1
|
Na J, Shaji S, Hanemann CO. Targeting histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) to enhance radiation therapy in meningiomas in a 2D and 3D in vitro study. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105211. [PMID: 38917510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND External radiation therapy (RT) is often a primary treatment for inoperable meningiomas in the absence of established chemotherapy. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) overexpression, commonly found in cancer, is acknowledged as a driver of cellular growth, and inhibiting HDACs holds promise in improving radiotherapeutic efficacy. Downregulation of HDAC6 facilitates the degradation of β-catenin. This protein is a key element in the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, contributing to the progression of meningiomas. METHODS In order to elucidate the associations and therapeutic potential of HDAC6 inhibitors (HDAC6i) in conjunction with RT, we administered Cay10603, HDAC6i, to both immortalised and patient-derived meningioma cells prior to RT in this study. FINDINGS Our findings reveal an increase in HDAC6 expression following exposure to RT, which is effectively mitigated with pre-treated Cay10603. The combination of Cay10603 with RT resulted in a synergistic augmentation of cytotoxic effects, as demonstrated through a range of functional assays conducted in both 2D as well as 3D settings; the latter containing syngeneic tumour microenvironment (TME). Radiation-induced DNA damage was augmented by pre-treatment with Cay10603, concomitant with the inhibition of β-catenin and minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 (MCM2) accumulation within the nucleus. This subsequently inhibited c-myc oncogene expression. INTERPRETATION Our findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of Cay10603 to improve the radiosensitisation and provide rationale for combining HDAC6i with RT for the treatment of meningioma. FUNDING This work was funded by Brain Tumour Research Centre of Excellence award to C Oliver Hanemann.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juri Na
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Shahana Shaji
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ananthamohan K, Stelzer JE, Sadayappan S. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in MYBPC3 carriers in aging. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR AGING 2024; 4:9. [PMID: 38406555 PMCID: PMC10883298 DOI: 10.20517/jca.2023.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by abnormal thickening of the myocardium, leading to arrhythmias, heart failure, and elevated risk of sudden cardiac death, particularly among the young. This inherited disease is predominantly caused by mutations in sarcomeric genes, among which those in the cardiac myosin binding protein-C3 (MYBPC3) gene are major contributors. HCM associated with MYBPC3 mutations usually presents in the elderly and ranges from asymptomatic to symptomatic forms, affecting numerous cardiac functions and presenting significant health risks with a spectrum of clinical manifestations. Regulation of MYBPC3 expression involves various transcriptional and translational mechanisms, yet the destiny of mutant MYBPC3 mRNA and protein in late-onset HCM remains unclear. Pathogenesis related to MYBPC3 mutations includes nonsense-mediated decay, alternative splicing, and ubiquitin-proteasome system events, leading to allelic imbalance and haploinsufficiency. Aging further exacerbates the severity of HCM in carriers of MYBPC3 mutations. Advancements in high-throughput omics techniques have identified crucial molecular events and regulatory disruptions in cardiomyocytes expressing MYBPC3 variants. This review assesses the pathogenic mechanisms that promote late-onset HCM through the lens of transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modulation of MYBPC3, underscoring its significance in HCM across carriers. The review also evaluates the influence of aging on these processes and MYBPC3 levels during HCM pathogenesis in the elderly. While pinpointing targets for novel medical interventions to conserve cardiac function remains challenging, the emergence of personalized omics offers promising avenues for future HCM treatments, particularly for late-onset cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Ananthamohan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Julian E. Stelzer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Targeting histone deacetylases for cancer therapy: Trends and challenges. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
|
4
|
Nan J, Hu X, Guo B, Xu M, Yao Y. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress alleviates triple-negative breast cancer cell viability, migration, and invasion by Syntenin/SOX4/Wnt/β-catenin pathway via regulation of heat shock protein A4. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10564-10577. [PMID: 35442158 PMCID: PMC9161907 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2062990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is a double-edged sword in the occurrence and development of malignant cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the roles of ER stress in metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transitionin triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and potential mechanisms. In this study, 4-PBA was administrated to inhibit the ER stress. Cell viability was evaluated using a cell counting kit-8 assay. Cell migration and invasion were identified by wound healing and transwell assay, respectively. Levels of MMP2 and MMP9 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemical staining. Western blot assay was used to assess the levels of ER stress-related proteins, Syndecan-1 (SDC-1)/Syntenin-1 (SDCBP-1)/SRY-related HMG-box 4 (SOX4) signaling and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Moreover, a xenograft mice model was conducted to confirm the role of ER stress in TNBC. The data indicate that the ability of viability and metastasis of breast cancer cells were stronger than normal mammary epithelial cells. More aggressiveness was manifested in TNBC cells than that in non-TNBC cells. 