian cancer (OC), but its effective and direct role on OC cells is unclear. This study examined the combinatory effects of the protein aggregate magnesium-ammonium phospholinoleate-palmitoleate anhydride, known as P-MAPA, and the human recombinant interleukin-12 (hrIL-12) on cell migration/invasion, apoptosis, toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammation, and cytokine/chemokine profile in human OC cell line SKOV-3. P-MAPA and IL-12 showed cancer cell toxicity under low doses after 48 h. Although apoptosis/necrosis and the cell cycle were unchanged by the treatments, P-MAPA enhanced the sensitivity to paclitaxel (PTX) and P-MAPA associated with IL-12 significantly reduced the migratory potential and invasion capacity of SKOV-3 cells. P-MAPA therapy reduced TLR2 immunostaining and the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), but not the TLR4 levels. Moreover, the combination of P-MAPA with IL-12 attenuated the levels of MyD88, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB p65). The IL-12 levels were increased and P-MAPA stimulated the secretion of cytokines IL-3, IL-9, IL-10, and chemokines MDC/CCL22 and, regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL5. Conversely, combination therapy reduced the levels of IL-3, IL-9, IL-10, MDC/CCL22, and RANTES/CCL5. Collectively, P-MAPA and IL-12 reduce cell dynamics and effectively target the TLR-related downstream molecules, eliciting a protective effect against chemoresistance. P-MAPA also stimulates the secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules, possibly having an immune response in the OC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Antonio Lupi
- Department of Anatomy, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, 18618-689 São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.L.); (M.S.C.); (R.F.D.); (F.E.M.)
| | - Flávia Karina Delella
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, 18618-689 São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Maira Smaniotto Cucielo
- Department of Anatomy, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, 18618-689 São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.L.); (M.S.C.); (R.F.D.); (F.E.M.)
| | - Graziela Gorete Romagnoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, 18618-689 São Paulo, Brazil; (G.G.R.); (R.K.)
| | - Ramon Kaneno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, 18618-689 São Paulo, Brazil; (G.G.R.); (R.K.)
| | | | - Raquel Fantin Domeniconi
- Department of Anatomy, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, 18618-689 São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.L.); (M.S.C.); (R.F.D.); (F.E.M.)
| | - Marcelo Martinez
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Francisco Eduardo Martinez
- Department of Anatomy, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, 18618-689 São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.L.); (M.S.C.); (R.F.D.); (F.E.M.)
| | - Wagner José Fávaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, UNICAMP-University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-970 São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, 18618-689 São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.L.); (M.S.C.); (R.F.D.); (F.E.M.)
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Muccioli M, Nandigam H, Loftus T, Singh M, Venkatesh A, Wright J, Pate M, McCall K, Benencia F. Modulation of double-stranded RNA pattern recognition receptor signaling in ovarian cancer cells promotes inflammatory queues. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36666-36683. [PMID: 30613350 PMCID: PMC6291178 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and cancer are inter-related, and both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects are possible in different contexts, highlighting the importance of characterizing specific inflammatory pathways in distinct tumor types. Malignant cells and non-cancerous cells such as fibroblasts, infiltrating leukocytes (i.e., dendritic cells [DC], macrophages, or lymphocytes) and endothelial cells, in combination with the extracellular matrix, constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the last decades, the role of the TME in cancer progression has gained increased attention and efforts directed at abrogating its deleterious effects on anti-cancer therapies have been ongoing. In this context, we investigated the potential of mouse and human ovarian cancer cells to produce inflammatory factors in response to pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) signaling, which might help to shape the biology of the TME. We determined that mouse ovarian tumors generate chemokines that are able to interact with receptors harbored by tumor-associated DCs. We also found that dsRNA triggers significant pro-inflammatory cytokine up-regulation in both human and mouse ovarian tumor cell lines, and that several PRR can simultaneously contribute to the stimulated inflammatory response displayed by these cells. Thus, dsRNA-activated PRRs may not only constitute potentially relevant drug targets for therapies aiming to prevent inflammation associated with leukocyte recruitment, or as co-adjuvants of therapeutic treatments, but also might have a role in development of nascent tumors, for example via activation of cancer cells by microbial molecules associated to pathogens, or with those appearing in circulation due to dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Muccioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Harika Nandigam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Tiffany Loftus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Manindra Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Amritha Venkatesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Julia Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Michelle Pate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Kelly McCall
