1
|
Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arinaitwe W, Tungadi TD, Pate AE, Joyce J, Baek E, Murphy AM, Carr JP. Induction of aphid resistance in tobacco by the cucumber mosaic virus CMV∆2b mutant is jasmonate-dependent. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:391-395. [PMID: 36775660 PMCID: PMC10013749 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is vectored by aphids, including Myzus persicae. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 'Xanthi') plants infected with a mutant of the Fny strain of CMV (Fny-CMVΔ2b, which cannot express the CMV 2b protein) exhibit strong resistance against M. persicae, which is manifested by decreased survival and reproduction of aphids confined on the plants. Previously, we found that the Fny-CMV 1a replication protein elicits aphid resistance in plants infected with Fny-CMVΔ2b, whereas in plants infected with wild-type Fny-CMV this is counteracted by the CMV 2b protein, a counterdefence protein that, among other things, inhibits jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent immune signalling. We noted that in nontransformed cv. Petit Havana SR1 tobacco plants aphid resistance was not induced by Fny-CMVΔ2b, suggesting that not all tobacco varieties possess the factor(s) with which the 1a protein interacts. To determine if 1a protein-induced aphid resistance is JA-dependent in Xanthi tobacco, transgenic plants were made that expressed an RNA silencing construct to diminish expression of the JA co-receptor CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE 1. Fny-CMVΔ2b did not induce resistance to M. persicae in these transgenic plants. Thus, aphid resistance induction by the 1a protein requires JA-dependent defensive signalling, which is countered by the CMV 2b protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Arinaitwe
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Alliance of Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical AgricultureDong Dok, Ban Nongviengkham, VientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Trisna D. Tungadi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
School of Life Sciences, Keele UniversityNewcastleUK
| | | | - Joshua Joyce
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
John Innes CentreNorwichUK
| | - Eseul Baek
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of Horticultural SciencesSeoul Women's UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yoon JY, Baek E, Kim M, Palukaitis P. The Virus-Induced Transcription Factor SHE1 Interacts with and Regulates Expression of the Inhibitor of Virus Replication (IVR) in N Gene Tobacco. Viruses 2022; 15:59. [PMID: 36680098 PMCID: PMC9864551 DOI: 10.3390/v15010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SHE1 was induced by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection in tobacco cv. Samsun NN (SNN) and SHE1 inhibited TMV accumulation when expressed constitutively. To better understand the role of SHE1 in virus infection, transgenic SNN tobacco plants generated to over-express SHE1 (OEx-SHE1) or silence expression of SHE1 (si-SHE1) were infected with TMV. OEx-SHE1 affected the local lesion resistance response to TMV, whereas si-SHE1 did not. However, si-SHE1 allowed a slow systemic infection to occur in SNN tobacco. An inhibitor of virus replication (IVR) was known to reduce the accumulation of TMV in SNN tobacco. Analysis of SHE1 and IVR mRNA levels in OEx-SHE1 plants showed constitutive expression of both mRNAs, whereas both mRNAs were less expressed in si-SHE1 plants, even after TMV infection, indicating that SHE1 and IVR were associated with a common signaling pathway. SHE1 and IVR interacted with each other in four different assay systems. The yeast two-hybrid assay also delimited sequences required for the interaction of these two proteins to the SHE1 central 58-79% region and the IVR C-terminal 50% of the protein sequences. This suggests that SHE is a transcription factor involved in the induction of IVR and that IVR binds to SHE1 to regulate its own synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eseul Baek
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Kim
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Palukaitis P, Akbarimotlagh M, Baek E, Yoon JY. The Secret Life of the Inhibitor of Virus Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:2782. [PMID: 36560786 PMCID: PMC9787567 DOI: 10.3390/v14122782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of virus replication (IVR) is an inducible protein that is not virus-target-specific and can be induced by several viruses. The GenBank was interrogated for sequences closely related to the tobacco IVR. Various RNA fragments from tobacco, tomato, and potato and their genomic DNA contained IVR-like sequences. However, IVRs were part of larger proteins encoded by these genomic DNA sequences, which were identified in Arabidopsis as being related to the cyclosome protein designated anaphase-promoting complex 7 (APC7). Sequence analysis of the putative APC7s of nine plant species showed proteins of 558-561 amino acids highly conserved in sequence containing at least six protein-binding elements of 34 amino acids called tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs), which form helix-turn-helix structures. The structures of Arabidopsis APC7 and the tobacco IVR proteins were modeled using the AlphaFold program and superimposed, showing that IVR had the same structure as the C-terminal 34% of APC7, indicating that IVR was a product of the APC7 gene. Based on the presence of various transcription factor binding sites in the APC7 sequences upstream of the IVR coding sequences, we propose that IVR could be expressed by these APC7 gene sequences involving the transcription factor SHE1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Masoud Akbarimotlagh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Eseul Baek
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arinaitwe W, Guyon A, Tungadi TD, Cunniffe NJ, Rhee SJ, Khalaf A, Mhlanga NM, Pate AE, Murphy AM, Carr JP. The Effects of Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Its 2a and 2b Proteins on Interactions of Tomato Plants with the Aphid Vectors Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081703. [PMID: 36016326 PMCID: PMC9416248 DOI: 10.3390/v14081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a major tomato pathogen, is aphid-vectored in the non-persistent manner. We investigated if CMV-induced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or other virus-induced cues alter aphid-tomato interactions. Y-tube olfactometry showed that VOCs emitted by plants infected with CMV (strain Fny) attracted generalist (Myzus persicae) and Solanaceae specialist (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) aphids. Myzus persicae preferred settling on infected plants (3 days post-inoculation: dpi) at 1h post-release, but at 9 and 21 dpi, aphids preferentially settled on mock-inoculated plants. Macrosiphum euphorbiae showed no strong preference for mock-inoculated versus infected plants at 3 dpi but settled preferentially on mock-inoculated plants at 9 and 21 dpi. In darkness aphids showed no settling or migration bias towards either mock-inoculated or infected plants. However, tomato VOC blends differed in light and darkness, suggesting aphids respond to a complex mix of olfactory, visual, and other cues influenced by infection. The LS-CMV strain induced no changes in aphid-plant interactions. Experiments using inter-strain recombinant and pseudorecombinant viruses showed that the Fny-CMV 2a and 2b proteins modified tomato interactions with Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae, respectively. The defence signal salicylic acid prevents excessive CMV-induced damage to tomato plants but is not involved in CMV-induced changes in aphid-plant interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Arinaitwe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- Alliance of Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Dong Dok, Ban Nongviengkham, Vientiane CB10 1RQ, Laos
| | - Alex Guyon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman St, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Trisna D. Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Nik J. Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Sun-Ju Rhee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Amjad Khalaf
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Saffron Walden CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - Netsai M. Mhlanga
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- National Institute for Agricultural Botany-East Malling (NIAB-EMR), West Malling ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Adrienne E. Pate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|