4-PBA significantly suppressed the viability, migration, and invasion in BC cells and inhibited the SDC/SDCBP/SOX4 axis and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, heat shock protein A4 (HSPA4) overexpression stimulated ER stress and activated the SDC-1/SDCBP-1/SOX4 pathway and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Animal experiments showed similar results that 4-PBA repressed tumor growth and inactivated the two pathways, while HSPA4 overexpression reversed the effects of 4-PBA. In summary, inhibition of ER stress inhibited TNBC viability, migration, and invasion by Syntenin/SOX4/Wnt/β-catenin pathway via regulation of HSPA4 in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinniang Nan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Xuguang Hu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, P.R.China
| | - Binbin Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Meiyun Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, P.R.China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bora V, Patel D, Johar K, Goyal RK, Patel BM. Systemic study of selected histone deacetylase inhibitors in cardiac complications associated with cancer cachexia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:240-251. [PMID: 34614370 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is mainly characterized by wasting of skeletal muscles and fat and body weight loss, along with severe complications of major organs like liver, heart, brain and bone. There can be diminishing performance of these major organs as cancer cachexia progresses, one such drastic effect on the cardiac system. In the present study, differential effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) on cardiac complications associated with cancer cachexia is studied. Two models were used to induce cancer cachexia: B16F1 induced metastatic cancer cachexia and Lewis lung carcinoma cell - induced cancer cachexia. Potential of Class I HDACi entinostat, Class II HDACi MC1568, and nonspecific HDACi sodium butyrate on cardiac complications were evaluated using the cardiac hypertrophy markers, hemodynamic markers, and cardiac markers along with histopathological evaluation of heart sections by Periodic acid-Schiff staining, Masson's trichrome staining, Picro-sirius red staining, and haematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemistry evaluation by vimentin and caspase 3 protein expression was evaluated. Entinostat showed promising results by attenuating the cardiac complications, and MC1568 treatment further exacerbated the cardiac complications, while non-conclusive effect were recorded after treatment with sodium butyrate. This study will be helpful in evaluating other HDACi for potential in cardiac complications associated with cancer cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Bora
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Dhwani Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Kaid Johar
- Department of Zoology, BMTC, Human Genetics, USSC, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Ramesh K Goyal
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences Research University, Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cardiomyogenic Differentiation Potential of Human Dilated Myocardium-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: The Impact of HDAC Inhibitor SAHA and Biomimetic Matrices. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312702. [PMID: 34884505 PMCID: PMC8657551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common type of nonischemic cardiomyopathy characterized by left ventricular or biventricular dilation and impaired contraction leading to heart failure and even patients’ death. Therefore, it is important to search for new cardiac tissue regenerating tools. Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hmMSCs) were isolated from post-surgery healthy and DCM myocardial biopsies and their differentiation to the cardiomyogenic direction has been investigated in vitro. Dilated hmMSCs were slightly bigger in size, grew slower, but had almost the same levels of MSC-typical surface markers as healthy hmMSCs. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in dilated hmMSCs was 1.5-fold higher than in healthy ones, which was suppressed by class I and II HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) showing activation of cardiomyogenic differentiation-related genes alpha-cardiac actin (ACTC1) and cardiac troponin T (TNNT2). Both types of hmMSCs cultivated on collagen I hydrogels with hyaluronic acid (HA) or 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and exposed to SAHA significantly downregulated focal adhesion kinase (PTK2) and activated ACTC1 and TNNT2. Longitudinal cultivation of dilated hmMSC also upregulated alpha-cardiac actin. Thus, HDAC inhibitor SAHA, in combination with collagen I-based hydrogels, can tilt the dilated myocardium hmMSC toward cardiomyogenic direction in vitro with further possible therapeutic application in vivo.
