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Zhang T, Zhu J, Li Z, Zhao Y, Li Y, Li J, He Q, Geng Y, Lu W, Zhang L, Li Z. The UF-5000 Atyp.C parameter is an independent risk factor for bladder cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12659. [PMID: 38830942 PMCID: PMC11148171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder carcinoma (BC) accounts for > 90% of all urothelial cancers. Pathological diagnosis through cytoscopic biopsy is the gold standard, whereas non-invasive diagnostic tools remain lacking. The "Atyp.C" parameter of the Sysmex UF-5000 urine particle analyzer represents the ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm and can be employed to detect urinary atypical cells. The present study examined the association between urinary Atyp.C values and BC risk. This two-center, retrospective case-control study identified clinical primary or newly recurrent BC (study period, 2022-2023; n = 473) cases together with controls with urinary tract infection randomly matched by age and sex (1:1). Urinary sediment differences were compared using non-parametric tests. The correlations between urinary Atyp.C levels and BC grade or infiltration were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation. The BC risk factor odds ratio of Atyp.C was calculated using conditional logistic regression, and potential confounder effects were adjusted using stepwise logistic regression (LR). Primary risk factors were identified by stratified analysis according to pathological histological diagnosis. The mean value of urinary Atyp.C in BC cases (1.30 ± 3.12) was 8.7 times higher than that in the controls (0.15 ± 0.68; P < 0.001). Urinary Atyp.C values were positively correlated with BC pathological grade and invasion (r = 0.360, P < 0.001; r = 0.367, P < 0.001). Urinary Atyp.C was an independent risk factor for BC and closely related with BC pathological grade and invasion. Elevated urinary Atyp.C values was an independent risk factor for BC. Our findings support the use of Atyp.C as a marker that will potentially aid in the early diagnosis and long-term surveillance of new and recurrent BC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Zhaoxing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.
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Drożdż A, Duggan B, Ruddock MW, Reid CN, Kurth MJ, Watt J, Irvine A, Lamont J, Fitzgerald P, O’Rourke D, Curry D, Evans M, Boyd R, Sousa J. Stratifying risk of disease in haematuria patients using machine learning techniques to improve diagnostics. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1401071. [PMID: 38779086 PMCID: PMC11109371 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1401071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Detailed and invasive clinical investigations are required to identify the causes of haematuria. Highly unbalanced patient population (predominantly male) and a wide range of potential causes make the ability to correctly classify patients and identify patient-specific biomarkers a major challenge. Studies have shown that it is possible to improve the diagnosis using multi-marker analysis, even in unbalanced datasets, by applying advanced analytical methods. Here, we applied several machine learning algorithms to classify patients from the haematuria patient cohort (HaBio) by analysing multiple biomarkers and to identify the most relevant ones. Materials and methods We applied several classification and feature selection methods (k-means clustering, decision trees, random forest with LIME explainer and CACTUS algorithm) to stratify patients into two groups: healthy (with no clear cause of haematuria) or sick (with an identified cause of haematuria e.g., bladder cancer, or infection). The classification performance of the models was compared. Biomarkers identified as important by the algorithms were also analysed in relation to their involvement in the pathological processes. Results Results showed that a high unbalance in the datasets significantly affected the classification by random forest and decision trees, leading to the overestimation of the sick class and low model performance. CACTUS algorithm was more robust to the unbalance in the dataset. CACTUS obtained a balanced accuracy of 0.747 for both genders, 0.718 for females and 0.803 for males. The analysis showed that in the classification process for the whole dataset: microalbumin, male gender, and tPSA emerged as the most informative biomarkers. For males: age, microalbumin, tPSA, cystatin C, BTA, HAD and S100A4 were the most significant biomarkers while for females microalbumin, IL-8, pERK, and CXCL16. Conclusions CACTUS algorithm demonstrated improved performance compared with other methods such as decision trees and random forest. Additionally, we identified the most relevant biomarkers for the specific patient group, which could be considered in the future as novel biomarkers for diagnosis. Our results have the potential to inform future research and provide new personalised diagnostic approaches tailored directly to the needs of the individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drożdż
- Personal Health Data Science Group, Sano – Centre for Computational Personalised Medicine - International Research Foundation, Krakow, Poland
| | - Brian Duggan
- South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Ulster Hospital Dundonald, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W. Ruddock
- Clinical Studies Group, Randox Laboratories Ltd., Co., Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Cherith N. Reid
- Clinical Studies Group, Randox Laboratories Ltd., Co., Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Jo Kurth
