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Nacer S, Nassik S, El Ftouhy FZ, Derqaoui S, Mouahid M, Lkhider M. Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A and E and Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Strains From Moroccan Broiler Chicken Meat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2024; 2024:2790180. [PMID: 39224167 PMCID: PMC11368556 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2790180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne epidemics have become a serious public health emergency worldwide. Foods of animal origin, in particular chicken meat, are considered to be potential vectors of pathogenic bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium can be resistant in the form of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or produce enterotoxins leading to food poisoning when ingested. This study is aimed at exploring the virulence genes in S. aureus responsible for producing enterotoxins (staphylococcal enterotoxin [SE] A [sea] and SE E [see]) and determining the prevalence of MRSA in raw broiler meat in the Casa-Rabat region in Morocco. A quantitative (q) PCR (qPCR) assay, using specific primers for S. aureus (nuc) confirmation and detection of enterotoxin genes (sea and see), as well as the methicillin-resistant gene (mecA), was employed. Our findings indicated that all tested strains were positively identified as S. aureus. Among them, one isolate (1/54) tested positive for the see gene (1.85%), while none carried the sea gene. Furthermore, the mecA gene, indicative of MRSA, was present in 12/54 of the isolates (22.22%). The potential presence of MRSA in Moroccan poultry meat underscores a public health risk. Thus, stringent measures are imperative to curtail the contamination and proliferation of this bacterium during the slaughtering process, underscoring the importance of continuing research into the prevalence of MRSA colonization among poultry slaughterhouse personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Nacer
- Laboratory of VirologyOncologyBiosciencesEnvironmentand New EnergiesFaculty of Science and Technology MohammediaUniversity Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
- Avian Pathology UnitDepartment of Veterinary Pathology and Public HealthHassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Saâdia Nassik
- Avian Pathology UnitDepartment of Veterinary Pathology and Public HealthHassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Zahra El Ftouhy
- Laboratory of BiochemistryEnvironmentand Agri-FoodFaculty of Science and Technology MohammediaUniversity Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sophia Derqaoui
- Avian Pathology UnitDepartment of Veterinary Pathology and Public HealthHassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Mustapha Lkhider
- Laboratory of VirologyOncologyBiosciencesEnvironmentand New EnergiesFaculty of Science and Technology MohammediaUniversity Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
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Ferdous T, Ferdouse S, Hossain MS, Sohidullah M, Marma YNF, Nath SK, Biswas PK. Prevalence of Escherichia coli isolated from oropharynx and trachea of clinically sick poultry and antimicrobial resistance pattern of the strains isolated. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 36:101555. [PMID: 37881408 PMCID: PMC10594550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was carried out to investigate the isolation of Escherichia coli from tracheal and oropharyngeal swab of clinically sick chickens. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates to several antimicrobials were determined with a striking emphasis on oxytetracycline. The PCR technique was applied to detect tetA, tetB, and tetC in the tetracycline-resistant isolates. The isolates were initially screened for their resistance patterns against 6 antimicrobials of six different groups using the disc diffusion technique. The results showed that 41% tracheal, 51% oropharyngeal, and 34% samples from both sites were E. coli positive respectively. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of the isolates revealed that all the isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and also 90 %, 82.9%, 63.4%, and 39% resistant to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, gentamicin, and colistin respectively. Notably, 82.9% isolates (95% CI 68.4%-91.8%) showed resistance to ≥3 groups of antimicrobials that means these were multi-drug resistant. Among the tetracycline-resistant isolates, 85.4% (95% CI 71.2%-93.5%), 29.3% (7.5%-44.6%), and 7.3% (1.8% - 20.1) were positive for tetA, tetB, and tetC genes respectively. The frequency of the isolation of E. coli is greater in oropharyngeal than tracheal and both kinds of samples. Commercial poultry with E. coli strains has acquired extensive resistance to oxytetracycline. This study suggests a possible association between the tetA gene and oxytetracycline resistance in E. coli isolates, but further investigations like knockdown, whole-genome sequencing, and rescue experiments are needed to establish a direct causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Ferdous
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, 4225, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Shaolin Ferdouse
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahadat Hossain
- Upazilla Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospital, Dighalia, 9220, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - M. Sohidullah
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Yaing Nue Frue Marma
- Livestock Extension Officer, Upazilla Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospital, Lohagara, 4396, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Sabuj Kanti Nath
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, 4225, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Kansaen R, Boueroy P, Hatrongjit R, Kamjumphol W, Kerdsin A, Chopjitt P. The Occurrence and Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Isolates from Foods and Containers. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1287. [PMID: 37627707 PMCID: PMC10451473 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as an urgent global public health issue that requires immediate attention. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) is a major problem, as it may cause serious human and animal infections, eventually resulting in death. This study determined the proportional distribution, genetic characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of mecA- or mecC-carrying staphylococci isolated from food chain products. A total of 230 samples were taken from meat, food, fermented food, and food containers. Overall, 13.9% (32/230) of the samples were identified to have Staphylococcus aureus isolates; of those, 3.9% (9/230) were MRS, with eight mecA-positive and one mecC-positive samples, and 1.3% (3/230) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA strains belonging to three sequence types (ST9, ST22, and a newly identified ST), three different spa types (T005, t526, and a newly identified type), and three different SCCmec types (IV, V, and an unidentified SCCmec) were detected. Additionally, eight mecA-positive staphylococcal isolates were identified as S. haemolyticus, S. sciuri, S. simulans, and S. warneri, while the mecC-harboring isolate was S. xylosus. The enterotoxin gene, SEm, was detected at 1.56% in S. aureus, whereas SEq was detected at 0.31%, and SEi was also found in MRSA. Our study emphasizes the importance of enhanced hygiene standards in reducing the risk of occupational and foodborne MRSA infections associated with the handling or consumption of meat, food, and preserved food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Kansaen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand; (R.K.); (P.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Faculty of Public Health, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand; (R.K.); (P.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand;