Collapse
|
7
|
Shetty MG, Pai P, Deaver RE, Satyamoorthy K, Babitha KS. Histone deacetylase 2 selective inhibitors: A versatile therapeutic strategy as next generation drug target in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105695. [PMID: 34082029 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation and deacetylation of histone and several non-histone proteins are the two important processes amongst the different modes of epigenetic modulation that are involved in regulating cancer initiation and development. Abnormal expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is often reported in various types of cancers. Few pan HDAC inhibitors have been approved for use as therapeutic interventions for cancer treatment including vorinostat, belinostat and panobinostat. However, not all the HDAC isoforms are abnormally expressed in certain cancers, such as in the case of, ovarian cancer where overexpression of HDAC1-3, lung cancer where overexpression of HDAC 1 and 3 and gastric cancer where overexpression of HDAC2 is seen. Therefore, pan-inhibition of HDAC is not an efficient way to combat cancer via HDAC inhibition. Hence, isoform-selective HDAC inhibition can be one of the best therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer. In this context since aberrant expression of HDAC2 largely contributes to cancer progression by silencing pro-apoptotic protein expressions such as NOXA and APAF1 (caspase 9-activating proteins) and inactivation of tumor suppressor p53, HDAC2 specific inhibitors may help to develop not only the direct targets but also indirect targets that are crucial for tumor development. However, to develop a HDAC2 specific and potent inhibitor, extensive knowledge of its structure and specific functions is essential. The present review updates details on the structural features, physiological functions, and roles of HDAC2 in different types of cancer, emphasizing the challenges and status of the development of HDAC2 selective inhibitors against various types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Padmini Pai
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
| | - Renita Esther Deaver
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang LB, Karpova A, Gritsenko MA, Kyle JE, Cao S, Li Y, Rykunov D, Colaprico A, Rothstein JH, Hong R, Stathias V, Cornwell M, Petralia F, Wu Y, Reva B, Krug K, Pugliese P, Kawaler E, Olsen LK, Liang WW, Song X, Dou Y, Wendl MC, Caravan W, Liu W, Cui Zhou D, Ji J, Tsai CF, Petyuk VA, Moon J, Ma W, Chu RK, Weitz KK, Moore RJ, Monroe ME, Zhao R, Yang X, Yoo S, Krek A, Demopoulos A, Zhu H, Wyczalkowski MA, McMichael JF, Henderson BL, Lindgren CM, Boekweg H, Lu S, Baral J, Yao L, Stratton KG, Bramer LM, Zink E, Couvillion SP, Bloodsworth KJ, Satpathy S, Sieh W, Boca SM, Schürer S, Chen F, Wiznerowicz M, Ketchum KA, Boja ES, Kinsinger CR, Robles AI, Hiltke T, Thiagarajan M, Nesvizhskii AI, Zhang B, Mani DR, Ceccarelli M, Chen XS, Cottingham SL, Li QK, Kim AH, Fenyö D, Ruggles KV, Rodriguez H, Mesri M, Payne SH, Resnick AC, Wang P, Smith RD, Iavarone A, Chheda MG, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Rodland KD, Liu T, Ding L. Proteogenomic and metabolomic characterization of human glioblastoma. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:509-528.e20. [PMID: 33577785 PMCID: PMC8044053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive nervous system cancer. Understanding its molecular pathogenesis is crucial to improving diagnosis and treatment. Integrated analysis of genomic, proteomic, post-translational modification and metabolomic data on 99 treatment-naive GBMs provides insights to GBM biology. We identify key phosphorylation events (e.g., phosphorylated PTPN11 and PLCG1) as potential switches mediating oncogenic pathway activation, as well as potential targets for EGFR-, TP53-, and RB1-altered tumors. Immune subtypes with distinct immune cell types are discovered using bulk omics methodologies, validated by snRNA-seq, and correlated with specific expression and histone acetylation patterns. Histone H2B acetylation in classical-like and immune-low GBM is driven largely by BRDs, CREBBP, and EP300. Integrated metabolomic and proteomic data identify specific lipid distributions across subtypes and distinct global metabolic changes in IDH-mutated tumors. This work highlights biological relationships that could contribute to stratification of GBM patients for more effective treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Bo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Alla Karpova
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Marina A Gritsenko
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Song Cao
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Dmitry Rykunov
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Antonio Colaprico
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Science, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joseph H Rothstein
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Runyu Hong
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vasileios Stathias
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - MacIntosh Cornwell
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Francesca Petralia
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yige Wu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Boris Reva
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Karsten Krug
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Pietro Pugliese
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Emily Kawaler
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lindsey K Olsen
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Wen-Wei Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yongchao Dou
