1
|
Park HJ, Kim MK, Kim Y, Kim HJ, Park HR, Bae SK, Bae MK. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist RC-3095 inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-accelerated atherosclerosis by suppressing inflammatory responses in endothelial cells and macrophages. Inflamm Res 2024:10.1007/s00011-024-01934-0. [PMID: 39164592 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), one of the major periodontopathogens, is associated with the progression and exacerbation of atherosclerosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist, RC-3095, could attenuate P. gingivalis LPS-induced inflammatory responses in endothelial cells and macrophages, as well as atherosclerosis in an ApoE-/- mouse model treated with P. gingivalis LPS. METHODS The effect of RC-3095 on P. gingivalis LPS-induced endothelial inflammation was examined using HUVECs and rat aortic endothelium. THP-1 cells were polarized into M1 macrophages by exposure to P. gingivalis LPS, with or without RC-3095. The effect of RC-3095 on atherosclerosis progression was assessed in high-fat-fed male ApoE-/- mice through injections of P. gingivalis LPS, RC-3095, or a combination of both. RESULTS RC-3095 significantly reduced P. gingivalis LPS-induced leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and aortic endothelium by suppressing NF-κB-dependent expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. In addition, RC-3095 inhibited the P. gingivalis LPS-induced polarization of M1 macrophages by blocking the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Moreover, RC-3095 decreased the area of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice, which was accelerated by P. gingivalis LPS injection, and lowered the expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the aortic tissue of mice with atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS RC-3095 can alleviate P. gingivalis LPS-induced endothelial inflammation, macrophage polarization, and atherosclerosis progression, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic approach for periodontal pathogen-associated atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Yeon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Hae Ryoun Park
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50610, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea.
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea.
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun HL, Ma QY, Bian HG, Meng XM, Jin J. Novel insight on GRP/GRPR axis in diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114497. [PMID: 36933382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), binds to ligands such as gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and plays a variety of biological roles. GRP/GRPR signalling is involved in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, including inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and various cancers. In the immune system, the unique function of GRP/GRPR in neutrophil chemotaxis suggests that GRPR can be directly stimulated through GRP-mediated neutrophils to activate selective signalling pathways, such as PI3K, PKC, and MAPK, and participate in the occurrence and development of inflammation-related diseases. In the cardiovascular system, GRP increases intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). GRP activates ERK1/2, MAPK, and AKT, leading to cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction. Central nervous system signal transduction mediated by the GRP/GRPR axis plays a vital role in emotional responses, social interaction, and memory. The GRP/GRPR axis is elevated in various cancers, including lung, cervical, colorectal, renal cell, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. GRP is a mitogen in a variety of tumour cell lines. Its precursor, pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), may play an important role as an emerging tumour marker in early tumour diagnosis. GPCRs serve as therapeutic targets for drug development, but their function in each disease remains unclear, and their involvement in disease progression has not been well explored or summarised. This review lays out the above mentioned pathophysiological processes based on previous research conclusions. The GRP/GRPR axis may be a potential target for treating multiple diseases, and the study of this signalling axis is particularly important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lu Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Ma
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, No. 100 Huaihai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - He-Ge Bian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Juan Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zan C, An J, Wu Z, Li S. Engineering molecular nanoprobes to target early atherosclerosis: Precise diagnostic tools and promising therapeutic carriers. Nanotheranostics 2023; 7:327-344. [PMID: 37064609 PMCID: PMC10093416 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.82654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, an inflammation-driven chronic blood vessel disease, is a major contributor to devastating cardiovascular events, bringing serious social and economic burdens. Currently, non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in combination with novel nanosized materials as well as established molecular targets are under active investigation to develop integrated molecular imaging approaches, precisely visualizing and/or even effectively reversing early-stage plaques. Besides, mechanistic investigation in the past decades provides many potent candidates extensively involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Recent hotly-studied imaging nanoprobes for detecting early plaques mainly including optical nanoprobes, photoacoustic nanoprobes, magnetic resonance nanoprobes, positron emission tomography nanoprobes, and other dual- and multi-modality imaging nanoprobes, have been proven to be surface functionalized with important molecular targets, which occupy tailored physical and biological properties for atherogenesis. Of note, these engineering nanoprobes provide long blood-pool residence and specific molecular targeting, which allows efficient recognition of early-stage atherosclerotic plaques and thereby function as a novel type of precise diagnostic tools as well as potential therapeutic carriers of anti-atherosclerosis drugs. There