- Clinical Studies Group, Randox Laboratories Ltd., Co., Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Watt
- Clinical Studies Group, Randox Laboratories Ltd., Co., Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Allister Irvine
- Clinical Studies Group, Randox Laboratories Ltd., Co., Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - John Lamont
- Clinical Studies Group, Randox Laboratories Ltd., Co., Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Fitzgerald
- Clinical Studies Group, Randox Laboratories Ltd., Co., Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Declan O’Rourke
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David Curry
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Evans
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Boyd
- Northern Ireland Clinical Trials Network, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Sousa
- Personal Health Data Science Group, Sano – Centre for Computational Personalised Medicine - International Research Foundation, Krakow, Poland
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom
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3
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Tomiyama E, Fujita K, Hashimoto M, Uemura H, Nonomura N. Urinary markers for bladder cancer diagnosis: A review of current status and future challenges. Int J Urol 2024; 31:208-219. [PMID: 37968825 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common urological cancer with a high recurrence rate that requires long-term follow-up, and early detection positively affects prognosis. To date, the initial diagnosis and follow-up for bladder cancer rely on cystoscopy, which is an invasive and expensive procedure. Therefore, urinary markers for the detection of bladder cancer have attracted research attention for decades to reduce unnecessary cystoscopies. Urine, which is in continuous contact with bladder cancer, is considered a suitable fluid for providing tumor information. Urinary cytology is the only widely used urinary marker in clinical practice; however, it has poor sensitivity for low-grade tumors; indicating the need for novel urinary markers. Considerable research has been conducted on this topic over the years, resulting in a complex landscape with a wide range of urinary markers, including protein-, exfoliated cell-, RNA-, DNA-, and extracellular vesicle-based markers. Although some of these markers have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and are commercially available, their use in clinical practice is limited. To facilitate clinical application, potential urinary markers must withstand prospective clinical trials and be easy for patients and clinicians to understand and utilize in a clinical context. This review provides a comprehensive overview of currently available and recently reported promising urinary markers for bladder cancer. Additionally, the challenges and the prospects of these urinary markers for clinical implementation in bladder cancer treatment were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Tomiyama
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Uemura
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Ibrahim M, Rabinowitz J, Hilbert R, Ghose A, Agarwal S, Swamy R, Bulut I, Guttierrez M, Buali E, Nassar E, Jhavar P, Al-Hashimi F, Vasdev N. The role of URO17® in diagnosis and follow up of bladder cancer patients. BMC Urol 2024; 24:34. [PMID: 38336681 PMCID: PMC10858619 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-024-01426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to evaluate the role of urinary URO17® biomarker in the detection of urothelial tumors in haematuria patients and the detection of recurrence in non-muscle invasive bladder urothelial tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study was formed of two cohorts of patients, group I represents patients presenting with haematuria (n = 98), while group II represents patients with known non-muscle invasive bladder cancers on their scheduled follow up cystoscopic investigation (n = 51). For both groups, patients were asked to provide urine samples before cystoscopy, either primary as part of the haematuria investigation or as a scheduled follow-up. Urine samples were sent anonymously for standard urine cytology and URO17® biomarker immunostaining. Results were compared to cystoscopic findings using Chi-square analysis and Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05). RESULTS Group I was formed of 98 patients, with an average age of 60 years. URO17® showed 100% sensitivity and 96.15% specificity with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100 and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 95.83. The results showed statistical significance with P value < 0.001. Group II was formed of 51 patients, with an average age of 75 years. URO17® was shown to have a sensitivity of 85.71% and NPV of 95.45. Eleven patients of group II were on scheduled BacillusCalmette-Guerin (BCG) and another 5 received Mitomycin C (MMC). The overall results of both groups combined (n = 149) showed statistical significance between flexible cystoscopy results and the results of urinary URO17® and urine cytology. CONCLUSION URO17® has a potential to be a reliable test for diagnosis and follow up of urothelial cancer patients and a screening tool adjunct to flexible cystoscopy. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable as the current study is not a clinical trial, as per according to the National Institutes of Health, "studies that involve a comparison of methods and that do not evaluate the effect of the interventions on the participant do not meet the NIH clinical trial definition."