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael C Wendl
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Wagma Caravan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Wenke Liu
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel Cui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jiayi Ji
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jamie Moon
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Weiping Ma
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rosalie K Chu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Karl K Weitz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Ronald J Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Matthew E Monroe
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Seungyeul Yoo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Azra Krek
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexis Demopoulos
- Department of Neurology, Northwell Health System, Lake Success, NY 11042 USA
| | - Houxiang Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Matthew A Wyczalkowski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Joshua F McMichael
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - Caleb M Lindgren
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Hannah Boekweg
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Shuangjia Lu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jessika Baral
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lijun Yao
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Kelly G Stratton
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Erika Zink
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Sneha P Couvillion
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Kent J Bloodsworth
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Shankha Satpathy
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Simina M Boca
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Stephan Schürer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Institute for Data Science & Computing, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Maciej Wiznerowicz
- International Institute for Molecular Oncology, 60-203 Poznań, Poland; Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Emily S Boja
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher R Kinsinger
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ana I Robles
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tara Hiltke
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - D R Mani
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80128, Naples, Italy; BIOGEM, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Xi S Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Science, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sandra L Cottingham
- Department of Pathology, Spectrum Health and Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Albert H Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly V Ruggles
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mehdi Mesri
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samuel H Payne
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Adam C Resnick
- Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Milan G Chheda
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Research and Education, University Hospitals Health System, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Karin D Rodland
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97221, USA.
| | - Tao Liu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A short guide to histone deacetylases including recent progress on class II enzymes. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:204-212. [PMID: 32071378 PMCID: PMC7062823 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between histones and DNA is important for eukaryotic gene expression. A loose interaction caused, for example, by the neutralization of a positive charge on the histone surface by acetylation, induces a less compact chromatin structure, resulting in feasible accessibility of RNA polymerase and increased gene expression. In contrast, the formation of a tight chromatin structure due to the deacetylation of histone lysine residues on the surface by histone deacetylases enforces the interaction between the histones and DNA, which minimizes the chance of RNA polymerases contacting DNA, resulting in decreased gene expression. Therefore, the balance of the acetylation of histones mediated by histone acetylases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) is an issue of transcription that has long been studied in relation to posttranslational modification. In this review, current knowledge of HDACs is briefly described with an emphasis on recent progress in research on HDACs, especially on class IIa HDACs. Targeting specific structural and functional features of enzymes involved in regulating the interactions between DNA and the histone proteins associated with it could lead to the development of more effective cancer therapeutics. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes which remove acetyl groups from histones, make the histones wrap more tightly around the DNA so that it becomes inaccessible to the initial steps in gene expression. Drugs that target these enzymes have shown limited efficacy due to lack of specificity and off-target toxicity. Jeong-Sun Kim at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, and Suk-Youl Park at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea, review the latest knowledge about class II HDACs. They suggest that their unique structural features and low enzymatic activity are important features to consider when designing new, more selective HDAC inhibitors.