| | - Watcharaporn Kamjumphol
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand;
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand; (R.K.); (P.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Peechanika Chopjitt
- Faculty of Public Health, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand; (R.K.); (P.B.); (A.K.)
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Ahmed T, Islam MS, Haider N, Elton L, Hasan B, Nuruzzaman M, Rahman MT, Kabir SML, Khan MSR. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Citrobacter freundii Isolated from Domestic Ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Bangladesh. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040769. [PMID: 37107131 PMCID: PMC10135275 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Citrobacter freundii poses a serious challenge as this species is one of the sources of nosocomial infection and causes diarrheal infections in humans. Ducks could be the potential source of multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. freundii; however, AMR profiles in C. freundii from non-human sources in Bangladesh have remained elusive. This study aimed to detect C. freundii in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Bangladesh and to determine their phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 150 cloacal swabs of diseased domestic ducks were screened using culturing, staining, biochemical, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) to detect C. freundii. Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic susceptibility patterns were done by the disk diffusion method and PCR, respectively. In total, 16.67% (25/150) of the samples were positive for C. freundii. C. freundii isolates showed a range of 20% to 96% resistance to cefotaxime, gentamicin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, and cephalexin. More than 60% of the isolates were phenotypically MDR, and the index of multiple antibiotic resistance ranged from 0.07 to 0.79. Genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams [blaTEM-1-88% (22/25), blaCMY-2-56% (14/25), blaCMY-9-8% (2/25), and blaCTX-M-14-20% (5/25)], sulfonamides [sul1-52% (13/25), sul2-24% (6/25)], tetracyclines [tetA-32% (8/25) and tetB-4% (1/25)], aminoglycosides [aacC4-16% (4/25)], and fluoroquinolones [qnrA-4% (1/25), qnrB-12% (3/25), and qnrS-4% (1/25)] were detected in the isolated C. freundii. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to detect MDR C. freundii with their associated resistance genes from duck samples. We suggest addressing the burden of diseases in ducks and humans and associated AMR issues using the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarana Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries & Livestock, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Najmul Haider
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Linzy Elton
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Badrul Hasan
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | | | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - S M Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahidur Rahman Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
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A Systematic Review on the Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in Poultry and Poultry Environments in Bangladesh between 2010 and 2021. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:2425564. [PMID: 36778056 PMCID: PMC9908353 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2425564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health issue in Bangladesh like many other developing countries where data on resistance trends are scarce. Moreover, the existence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli exerts an ominous effect on the poultry sector. Therefore, the current systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was conducted to find out the AMR scenarios in E. coli isolates sourced from poultry and poultry environments in Bangladesh between 2010 and 2021. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a total of 17 published scientific articles were selected for this systematic review. This review revealed that 18 out of 64 districts in Bangladesh reported E. coli in poultry, having a higher prevalence (combined prevalence: 69.3%, 95% confidence interval, CI: 67.3-71%). Moreover, the prevalence ranged from 24.3% to 100%. This review found that E. coli isolates showed resistance to 14 antimicrobial classes and 45 different antimicrobial agents, including the last-line (reserve group) antibiotics and banned antimicrobial categories for the treatment of infections in agricultural animals. Phenotypic resistance of E. coli against penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors (20.2%-100%), cephalosporins (1.9%-100%), fluoroquinolones (5.98%-100%), aminoglycosides (6%-100%), tetracyclines (17.7%-100%), carbapenems (13.6%-72.7%), macrolides (11.8%-100%), polymyxins (7.9%-100%), phenicols (20%-97.2%), sulfa drugs (44.7%-100%), cephamycins (21.4%-48.8%), nitrofurans (21.4%-63.2%), monobactams (1.2%), and glycylcyclines (2.3%) was recorded in the last decades in Bangladesh. Also, 14 articles reported MDR E. coli in poultry, including a 100% MDR in nine articles and a 92.7% (95% CI: 91.2-94%) combined percentage of MDR E. coli isolates. Twenty-four different AMR genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams (bla TEM, bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-9, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-47, bla SHV, and CITM), colistin (mcr1 and mcr3), fluoroquinolones (qnrB and qnrS), tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, and tetC), sulfonamides (sulI and sulII), trimethoprim (dfrA1), aminoglycosides (rmtB), streptomycin (aadA1), gentamicin (aac-3-IV), erythromycin (ereA), and chloramphenicol (catA1 and cmlA) were detected in E. coli isolates. The presence of MDR E. coli and their corresponding resistance genes in poultry and poultry environments is an alarming issue for all health communities in Bangladesh. We suggest a regular antimicrobial surveillance program with a strong One Health approach to lessen the hazardous effects of AMR E. coli in poultry industries in Bangladesh.