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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Liu Y, Li T, Xu Y, Xu E, Zhou M, Wang B, Shen J. Effects of TLR4 gene silencing on the proliferation and apotosis of hepatocarcinoma HEPG2 cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3054-3060. [PMID: 27123062 PMCID: PMC4841034 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key factors in the innate immune system and initiate an inflammatory response to foreign pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. TLR4-mediated signaling has been implicated in tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis in numerous cancers. The present study aimed to investigate the biological effect of TLR4 on the proliferation and apoptosis of human liver cancer cells and the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of cellular responses following TLR4 gene knockdown. Three TLR4 small interfering (si)RNA constructs, consisting of TLR4-siRNA-1, TLR4-siRNA-2 and TLR4-siRNA-3, were transiently transfected into HepG2 cells using Lipofectamine 2000. TLR4 knockdown was confirmed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The effect of the TLR4 siRNA on tumor cell proliferation was monitored by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and cell apoptosis was observed by flow cytometry. The expression of TLR4-associated proteins, consisting of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), Toll-interleukin-1R-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3), nuclear factor (NF)-κB, NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα), phosphorylated IκBα (p-IκBα), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), was detected by western blot analysis. TLR4-siRNA-1 had the strongest knockdown effect and inhibited TLR4 messenger RNA and protein expression. TLR4 knockdown with TLR4-siRNA-1 reduced cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. MyD88, TRIF, IRF3, IκBα, JNK and ERK were markedly suppressed in the cells transfected with TLR4 siRNA. However, nuclear expression of NF-κB and p-IκBα increased in HepG2 cells with TLR4 gene knockdown. The present study revealed that TLR4-mediated signaling plays a key role in the proliferation and apoptosis of cultured hepatocarcinoma cells. Therefore, RNA interference-directed targeting of TLR4 may raise the potential of the application of TLR4 knockdown for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Enjun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Baolong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Jilong Shen
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen and Biology Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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Cort A, Ozben T, Saso L, De Luca C, Korkina L. Redox Control of Multidrug Resistance and Its Possible Modulation by Antioxidants. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4251912. [PMID: 26881027 PMCID: PMC4736404 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4251912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical efficacy of anticancer chemotherapies is dramatically hampered by multidrug resistance (MDR) dependent on inherited traits, acquired defence against toxins, and adaptive mechanisms mounting in tumours. There is overwhelming evidence that molecular events leading to MDR are regulated by redox mechanisms. For example, chemotherapeutics which overrun the first obstacle of redox-regulated cellular uptake channels (MDR1, MDR2, and MDR3) induce a concerted action of phase I/II metabolic enzymes with a temporal redox-regulated axis. This results in rapid metabolic transformation and elimination of a toxin. This metabolic axis is tightly interconnected with the inducible Nrf2-linked pathway, a key switch-on mechanism for upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and detoxifying systems. As a result, chemotherapeutics and cytotoxic by-products of their metabolism (ROS, hydroperoxides, and aldehydes) are inactivated and MDR occurs. On the other hand, tumour cells are capable of mounting an adaptive antioxidant response against ROS produced by chemotherapeutics and host immune cells. The multiple redox-dependent mechanisms involved in MDR prompted suggesting redox-active drugs (antioxidants and prooxidants) or inhibitors of inducible antioxidant defence as a novel approach to diminish MDR. Pitfalls and progress in this direction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Cort
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sanko University, İncili Pınar, Gazi Muhtar Paşa Bulvarı, Sehitkamil, 27090 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Tomris Ozben
- Department of Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Campus, Dumlupınar Street, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, La Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Evidence-Based Well-Being (EB-WB) Ltd., 31 Alt-Stralau, 10245 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liudmila Korkina