Collapse
|
10
|
The anti-cancer drug doxorubicin induces substantial epigenetic changes in cultured cardiomyocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 313:108834. [PMID: 31545955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used in cancer therapy with the limitation of cardiotoxicity leading to the development of congestive heart failure. DOX-induced oxidative stress and changes of the phosphoproteome as well as epigenome were described but the exact mechanisms of the adverse long-term effects are still elusive. Here, we tested the impact of DOX treatment on cell death, oxidative stress parameters and expression profiles of proteins involved in epigenetic pathways in a cardiomyocyte cell culture model. Markers of oxidative stress, apoptosis and expression of proteins involved in epigenetic processes were assessed by immunoblotting in cultured rat myoblasts (H9c2) upon treatment with DOX (1 or 5 μM for 24 or 48 h) in adherent viable and detached apoptotic cells. The apoptosis markers cleaved caspase-3 and fractin as well as oxidative stress markers 3-nitrotyrosine and malondialdehyde were dose-dependently increased by DOX treatment. Histone deacetylases (SIRT1 and HDAC2), histone lysine demethylases (KDM3A and LSD1) and histone lysine methyltransferases (SET7 and SMYD1) were significantly regulated by DOX treatment with generation of cleaved protein fragments and posttranslational modifications. Overall, we found significant decrease in histone 3 acetylation in DOX-treated cells. DOX treatment of cultured cardiomyocyte precursor cells causes severe cell death by apoptosis associated with cellular oxidative stress. In addition, significant regulation of proteins involved in epigenetic processes and changes in global histone 3 acetylation were observed. However, the significance and clinical impact of these changes remain elusive.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases as targets for cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 17:96-115. [DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
12
|
Lyu X, Hu M, Peng J, Zhang X, Sanders YY. HDAC inhibitors as antifibrotic drugs in cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319862697. [PMID: 31367296 PMCID: PMC6643173 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319862697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis usually results from dysregulated wound repair and is characterized by
excessive scar tissue. It is a complex process with unclear mechanisms.
Accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic alterations, including histone
acetylation, play a pivotal role in this process. Histone acetylation is
governed by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs).
HDACs are enzymes that remove the acetyl groups from both histone and nonhistone
proteins. Aberrant HDAC activities are observed in fibrotic diseases, including
cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) are molecules that
block HDAC functions. HDACIs have been studied extensively in a variety of
tumors. Currently, there are four HDACIs approved by the US Food and Drug
Administration for cancer treatment yet none for fibrotic diseases. Emerging
evidence from in vitro and in vivo preclinical
studies has presented beneficial effects of HDACIs in preventing or reversing
fibrogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest findings of the roles of
HDACs in the pathogenesis of cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis and highlight the
potential applications of HDACIs in these two fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lyu
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Hu
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieting Peng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yan Y Sanders
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19 Street South, BMRII Room 408, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Park SY, Kim GS, Hwang HJ, Nam TH, Park HS, Song J, Jang TH, Lee YC, Kim JS. Structural basis of the specific interaction of SMRT corepressor with histone deacetylase 4. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:11776-11788. [PMID: 30321390 PMCID: PMC6294515 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of chromatin and related transcription factors by histone deacetylases (HDACs) is one of the major strategies for controlling gene expression in eukaryotes. The HDAC domains of class IIa HDACs repress the respective target genes by interacting with the C-terminal region of the silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptor (SMRT) repression domain 3 (SRD3c). However, latent catalytic activity suggests that their roles as deacetylases in gene regulation are unclear. Here, we found that two conserved GSI-containing motifs of SRD3c are critical for HDAC4 binding. Two SMRT peptides including these motifs commonly form a β-hairpin structure in the cleft and block the catalytic entry site of HDAC4. They interact mainly with class IIa HDAC-specific residues of HDAC4 in a closed conformation. Structure-guided mutagenesis confirmed critical interactions between the SMRT peptides and HDAC4 and –5 as well as the contribution of the Arg1369 residue in the first motif for optimal binding to the two HDACs. These results indicate that SMRT binding does not activate the cryptic deacetylase activity of HDAC4 and explain how class IIa HDACs and the SMRT-HDAC3 complex are coordinated during gene regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Youl Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.,Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Sik Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Hyun Nam
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sae Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Song
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Jang
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