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East & North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Joshua Rabinowitz
- Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East & North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Rebecca Hilbert
- Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East & North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Samita Agarwal
- Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East & North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Rajiv Swamy
- Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East & North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Ismail Bulut
- Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East & North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Mirian Guttierrez
- Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East & North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Ekram Nassar
- King Hamad University Hospital, Al Sayh, Bahrain
| | - Parag Jhavar
- King Hamad University Hospital, Al Sayh, Bahrain
| | | | - Nikhil Vasdev
- Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East & North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Ecke TH, Meisl CJ, Schlomm T, Rabien A, Labonté F, Rong D, Hofbauer S, Friedersdorff F, Sommerfeldt L, Gagel N, Gössl A, Barski D, Otto T, Grunewald CM, Niegisch G, Hennig MJP, Kramer MW, Koch S, Roggisch J, Hallmann S, Weiß S, Waldner M, Graff J, Veltrup E, Linden F, Hake R, Eidt S, Wirtz RM. BTA stat®, NMP22® BladderChek®, UBC® Rapid Test, and CancerCheck® UBC® rapid VISUAL as urinary marker for bladder cancer: Final results of a German multicenter study. Urol Oncol 2023; 41:484.e17-484.e26. [PMID: 37407421 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE BTA stat®, NMP22® BladderChek®, UBC® Rapid Test, and CancerCheck® UBC® rapid VISUAL are urinary-based rapid tests. This multicenter study is the first study comparing all available rapid tests on a large cohort of bladder cancer patients and healthy controls in one setting. METHODS In total 732 urine samples (second morning urine) in a real-world assessment have been analyzed. We evaluated clinical samples from 464 patients with histologically confirmed urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder (17 solitary CIS, 189 low-grade, 187 high-grade nonmuscle invasive, 71 high-grade muscle invasive), 77 patients with No Evidence of Disease (NED), and from 191 healthy controls. Urine samples were analyzed by the BTA stat®, NMP22® BladderChek®, UBC® Rapid Test point-of-care (POC) system using the concile Omega 100 POC reader, and CancerCheck® UBC® rapid VISUAL. Sensitivities and specificities were calculated by contingency analyses. RESULTS All investigated urinary markers detected more pathological concentrations in urine of bladder cancer patients compared to tumor-free patients. The calculated diagnostic sensitivities for BTA stat®, NMP22® BladderChek®, UBC® Rapid Test, CancerCheck® UBC® rapid VISUAL, and cytology were 62.4%, 13.4%, 58.2%, 28.6%, 36.2% for low-grade, 83.4%, 49.5%, 84.5%, 63.1%, 71.2% for high-grade nonmuscle invasive, and 95.8%, 35.2%, 76.1%, 50.7%, 67.7% for high-grade muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The specificity was 67.9%, 95.5%, 79.4%, 94.4%, and 83.7%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) after receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis for high-grade non-muscle-invasive tumors was 0.757, 0.725, 0.819, 0.787, and 0.774, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of more than 700 urine samples offers an objective view on urine-based rapid diagnostics. Elevated pathological concentrations of markers in urine of bladder cancer patients were detected in all investigated tests. The highest sensitivities for high-grade non-muscle-invasive tumors were calculated for BTA stat® and UBC® Rapid Test, whereas NMP22® BladderChek®, and cytology showed the highest specificities. BTA stat® and UBC® Rapid Test have the potential to be used as a clinical valuable urinary protein biomarker for the detection of high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients and could be included in the management of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten H Ecke
- Department of Urology, Helios Hospital, Bad Saarow, Germany; Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christina J Meisl
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Rabien
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Flora Labonté
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dezhi Rong
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hofbauer
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Friedersdorff
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lilli Sommerfeldt
- Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nella Gagel
- Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Gössl
- Department of Urology, Rheinland Klinikum Neuss, Neuss, Germany
| | - Dimitri Barski
- Department of Urology, Rheinland Klinikum Neuss, Neuss, Germany
| | - Thomas Otto
- Department of Urology, Rheinland Klinikum Neuss, Neuss, Germany; University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Camilla M Grunewald
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Mario W Kramer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Koch
- Helios Hospital, Institute of Pathology, Bad Saarow, Germany; Brandenburg Medical School, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Roggisch
- Helios Hospital, Institute of Pathology, Bad Saarow, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Weiß
- Department of Urology, Helios Hospital, Bad Saarow, Germany
| | - Michael Waldner
- Department of Urology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Graff
- Department of Urology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Veltrup
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Roland Hake
- Institute of Pathology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eidt
- Institute of Pathology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph M Wirtz