- Centre of Innovative Biotechnological Investigations Nanolab, 197 Vernadskogo Prospekt, Moscow 119571, Russia
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Pandey N, Pandey-Rai S. Updates on artemisinin: an insight to mode of actions and strategies for enhanced global production. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:15-30. [PMID: 25813833 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Application of traditional Chinese drug, artemisinin, originally derived from Artemisia annua L., in malaria therapy has now been globally accepted. Artemisinin and its derivatives, with their established safety records, form the first line of malaria treatment via artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs). In addition to its antimalarial effects, artemisinin has recently been evaluated in terms of its antitumour, antibacterial, antiviral, antileishmanial, antischistosomiatic, herbicidal and other properties. However, low levels of artemisinin in plants have emerged various conventional, transgenic and nontransgenic approaches for enhanced production of the drug. According to WHO (2014), approximately 3.2 billion people are at risk of this disease. However, unfortunately, artemisinin availability is still facing its short supply. To fulfil artemisinin's global demand, no single method alone is reliable, and there is a need to collectively use conventional and advanced approaches for its higher production. Further, it is the unique structure of artemisinin that makes it a potential drug not only against malaria but to other diseases as well. Execution of its action through multiple mechanisms is probably the reason behind its wide spectrum of action. Unfortunately, due to clues for developing artemisinin resistance in malaria parasites, it has become desirable to explore all possible modes of action of artemisinin so that new generation antimalarial drugs can be developed in future. The present review provides a comprehensive updates on artemisinin modes of action and strategies for enhanced artemisinin production at global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pandey
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Pandey-Rai
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Wu H, Gao L, Li F, Song F, Yang X, Kasabov N. Identifying overlapping mutated driver pathways by constructing gene networks in cancer. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16 Suppl 5:S3. [PMID: 25859819 PMCID: PMC4402595 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-16-s5-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large-scale cancer genomic projects are providing lots of data on genomic, epigenomic and gene expression aberrations in many cancer types. One key challenge is to detect functional driver pathways and to filter out nonfunctional passenger genes in cancer genomics. Vandin et al. introduced the Maximum Weight Sub-matrix Problem to find driver pathways and showed that it is an NP-hard problem. METHODS To find a better solution and solve the problem more efficiently, we present a network-based method (NBM) to detect overlapping driver pathways automatically. This algorithm can directly find driver pathways or gene sets de novo from somatic mutation data utilizing two combinatorial properties, high coverage and high exclusivity, without any prior information. We firstly construct gene networks based on the approximate exclusivity between each pair of genes using somatic mutation data from many cancer patients. Secondly, we present a new greedy strategy to add or remove genes for obtaining overlapping gene sets with driver mutations according to the properties of high exclusivity and high coverage. RESULTS To assess the efficiency of the proposed NBM, we apply the method on simulated data and compare results obtained from the NBM, RME, Dendrix and Multi-Dendrix. NBM obtains optimal results in less than nine seconds on a conventional computer and the time complexity is much less than the three other methods. To further verify the performance of NBM, we apply the method to analyze somatic mutation data from five real biological data sets such as the mutation profiles of 90 glioblastoma tumor samples and 163 lung carcinoma samples. NBM detects groups of genes which overlap with known pathways, including P53, RB and RTK/RAS/PI(3)K signaling pathways. New gene sets with p-value less than 1e-3 are found from the somatic mutation data. CONCLUSIONS NBM can detect more biologically relevant gene sets. Results show that NBM outperforms other algorithms for detecting driver pathways or gene sets. Further research will be conducted with the use of novel machine learning techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Fei Song
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Nikola Kasabov
- Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Melatonin attenuates the TLR4-mediated inflammatory response through MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways in an in vivo model of ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:34. [PMID: 25655081 PMCID: PMC4322437 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are effector molecules expressed on the surface of ovarian cancer (OC) cells, but the functions of the TLR2/TLR4 signaling pathways in these cells remain unclear. Melatonin (mel) acts as an anti-inflammatory factor and has been reported to modulate TLRs in some aggressive tumor cell types. Therefore, we investigated OC and the effect of long-term mel therapy on the signaling pathways mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 via myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and toll-like receptor-associated activator of interferon (TRIF) in an ethanol-preferring rat model. Methods To induce OC, the left ovary of animals either consuming 10% (v/v) ethanol or not was injected directly under the bursa with a single dose of 100 μg of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) dissolved in 10 μL of sesame oil. The right ovaries were used as sham-surgery controls. After developing OC, half of the animals received i.p. injections of mel (200 μg/100 g b.w./day) for 60 days. Results Although mel therapy was unable to reduce TLR2 levels, it was able to suppress the OC-associated increase in the levels of the following proteins: TLR4, MyD88, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB p65), inhibitor of NFkB alpha (IkBα), IkB kinase alpha (IKK-α), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), TRIF, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), interferon β (IFN-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6. In addition, mel significantly attenuated the expression of IkBα, NFkB p65, TRIF and IRF-3, which are involved in TLR4-mediated signaling in OC during ethanol intake. Conclusion Collectively, our results suggest that mel attenuates the TLR4-induced MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways in ethanol-preferring rats with OC.
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Orsatti CL, Nahas EAP, Nahas-Neto J, Orsatti FL, Giorgi VI, Witkin SS. Evaluation of Toll-Like receptor 2 and 4 RNA expression and the cytokine profile in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109259. [PMID: 25329057 PMCID: PMC4201477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the gene expression of Toll-Like (TLR-2 and TLR-4) receptors and cytokine profile in postmenopausal women with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 311 Brazilian women (age≥45 years and amenorrhea≥12 months) were included. Women showing three or more of the following diagnostic criteria were diagnosed as positive for MetS: waist circumference>88 cm, triglycerides≥150 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol<50 mg/dL, blood pressure≥130/85 mmHg, and fasting glucose≥100 mg/dL. The expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in peripheral blood was evaluated by RNA extraction and subsequent real time PCR analysis. The cytokine profile, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins 1β, 6, and 10, were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The expression of TLR-2 RNA was demonstrated in 32.5% and TLR-4 in 20.6% of the subjects. There was no association between the expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 and the presence or absence of MetS (P>0.05). A greater production of IL-6 was associated with TLR-2 and TLR-4 expressions and greater production of TNF-α was associated only with TLR-2 expression (P>0.05). Only the lower quartile of IL-10 was associated with the presence of the MetS (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS TLR-2 and TLR-4 expressions were associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, with no association with biomarkers of MetS. The low concentrations of IL-10 may suggest an anti-inflammatory modulation in postmenopausal women with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Lera Orsatti
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Aguiar Petri Nahas
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Nahas-Neto
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Lera Orsatti
- Department of Sports Science Institute of Health Sciences-UFTM, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Innocenti Giorgi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University- UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven S. Witkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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Shi W, Su L, Li Q, Sun L, Lv J, Li J, Cheng B. Suppression of toll-like receptor 2 expression inhibits the bioactivity of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9627-37. [PMID: 24964964 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 signaling is regarded as one of the mechanisms of chronic inflammation, but it can also mediate tumor cell immune escape and tumor progression. However, the role of TLR2 in the progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of TLR2 on the bioactivity of HCC cell lines, HepG2 and BEL-7402, and the relationship between high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) and TLR2. The expression of TLR2 and nuclear factor-kappaB/P65 (NF-κB/P65) in HepG2 and BEL-7402 was assayed by Western blot. Cells were transfected with specific small interfering RNAs of TLR2 (TLR2-siRNAs), then TLR2-siRNA-transfected cells were treated with recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1). Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. Results showed that TLR2 was expressed in HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells. The ability of proliferation, invasion, and migration in siRNA group was lower than that in blank group, and the apoptosis ratio was higher than that in blank group, respectively. NF-κB/P65 expression was declined in contrast with blank group. Downregulation of TLR2 by siRNA resulted in a significant inhibition of proliferation, invasion, migration, and NF-κB/P65 expression, and elevated apoptotic ratio. Conversely, rHMGB1 promoted proliferation, invasion, and migration, induced NF-κB/P65 expression, and inhibited cells apoptosis. Furthermore, downregulation of TLR2 weakened the role of rHMGB1. This study suggests TLR2 and HMGB1 are important targets for therapeutic intervention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 107#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China,