have been no available nanoprobes applied in the clinics so far, although many newly emerged nanoprobes, as exemplified by aggregation-induced emission nanoprobes and TiO2 nanoprobes, have been tested for cell lines in vitro and atherogenic animal models in vivo, achieving good experimental effects. Therefore, there is an urgent call to translate these preclinical results for nanoprobes into clinical trials. For this reason, this review aims to give an overview of currently investigated nanoprobes in the context of atherosclerosis, summarize relevant published studies showing applications of different kinds of formulated nanoprobes in early detection and reverse of plaques, discuss recent advances and some limitations thereof, and provide some insights into the development of the new generation of more precise and efficient molecular nanoprobes, with a critical property of specifically targeting early atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Zan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Prof. Zhifang Wu, E-mail: . Prof. Sijin Li, E-mail:
| | - Sijin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Prof. Zhifang Wu, E-mail: . Prof. Sijin Li, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen J, Chen N, Zhang T, Lin J, Huang Y, Wu G. Rongjin Niantong Fang ameliorates cartilage degeneration by regulating the SDF-1/CXCR4-p38MAPK signalling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:2253-2265. [PMID: 36428240 PMCID: PMC10013506 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2143533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rongjin Niantong Fang (RJNTF) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine formulation with a good therapeutic effect on osteoarthritis (OA). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study investigates whether RJNTF could delay OA cartilage degeneration by regulating the SDF-1/CXCR4-p38MAPK signalling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to establish the OA model by a modified Hulth's method. SD rats were divided into three groups (n = 10): blank group, model group (0.9% saline, 10 mL/kg/day), and treatment group (RJNTF, 4.5 g/kg/day). After 12 weeks of treatment, each group was analysed by H&E, Safranine-O solid green, ELISA, Immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. An in vitro model was induced with 100 ng/mL SDF-1 by ELISA, the blank group, model group, RJNTF group, and inhibitor group with intervention for 12 h, each group was analysed by Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. RESULTS SDF-1 content in the synovium was reduced in RJNTF treatment group compared to non-treatment model group (788.10 vs. 867.32 pg/mL) and down-regulation of CXCR4, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13 protein expression, along with p38 protein phosphorylated were observed in RJNTF treatment group. In vitro results showed that RJNTF (IC50 = 8.925 mg/mL) intervention could down-regulate SDF-1 induced CXCR4 and p38 protein phosphorylated and reduce the synthesis of MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 proteins of chondrocytes from SD rat cartilage tissues. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION RJNTF alleviates OA cartilage damage by SDF-1/CXCR4-p38MAPK signalling pathway inhibition. Our ongoing research focuses on Whether RJNTF treats OA through alternative pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunmei Huang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangwen Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics & Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation (Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park HJ, Kim MK, Kim Y, Kim HJ, Bae SK, Bae MK. Neuromedin B modulates phosphate-induced vascular calcification. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34674793 PMCID: PMC8633520 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Yeon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiu L, Hu L, Liu X, Li W, Zhang X, Xia H, Zhang C. Physalin B inhibits PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Food Funct 2021; 12:10950-10966. [PMID: 34647944 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01926k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular intimal hyperplasia is a hallmark event in vascular restenosis. The excessive proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play important roles in the pathological mechanism of vascular intimal hyperplasia. Physalin B is an alcoholate isolated from Physalis (Solanaceae) that has a wide range of biological activities. However, the effect of physalin B on VSMCs is currently unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that physalin B significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation of VSMCs induced by PDGF-BB. Physalin B also reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in VSMCs induced by PDGF-BB. Mechanistic studies showed that physalin B plays a role mainly by activating Nrf2. After Nrf2 activation, physalin B mitigates oxidative stress by enhancing the expression of the antioxidant gene HO-1; on the other hand, physalin B inhibits the NF-κB pathway to alleviate the inflammatory response. These two effects ultimately reduce the proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation of VSMCs induced by PDGF-BB. In addition, in the mouse carotid artery ligation model, physalin B prevented intimal hyperplasia and inhibited the proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation of cells in the hyperplastic intima. In conclusion, we provided significant evidence that physalin B abrogates PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation, migration, phenotypic transformation and intimal hyperplasia by activating Nrf2-mediated signal transduction. Therefore, physalin B may be a potential therapeutic agent for preventing or treating restenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lingli Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoxiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China
| | - Xutao Zhang
- Jianshi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jianshi, Hubei 445300, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
| | - Changjiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou H, Lin S, Hu Y, Guo D, Wang Y, Li X. miR‑125a‑5p and miR‑7 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of vascular smooth muscle cell by targeting EGFR. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:708. [PMID: 34396443 PMCID: PMC8383035 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectopic proliferation, migration and invasion of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to the progression of various human vascular diseases. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs (miRs) exert vital functions in the proliferation and invasion of VSMCs. The current study aimed to elucidate the functions of miR-125a-5p and miR-7 in VSMCs and investigate the associated molecular mechanisms. The results of EdU and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assays revealed that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB enhanced the proliferation of VSMCs and significantly reduced the expression of miR-125a-5p and miR-7. miR-125a-5p or miR-7 overexpression significantly ameliorated PDGF-BB-induced proliferation, migration and invasion of VSMCs. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may be a target mRNA of miR-125a-5p and miR-7 in VSMCs. The results of western blot analysis indicated that co-transfection of miR-125a-5p mimics or miR-7 mimics distinctly decreased the protein expression of EGFR in EGFR-overexpressed VSMCs. Moreover, rescue experiments indicated that EGFR overexpression alleviated the suppressive impact of the miR-125a-5p and miR-7 s on the growth, migration and invasion of VSMCs. In conclusion, the current study identified that miR-125a-5p and miR-7 repressed the growth, migration and invasion of PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs by, at least partially, targeting EGFR. The current study verified that miR-125a-5p and miR-7 may be used as feasible therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hualan Zhou
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Sen Lin
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Youdong Hu
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Dianxuan Guo
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Gao M, An J, Wang X, Jia Y, Xu J, Zhu J, Cui J, Li W, Xing R, Song L, Liu K, He Y, Sheng J, Qi S, Pan Y, Lu Y. Dysregulation of MiR-30a-3p/Gastrin Enhances Tumor Growth and Invasion throughSTAT3/MMP11 Pathway in Gastric Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8475-8493. [PMID: 32922036 PMCID: PMC7457738 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s235022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrin (GAST) is a well-known hormone regulating gastric biofunctions in the secretion of acid and maintaining its structural integrity. Furthermore, the dysregulation of GAST is also involved in the development of various forms of cancer. However, there are some limitations for illustrating the cellular regulation of GAST and its regulatory mechanisms in gastric malignant transformation and the potential epigenetic regulators systematically. Methods We explored the role of GAST expression in gastric cancer (GC) and normal tissues with the clinical features and investigated the potential relationship between GAST and STAT3/MMP11 pathway by gain or loss of function analyses. Besides, based on our microRNA/mRNA expression profiles, miR-30a-3p was the potential epigenetic regulator and additional experiments were performed to identify the hypothesis. Results Elevated GAST expression was frequently detected in GC and was associated with worse outcomes (p<0.001). And we firstly demonstrated that GAST was negatively regulated by miR-30a-3p. Moreover, GAST induced GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion mediating STAT3/MMP11 pathway in this study. Conclusion MiR-30a-3p was the promising suppressor gene through negatively regulating the expression of GAST, and dysregulation of GAST was a prognostic signature associated cell proliferation and metastasis through STAT3/MMP11 pathway in GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Cancer Hospital/Institute, School of Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, Haidian District 100142, People's Republic of China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining City, Qinghai 810001, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gao
- OnkoRx Ltd. Beijing, Beijing, Haidian District 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan An
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining City, Qinghai 810001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng District 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng District 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng District 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihai Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining City, Qinghai 810001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantao Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Cancer Hospital/Institute, School of Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, Haidian District 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenmei Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Cancer Hospital/Institute, School of Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, Haidian District 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xing
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Cancer Hospital/Institute, School of Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, Haidian District 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Song
- Yidu Cloud (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd. 8F, Health Work, Beijing, Haidian District 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejia Liu
- Yidu Cloud (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd. 8F, Health Work, Beijing, Haidian District 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng District 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiu Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng District 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengmei Qi