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Ballah FM, Islam MS, Rana ML, Ullah MA, Ferdous FB, Neloy FH, Ievy S, Sobur MA, Rahman AMMT, Khatun MM, Rahman M, Rahman MT. Virulence Determinants and Methicillin Resistance in Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus from Various Food Sources in Bangladesh. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111666. [PMID: 36421310 PMCID: PMC9686753 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The eradication of staphylococcal infections has become more difficult due to the development of antibiotic resistance and virulence in biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of the life-threatening zoonotic pathogen, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), in foods indicates a public health issue. This study, therefore, aimed to determine virulence factors and methicillin resistance in biofilm-forming S. aureus isolates from different foods and food handlers. A total of 100 PCR-positive S. aureus isolates (97 biofilm formers and three non-biofilm formers) were screened using the disk diffusion method and PCR assay. By PCR, genes encoding virulence factors, e.g., enterotoxin (sea, 30%, 95% CI: 21.90−39.59%), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst, 20%, 95% CI: 13.34−28.88%), and Panton−Valentine leukocidin toxin (PVL, 15%, 95% CI: 9.31−23.28%), were detected in the S. aureus isolates. By the disk diffusion method, 100% (95% CI: 96.30−100.00%) of S. aureus isolates were phenotypically MRSA in nature, showing 100% resistance to oxacillin and cefoxitin. Moreover, the methicillin-resistant gene mecA was found in 61 (61%, 95% CI: 51.20−69.98%) MRSA isolates. Furthermore, all the S. aureus isolates were phenotypically resistant to ampicillin and penicillin, 30% to erythromycin, and 11% to gentamycin. Among them, 51% (95% CI: 41.35−60.58%) of S. aureus isolates were phenotypically multidrug-resistant in nature, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index varied from 0.33 to 0.55. Genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams (blaZ, 100%, 95% CI: 96.30−100.00%) and tetracyclines (tetA and tetC, 3%, 95% CI: 0.82−8.45%) were found positive in the S. aureus isolates. Genes encoding virulence determinants and MRSA were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in strong biofilm-forming S. aureus than in moderate and non-biofilm-forming isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to incorporate preliminary data on the occurrence of virulence determinants and methicillin resistance, including resistance to clinically important antibiotics, in biofilm-forming S. aureus isolates from different foods and food handlers in Bangladesh, emphasizing a potential threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Muhammad Ballah
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840004, Nigeria
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Liton Rana
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashek Ullah
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Binte Ferdous
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Fahim Haque Neloy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mst. Minara Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Marzia Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Correspondence:
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Gajewska J, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A. Occurrence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Strains along the Production Chain of Raw Milk Cheeses in Poland. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196569. [PMID: 36235105 PMCID: PMC9573400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheeses produced from unpasteurized milk by traditional production methods may contain many groups of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of S. aureus in the artisanal cheese production chain from unpasteurized milk. We investigated the prevalence of S. aureus strains isolated from various stages of artisanal cheese of unpasteurized milk production from farms in the northeastern and southern parts of Poland and characterized them. Characterization included antimicrobial susceptibility by microbroth dilution and biofilm formation by in vitro assay. Among all strains, the presence of enterotoxigenic genes and genes involved with biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance were screened by PCR-based methods. A total of 180 samples were examined. A high percentage of strains were resistant to penicillin (54/58.1%) and tobramycin (32/34.4%). Some tested isolates also showed resistance to the macrolide class of antibiotics: azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin at 17/18.3%, 15/16.1%, and 21/22.6%, respectively. Among tested isolates, we also found phenotypic resistance to oxacillin (9/9.7%) and cefoxitin (12/12.9%). The blaZ gene encoding penicillin resistance was the most common gene encoding antibiotic resistance among the tested strains. All isolates showing phenotypic resistance to cefoxitin possessed the mecA gene. The study also evaluated the prevalence of biofilm-associated genes, with eno the most frequently associated gene. Eighty-nine out of 93 S. aureus isolates (95.7%) possessed at least one enterotoxin-encoding gene. The results of this study showed that production of raw milk cheeses may be a source of antibiotic resistance and virulent S. aureus. Our results suggest that artisanal cheese producers should better control production hygiene.