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Kaczanowska S, Joseph AM, Davila E. TLR agonists: our best frenemy in cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:847-63. [PMID: 23475577 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1012501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various TLR agonists are currently under investigation in clinical trials for their ability to orchestrate antitumor immunity. The antitumor responses are largely attributed to their aptitude to stimulate APCs such as DCs which in turn, activate tumor-specific T cell responses. However, there is a potential for TLR signaling to occur on cells other than professional APCs that could negate antitumor responses or even worse, promote tumor growth. The impetus for this review is twofold. First, there is accumulating data demonstrating that the engagement of TLRs on different T cell subsets and different cancer types could promote tumor growth or conversely, contribute to antitumor responses. Second, the efficacy of TLR agonists as monotherapies to treat cancer patients has been limited. In this review, we discuss how TLR signaling within different T cell subsets and cancer cells can potentially impact the generation of antitumor responses. Based on evidence from preclinical models and clinical trials, we draw attention to several criteria that we believe must be considered when selecting TLR agonists for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Kaczanowska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
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Huang Y, Cai B, Xu M, Qiu Z, Tao Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Yang J, Han X, Gao Q. Gene silencing of Toll-like receptor 2 inhibits proliferation of human liver cancer cells and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38890. [PMID: 22815694 PMCID: PMC3398009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key factors in the innate immune system and initiate the inflammatory response to foreign pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. In the microenvironment of tumorigenesis, TLRs can promote inflammation and cell survival. Toll-like receptor 2/6 (TLR2/6) signaling in tumor cells is regarded as one of the mechanisms of chronic inflammation but it can also mediate tumor cell immune escape and tumor progression. However, the expression of TLR2 and its biological function in the development and progression of hepatocarcinoma have not been investigated. This study aimed to determine the expression of TLRs 1-10 in the established human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line BLE-7402, to investigate the biological effect of TLR2 on cell growth and survival. METHODS TLR expression in BLE-7402 cells was assayed by RT-PCR, real-time PCR and flow cytometry (FCM). To further investigate the function of TLR2 in hepatocarcinoma growth, BLE-7402 cells were transfected with recombinant plasmids expressing one of three forms of TLR2 siRNA (sh-TLR2 RNAi(A, B and C)). TLR2 knockdown was confirmed using RT-PCR, real-time PCR and fluorescence microscopy. Tumor cell proliferation was monitored by MTT assay and secreted cytokines in the supernatant of transfected cells were measured by bead-based FCM, the function of TLR2 siRNA was also investigated in vivo. RESULTS The BLE-7402 cell line expressed TLRs 2 to 10 at both mRNA and protein levels. TLR2 was the most highly expressed TLR. While all the three siRNAs inhibited TLR2 mRNA and protein expression, sh-TLR2 RNAi(B) had the strongest knockdown effect. TLR2 knockdown with sh-TLR2 RNAi(B) reduced cell proliferation. Furthermore, secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 was also reduced. The result showed a drastic reduction in tumor volume in mice treated with sh-TLR2 RNAi(B). DISCUSSION These results suggest that TLR2 knockdown inhibit proliferation of cultured hepatocarcinoma cells and decrease the secretion of cytokines. It is suggested that TLR2 silencing may worth further investigations for siRNA based gene therapy in treatment of hepatocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzheng Huang
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Cai
- Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqin Qiu
- Wuxi Secondly People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghui Tao
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongliang Xu
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Han
- Wuxi Secondly People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (QG)
| | - Qi Gao
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (QG)
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