HDAC Inhibitors: Therapeutic Potential in Fibrosis-Associated Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061329. [PMID: 30884785 PMCID: PMC6471162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix and develops because of fibroblast differentiation during the process of inflammation. Various cytokines stimulate resident fibroblasts, which differentiate into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts actively synthesize an excessive amount of extracellular matrix, which indicates pathologic fibrosis. Although initial fibrosis is a physiologic response, the accumulated fibrous material causes failure of normal organ function. Cardiac fibrosis interferes with proper diastole, whereas pulmonary fibrosis results in chronic hypoxia; liver cirrhosis induces portal hypertension, and overgrowth of fibroblasts in the conjunctiva is a major cause of glaucoma surgical failure. Recently, several reports have clearly demonstrated the functional relevance of certain types of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in various kinds of fibrosis and the successful alleviation of the condition in animal models using HDAC inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors in fibrosis-associated human diseases using results obtained from animal models.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mattioli E, Andrenacci D, Mai A, Valente S, Robijns J, De Vos WH, Capanni C, Lattanzi G. Statins and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Affect Lamin A/C - Histone Deacetylase 2 Interaction in Human Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:6. [PMID: 30766871 PMCID: PMC6365888 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified lamin A/C as a docking molecule for human histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and showed involvement of HDAC2-lamin A/C complexes in the DNA damage response. We further showed that lamin A/C-HDAC2 interaction is altered in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome and other progeroid laminopathies. Here, we show that both inhibitors of lamin A maturation and small molecules inhibiting HDAC activity affect lamin A/C interaction with HDAC2. While statins, which inhibit prelamin A processing, reduce protein interaction, HDAC inhibitors strengthen protein binding. Moreover, treatment with HDAC inhibitors restored the enfeebled lamin A/C-HDAC2 interaction observed in HGPS cells. Based on these results, we propose that prelamin A levels as well as HDAC2 activation status might influence the extent of HDAC2 recruitment to the lamin A/C-containing platform and contribute to modulate HDAC2 activity. Our study links prelamin A processing to HDAC2 regulation and provides new insights into the effect of statins and histone deacetylase inhibitors on lamin A/C functionality in normal and progeroid cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mattioli
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Andrenacci
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Pasteur Institute Italy, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Joke Robijns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cristina Capanni
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kuo SC, Li Y, Cheng YZ, Lee WJ, Cheng JT, Cheng KC. Molecular mechanisms regarding potassium bromate‑induced cardiac hypertrophy without apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4700-4708. [PMID: 30221729 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is commonly involved in cardiac injury. Oxidative stress can induce cardiac hypertrophy with apoptosis. Potassium bromate (KBrO3) has been widely used as a food additive due to its oxidizing properties. In the present study, the rat‑derived heart cell line H9c2 was used to investigate the effect of KBrO3 on cell size. KBrO3 increased cell size at concentrations <250 µM, in a dose‑dependent manner. Additionally, KBrO3 also promoted the gene expression of two biomarkers of cardiac hypertrophy, brain/B‑type natriuretic peptides (BNP) and β‑Myosin Heavy Chain (β‑MHC). However, apoptosis remained unobserved in these cells. Moreover, mediation of free radicals was investigated using a fluorescence assay, and it was observed that superoxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased with KBrO3. Effects of KBrO3 were significantly reduced by tiron at concentrations sufficient to produce antioxidant‑like action. Additionally, signals involved in cardiac hypertrophy such as calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T‑cells (NFAT) were also determined using western blot analysis. KBrO3 increased the protein levels of both these molecules which were decreased by tiron in a dose‑dependent manner. Additionally, cyclosporine A attenuated the cardiac hypertrophy induced by KBrO3 in H9c2 cells at concentrations effective to inhibit calcineurin, in addition to reducing mRNA levels of BNP or β‑MHC. Finally, apoptosis was also identified in H9c2 cells incubated with KBrO3 at concentrations >300 µM. Collectively, these results provided a novel perspective that KBrO3 induces cardiac hypertrophy without apoptosis at a low dose through the generation of ROS, activating the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in H9c2 cells. Therefore, at a dose <250 µM, KBrO3 can be applied as an inducer of cardiac hypertrophy without apoptosis in H9c2 cells. KBrO3 can also be developed as a tool to induce cardiac hypertrophy in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Kuo
- Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 7170, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yingxiao Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yung-Ze Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Jing Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yoon S, Kook T, Min HK, Kwon DH, Cho YK, Kim M, Shin S, Joung H, Jeong SH, Lee S, Kang G, Park Y, Kim YS, Ahn Y, McMullen JR, Gergs U, Neumann J, Kim KK, Kim J, Nam KI, Kim YK, Kook H, Eom GH. PP2A negatively regulates the hypertrophic response by dephosphorylating HDAC2 S394 in the heart. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-14. [PMID: 30050113 PMCID: PMC6062565 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy occurs in response to increased hemodynamic demand and can progress to heart failure. Identifying the key regulators of this process is clinically important. Though it is thought that the phosphorylation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 2 plays a crucial role in the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy, the detailed mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. Here, we performed immunoprecipitation and peptide pull-down assays to characterize the functional complex of HDAC2. Protein phosphatase (PP) 2 A was confirmed as a binding partner of HDAC2. PPP2CA, the catalytic subunit of PP2A, bound to HDAC2 and prevented its phosphorylation. Transient overexpression of PPP2CA specifically regulated both the phosphorylation of HDAC2 S394 and hypertrophy-associated HDAC2 activation. HDAC2 S394 phosphorylation was increased in a dose-dependent manner by PP2A inhibitors. Hypertrophic stresses, such as phenylephrine in vitro or pressure overload in vivo, caused PPP2CA to dissociate from HDAC2. Forced expression of PPP2CA negatively regulated the hypertrophic response, but PP2A inhibitors provoked hypertrophy. Adenoviral delivery of a phosphomimic HDAC2 mutant, adenovirus HDAC2 S394E, successfully blocked the anti-hypertrophic effect of adenovirus-PPP2CA, implicating HDAC2 S394 phosphorylation as a critical event for the anti-hypertrophic response. PPP2CA transgenic mice were protected against isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy and subsequent cardiac fibrosis, whereas simultaneous expression of HDAC2 S394E in the heart did induce hypertrophy. Taken together, our results suggest that PP2A is a critical regulator of HDAC2 activity and pathological cardiac hypertrophy and is a promising target for future therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somy Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ki Min
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Hwa Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kuk Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosouk Joung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaeun Kang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunchul Park
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sook Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Ulrich Gergs
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097, Halle, Germany
| | - Joachim Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097, Halle, Germany
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungchul Kim
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Il Nam
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea. .,Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwang Hyeon Eom
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea. .,Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yan H, Yi S, Zhuang H, Wu L, Wang DW, Jiang J. Sphingosine-1-phosphate ameliorates the cardiac hypertrophic response through inhibiting the activity of histone deacetylase-2. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1704-1714. [PMID: 29286094 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2), which is a prohypertrophic factor in the heart, can functionally attenuate cardiac hypertrophy. The present study aimed to investigate whether sphingosine‑1‑phosphate (S1P), which has recently been reported to suppress HDAC2 activity, could ameliorate the cardiac hypertrophic response and improve cardiac function in mice with transverse aortic constriction (TAC), as well as to determine the underlying mechanisms. Briefly, 8‑week‑old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into sham, TAC and TAC + S1P groups; the results indicated that S1P treatment attenuated TAC‑induced cardiac dysfunction. In addition, heart size and the expression levels of fetal cardiac genes were reduced in the TAC + S1P group compared with in the TAC group. Furthermore, in cultured H9c2 cells exposed to phenylephrine, S1P was revealed to decrease cardiomyocyte size and the exaggerated expression of fetal cardiac genes. The present study also demonstrated that S1P had no effect on HDAC2 expression, but it did suppress its activity and increase acetylation of histone H3 in vivo and in vitro. Krüppel‑like factor 4 (KLF4) is an antihypertrophic transcriptional regulator, which mediates HDAC inhibitor‑induced prevention of cardiac hypertrophy; in the present study, KLF4 was upregulated by S1P. Finally, the results indicated that S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) may be involved in the antihypertrophic effects, whereas the suppressive effects of S1P on HDAC2 activity were independent of S1PR2. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that S1P treatment may ameliorate the cardiac hypertrophic response, which may be partly mediated by the suppression of HDAC2 activity and the upregulation of KLF4; it was suggested that S1PR2 may also be involved. Therefore, S1P may be considered a potential therapy for the treatment of heart diseases caused by cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Shaowei Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hang Zhuang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Lujin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jiangang Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yuan Y, Peng W, Liu Y, Xu Z. Palmatine attenuates isoproterenol-induced pathological hypertrophy via selectively inhibiting HDAC2 in rats. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 30:406-412. [PMID: 29164959 PMCID: PMC5806808 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017742225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to exploit the potential therapeutic value of palmatine in treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and the underlying molecular mechanism. Rat hypertrophy model was established by intraperitoneal isoproterenol (ISO) injection. The hypertrophy was evaluated with cardiac hypertrophic parameters, hemodynamic parameters, lipid profile, and non-specific cardiac markers. The animals were intraperitoneally administrated with either palmatine or vehicle. The relative expressions of ANP, BNP, HDAC2, HDAC5, KLF4, and INPP5F transcripts were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The relative protein levels of HDAC2, HDAC5, KLF4, and INPP5F were analyzed by immunoblotting. Palmatine treatment significantly attenuated ISO-induced hypertrophy in rats and elicited remarkable repressions in ANP, BNP, and HDAC2 transcriptions but not HDAC5. The downstream effector genes KLF4 and INPP5F were greatly restored in a dose-dependent manner in response to palmatine treatment. Our data demonstrated that palmatine possessed promising therapeutic potential against hypertrophy, which was mediated by modulation of HDAC2-KLF4/INPP5F pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Wanzhong Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yongxing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Zesheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Grimaldi V, De Pascale MR, Zullo A, Soricelli A, Infante T, Mancini FP, Napoli C. Evidence of epigenetic tags in cardiac fibrosis. J Cardiol 2017; 69:401-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
21
|
Lee H, Park J, Kim EE, Yoo YS, Song EJ. Proteasome inhibitors attenuated cholesterol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. BMB Rep 2017; 49:270-5. [PMID: 26592933 PMCID: PMC5070706 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.5.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays roles in protein degradation, cell
cycle control, and growth and inflammatory cell signaling. Dysfunction of UPS in
cardiac diseases has been seen in many studies. Cholesterol acts as an inducer
of cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, the effect of proteasome inhibitors on
the cholesterol-induced hypertrophic growth in H9c2 cells is examined in order
to observe whether UPS is involved in cardiac hypertrophy. The treatment of
proteasome inhibitors MG132 and Bortezomib markedly reduced cellular surface
area and mRNA expression of β-MHC in cholesterol-induced cardiac
hypertrophy. In addition, activated AKT and ERK were significantly attenuated by
MG132 and Bortezomib in cholesterol-induced cardiac hypertrophy. We demonstrated
that cholesterol-induced cardiac hypertrophy was suppressed by proteasome
inhibitors. Thus, regulatory mechanism of cholesterol-induced cardiac
hypertrophy by proteasome inhibitors may provide a new therapeutic strategy to
prevent the progression of heart failure. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(5): 270-275]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Park
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Young Sook Yoo
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Song
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Thiagarajan D, Vedantham S, Ananthakrishnan R, Schmidt AM, Ramasamy R. Mechanisms of transcription factor acetylation and consequences in hearts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1862:2221-2231. [PMID: 27543804 PMCID: PMC5159280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation of proteins as a post-translational modification is gaining rapid acceptance as a cellular control mechanism on par with other protein modification mechanisms such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Through genetic manipulations and evolving proteomic technologies, identification and consequences of transcription factor acetylation is beginning to emerge. In this review, we summarize the field and discuss newly unfolding mechanisms and consequences of transcription factor acetylation in normal and stressed hearts. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of post-translational protein modifications on heart and vascular metabolism edited by Jason R.B. Dyck & Jan F.C. Glatz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devi Thiagarajan
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, NY, New York 10016, United States
| | | | - Radha Ananthakrishnan
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, NY, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, NY, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, NY, New York 10016, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ferguson BS, McKinsey TA. Non-sirtuin histone deacetylases in the control of cardiac aging. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 83:14-20. [PMID: 25791169 PMCID: PMC4459895 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl-groups from lysine residues within nucelosomal histone tails and thousands of non-histone proteins. The 18 mammalian HDACs are grouped into four classes. Classes I, II and IV HDACs employ zinc as a co-factor for catalytic activity, while class III HDACs (also known as sirtuins) require NAD+ for enzymatic function. Small molecule inhibitors of zinc-dependent HDACs are efficacious in multiple pre-clinical models of pressure overload and ischemic cardiomyopathy, reducing pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis, and improving contractile function. Emerging data have revealed numerous mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors benefit the heart, including suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibition of MAP kinase signaling, and enhancement of cardiac protein aggregate clearance and autophagic flux. Here, we summarize recent findings with zinc-dependent HDACs and HDAC inhibitors in the heart, focusing on newly described functions for distinct HDAC isoforms (e.g. HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC6). Potential for pharmacological HDAC inhibition as a means of treating age-related cardiac dysfunction is also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: CV Aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
| |
Collapse
|