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Ballah FM, Islam MS, Rana ML, Ferdous FB, Ahmed R, Pramanik PK, Karmoker J, Ievy S, Sobur MA, Siddique MP, Khatun MM, Rahman M, Rahman MT. Phenotypic and Genotypic Detection of Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus from Different Food Sources in Bangladesh. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070949. [PMID: 36101330 PMCID: PMC9311614 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen. The ability of S. aureus to produce biofilm is a significant virulence factor, triggering its persistence in hostile environments. In this study, we screened a total of 420 different food samples and human hand swabs to detect S. aureus and to determine their biofilm formation ability. Samples analyzed were meat, milk, eggs, fish, fast foods, and hand swabs. S. aureus were detected by culturing, staining, biochemical, and PCR. Biofilm formation ability was determined by Congo Red Agar (CRA) plate and Crystal Violet Microtiter Plate (CVMP) tests. The icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, and bap genes involved in the synthesis of biofilm-forming intracellular adhesion compounds were detected by PCR. About 23.81% (100/420; 95% CI: 14.17−29.98%) of the samples harbored S. aureus, as revealed by detection of the nuc gene. The CRA plate test revealed 20% of S. aureus isolates as strong biofilm producers and 69% and 11% as intermediate and non-biofilm producers, respectively. By the CVMP staining method, 20%, 77%, and 3% of the isolates were found to be strong, intermediate, and non-biofilm producers. Furthermore, 21% of S. aureus isolates carried at least one biofilm-forming gene, where icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, and bap genes were detected in 15%, 20%, 7%, 20%, and 10% of the S. aureus isolates, respectively. Bivariate analysis showed highly significant correlations (p < 0.001) between any of the two adhesion genes of S. aureus isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh describing the detection of biofilm-forming S. aureus from foods and hand swabs using molecular-based evidence. Our findings suggest that food samples should be deemed a potential reservoir of biofilm-forming S. aureus, which indicates a potential public health significance.
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Roy K, Islam MS, Paul A, Ievy S, Talukder M, Sobur MA, Ballah FM, Khan MSR, Rahman MT. Molecular detection and antibiotyping of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecium from healthy broiler chickens in Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:200-210. [PMID: 34786882 PMCID: PMC8788975 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecium is a ubiquitously distributed member of the intestinal microbiota of both humans and animals. Antibiotic resistant E. faecium are a major public health concern. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to detect multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. faecium and their antibiotic resistance genes from broiler chickens in Bangladesh. METHODS A total of 100 faecal samples of healthy broilers were screened by conventional methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect E. faecium and their resistance genes. Disk diffusion test was employed to determine antibiotic profiles. RESULTS By PCR, among 100 samples, 45% [95% confidence interval (CI): 35.62%-54.76%] were positive for E. faecium. Based on antibiogram, all the E. faecium isolates were found resistant to ampicillin, and frequently (93.33%-55.56%) resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, streptomycin, erythromycin, and imipenem; moderate to lower (26.67%-4.44%) resistance to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and vancomycin. Interestingly, 80% (95% CI: 66.18%-89.10%) E. faecium isolates were MDR in nature. In addition, the indices of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) ranged from 0.08 to 0.83. By bivariate analysis, high positive significant correlations were observed between resistance profiles of erythromycin and imipenem, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, erythromycin and streptomycin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and streptomycin and imipenem. Furthermore, the prevalence of resistance genes of E. faecium was 58.33% (tetA), 33.33% (tetB), 35.56% (blaTEM ), 60% (CITM), 13.33% (aadA1), and 12% (SHV). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to detect MDR and MAR E. faecium and their associated resistance genes. The detection of MDR and MAR E. faecium and their corresponding resistance genes from healthy broilers is of public health concern because of their potential to enter into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Roy
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Anamika Paul
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Mithun Talukder
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Fatimah Muhammad Ballah
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Shahidur Rahman Khan
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
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