- OnkoRx Ltd. Beijing, Beijing, Haidian District 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Cancer Hospital/Institute, School of Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, Haidian District 100142, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Dongcheng District 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyong Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Cancer Hospital/Institute, School of Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, Haidian District 100142, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Horecka A, Hordyjewska A, Biernacka J, Dąbrowski W, Zubilewicz T, Malec A, Musik I, Kurzepa J. Intense remodeling of extracellular matrix within the varicose vein: the role of gelatinases and vascular endothelial growth factor. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 190:255-259. [PMID: 32594304 PMCID: PMC7846537 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased blood pressure in the varicose veins (VV) can contribute to the overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), affecting the endothelium, smooth muscle, and extracellular matrix of the vein wall. Gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), hypoxia, and inflammation occurring in the VV wall contribute to the increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). AIMS Our objective was to analyze the concentration of gelatinases and VEGF in the great saphenous VV wall and plasma of patients. METHODS In total, 65 patients (2nd degree according to clinical state classification, etiology, anatomy, and pathophysiology-CEAP classification) aged 22 to 70 were enrolled. Control veins (n = 10) were collected from the patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Control plasma (n = 20) was obtained from healthy individuals. Gelatinases and VEGF levels were measured with the usage of ELISA method. RESULTS A significant increase in MMP-9 (11.2 vs. 9.98 ng/mg of protein) and VEGF (41.06 vs. 26 ng/g of protein) concentration in VV wall compared with control veins was observed. A positive correlation between VEGF versus MMP-2 (p = 0.03, r = 0.27) was found in the VV wall. However, no correlation was found between the concentration of VEGF and MMP-9 (p = 0.4, r = 0.11) in the VV wall. In addition, no statistical differences between MMP-9, MMP-2, and VEGF levels in plasma of VV patients compared with controls were noticed. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study confirm that VV's patients have altered expression of MMPs and VEGF. Overexpression of MMP-9 and VEGF in the VV wall may contribute to the spreading of inflammatory process and suggests the intense remodeling of extracellular tissue within the VV wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Horecka
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A,, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Hordyjewska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A,, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Biernacka
- I Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy with Clinical Paediatric Department, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dąbrowski
- I Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy with Clinical Paediatric Department, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zubilewicz
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 17, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Malec
- Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Staszica 16, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Irena Musik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A,, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A,, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park HJ, Kim Y, Kim MK, Hwang JJ, Kim HJ, Bae SK, Bae MK. Inhibition of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Attenuates Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030737. [PMID: 32192106 PMCID: PMC7140688 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is the pathological deposition of calcium/phosphate in the vascular system and is closely associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Here, we investigated the role of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in phosphate-induced vascular calcification and its potential regulatory mechanism. We found that the silencing of GRP gene and treatment with the GRP receptor antagonist, RC-3095, attenuated the inorganic phosphate-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This attenuation was caused by inhibiting phenotype change, apoptosis and matrix vesicle release in VSMCs. Moreover, the treatment with RC-3095 effectively ameliorated phosphate-induced calcium deposition in rat aortas ex vivo and aortas of chronic kidney disease in mice in vivo. Therefore, the regulation of the GRP-GRP receptor axis may be a potential strategy for treatment of diseases associated with excessive vascular calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (M.-K.K.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
| | - Yeon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (M.-K.K.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (M.-K.K.)
| | - Jae Joon Hwang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (M.-K.K.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (M.-K.K.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-8239
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dai L, Zhou J, Li T, Qian Y, Jin L, Zhu C, Li S. STRIP2 silencing inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration via P38-AKT-MMP-2 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22463-22476. [PMID: 31093976 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
STRIP2 (FAM40B) was reported to regulate tumor cell migration. Our study aims to discuss the effect of STRIP2 in mouse aortic smooth muscle cell (MOVAS) proliferation and migration processes, which contributes greatly to atherosclerosis formation. In MOVAS cells, STRIP2 depletion suppressed cell proliferation and migration, which were related to a remarkable decrease in matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2)/MMP-9 expression. Additionally, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and Protein kinase B (AKT) are inactivated while extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are activated upon STRIP2 silencing. SB203580 (P38 inhibitor) further reduced AKT phosphorylation (p-AKT) while dehydrocorydaline chloride (Dc; P38 activator) reversed this effect. Furthermore, Dc significantly recovered MMP-2 expression in STRIP2-knockdown cells. As expected, overexpressing STRIP2 exhibited a contrary effect. Dc and AKT activator SC79 reversed the inhibition of cell proliferation and migration induced by STRIP2 silencing. Interestingly, STRIP2 depletion increased vascular endothelial growth factor level significantly. Taken together, STRIP2 contributed to cell proliferation and migration through P38-AKT-MMP-2 signaling in MOVAS cells, indicating the importance of STRIP2 in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lai Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park JG, Jeong SJ, Yu J, Kim G, Jeong LS, Oh GT. LJ-1888, a selective antagonist for the A3 adenosine receptor, ameliorates the development of atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia in apolipoprotein E knock-out mice. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 29936931 PMCID: PMC6235094 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases arising from atherosclerosis are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Lipid-lowering agents have been developed in order to treat hypercholesterolemia, a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. However, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is increasing, indicating a need to identify novel therapeutic targets and develop new treatment agents. Adenosine receptors (ARs) are emerging as therapeutic targets in asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, ischemia, and inflammatory diseases. This study assessed whether LJ-1888, a selective antagonist for A3 AR, can inhibit the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knock-out (ApoE−/−) mice who are fed a western diet. Plaque formation was significantly lower in ApoE−/− mice administered LJ-1888 than in mice not administered LJ-1888, without any associated liver damage. LJ-1888 treatment of ApoE−/− mice prevented western diet-induced hypercholesterolemia by markedly reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and significantly increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Reduced hypercholesterolemia in ApoE−/− mice administered LJ-1888 was associated with the enhanced expression of genes involved in bile acid biosynthesis. These findings indicate that LJ-1888, a selective antagonist for A3 AR, may be a novel candidate for the treatment of atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Gil Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinha Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gyudong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu L, Li Y, Zhang D, Huang Z, Du B, Wang Z, Yang L, Zhang Y. LncRNA NEXN-AS1 attenuates proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells through sponging miR-33a/b. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27856-27864. [PMID: 35530470 PMCID: PMC9070771 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-protein-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in disease pathogenesis, including atherosclerosis (AS). Here, we investigated the role and underlying mechanisms of nexilin F-actin binding protein antisense RNA 1 (NEXN-AS1) on the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Our data revealed that ox-LDL treatment resulted in decreased NEXN-AS1 expression and increased miR-33a/b levels in human aorta VSMCs (HA-VSMCs) in dose- and time-dependent manners. Overexpression of NEXN-AS1 mitigated the proliferation and migration of HA-VSMCs under ox-LDL stimulation using CCK-8 and wound-healing assays. Moreover, dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays verified that NEXN-AS1 acted as molecular sponges of miR-33a and miR-33b in HA-VSMCs. MiR-33a or miR-33b silencing attenuated the proliferation and migration of ox-LDL-treated HA-VSMCs. Furthermore, miR-33a or miR-33b mediated the inhibitory effects of NEXN-AS1 overexpression on the proliferation and migration of ox-LDL-treated HA-VSMCs. Our study suggested that high level of NEXN-AS1 mitigated VSMC proliferation and migration under ox-LDL stimulation at least partly through sponging miR-33a and miR-33b, illuminating NEXN-AS1 as a novel therapeutic approach for AS treatment. Non-protein-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in disease pathogenesis, including atherosclerosis (AS).![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leiming Wu
- Department of Cardiology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Department of Cardiology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Dianhong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Cardiology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Binbin Du
- Department of Cardiology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Lulu Yang
- Department of Cardiology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Yanzhou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim MK, Park HJ, Kim Y, Bae SK, Kim HJ, Bae MK. Involvement of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor in the Regulation of Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123971. [PMID: 30544709 PMCID: PMC6321486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a member of bombesin-like peptides, and its receptor (GRP-R) play an important role in various physiological and pathological conditions. In this work, we investigated the role of GRP-R on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The expression of GRP-R was significantly increased during the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. The inhibition of GRP-R by the antagonist RC-3095 affected adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, which reduced lipid accumulation and regulated the expression of adipogenic genes. Moreover, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) directly bound to the GRP-R promoter upon exposure to adipogenic stimuli. The down-regulation of GRP-R by the knockdown of CREB inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Together these results suggest that the regulation of GRP-R activity or expression has an influence on adipogenesis through regulating adipogenic related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| | - Yeon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ben P, Hu M, Wu H, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Luo L, Yin Z. L-Theanine Down-Regulates the JAK/STAT3 Pathway to Attenuate the Proliferation and Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induced by Angiotensin II. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1678-1684. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Ben
- Department of Medicine, Chuzhou City Vocation College
| | - Monong Hu
- Department of Medicine, Chuzhou City Vocation College
| | - Huizhen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Chuzhou City Vocation College
| | - Zhengping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University
| | - Yanhong Gao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University
| |
Collapse
|