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, Cologne, Germany
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Dyrskjøt L, Hansel DE, Efstathiou JA, Knowles MA, Galsky MD, Teoh J, Theodorescu D. Bladder cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:58. [PMID: 37884563 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a global health issue with sex differences in incidence and prognosis. Bladder cancer has distinct molecular subtypes with multiple pathogenic pathways depending on whether the disease is non-muscle invasive or muscle invasive. The mutational burden is higher in muscle-invasive than in non-muscle-invasive disease. Commonly mutated genes include TERT, FGFR3, TP53, PIK3CA, STAG2 and genes involved in chromatin modification. Subtyping of both forms of bladder cancer is likely to change considerably with the advent of single-cell analysis methods. Early detection signifies a better disease prognosis; thus, minimally invasive diagnostic options are needed to improve patient outcomes. Urine-based tests are available for disease diagnosis and surveillance, and analysis of blood-based cell-free DNA is a promising tool for the detection of minimal residual disease and metastatic relapse. Transurethral resection is the cornerstone treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and intravesical therapy can further improve oncological outcomes. For muscle-invasive bladder cancer, radical cystectomy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of care with evidence supporting trimodality therapy. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated benefit in non-muscle-invasive, muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach that considers patient characteristics and molecular disease characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Donna E Hansel
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason A Efstathiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Teoh
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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7
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Flores Monar GV, Reynolds T, Gordon M, Moon D, Moon C. Molecular Markers for Bladder Cancer Screening: An Insight into Bladder Cancer and FDA-Approved Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14374. [PMID: 37762677 PMCID: PMC10531979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most financially burdensome cancers globally, from its diagnostic to its terminal stages. The impact it imposes on patients and the medical community is substantial, exacerbated by the absence of disease-specific characteristics and limited disease-free spans. Frequent recurrences, impacting nearly half of the diagnosed population, require frequent and invasive monitoring. Given the advancing comprehension of its etiology and attributes, bladder cancer is an appealing candidate for screening strategies. Cystoscopy is the current gold standard for bladder cancer detection, but it is invasive and has the potential for undesired complications and elevated costs. Although urine cytology is a supplementary tool in select instances, its efficacy is limited due to its restricted sensitivity, mainly when targeting low-grade tumors. Although most of these assays exhibit higher sensitivity than urine cytology, clinical guidelines do not currently incorporate them. Consequently, it is necessary to explore novel screening assays to identify distinctive alterations exclusive to bladder cancer. Thus, integrating potential molecular assays requires further investigation through more extensive validation studies. Within this article, we offer a comprehensive overview of the critical features of bladder cancer while conducting a thorough analysis of the FDA-approved assays designed to diagnose and monitor its recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Reynolds
- NEXT Bio-Research Services, LLC, 11601 Ironbridge Road, Suite 101, Chester, VA 23831, USA;
| | - Maxie Gordon
- BCD Innovations USA, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 2109, USA
| | - David Moon
- HJM Cancer Research Foundation Corporation, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 2109, USA
| | - Chulso Moon
- HJM Cancer Research Foundation Corporation, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 2109, USA
- BCD Innovations USA, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 2109, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Cancer Research Building II, 5M3, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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8
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Lawrence R, Watters M, Davies CR, Pantel K, Lu YJ. Circulating tumour cells for early detection of clinically relevant cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023:10.1038/s41571-023-00781-y. [PMID: 37268719 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Given that cancer mortality is usually a result of late diagnosis, efforts in the field of early detection are paramount to reducing cancer-related deaths and improving patient outcomes. Increasing evidence indicates that metastasis is an early event in patients with aggressive cancers, often occurring even before primary lesions are clinically detectable. Metastases are usually formed from cancer cells that spread to distant non-malignant tissues via the blood circulation, termed circulating tumour cells (CTCs). CTCs have been detected in patients with early stage cancers and, owing to their association with metastasis, might indicate the presence of aggressive disease, thus providing a possible means to expedite diagnosis and treatment initiation for such patients while avoiding overdiagnosis and overtreatment of those with slow-growing, indolent tumours. The utility of CTCs as an early diagnostic tool has been investigated, although further improvements in the efficiency of CTC detection are required. In this Perspective, we discuss the clinical significance of early haematogenous dissemination of cancer cells, the potential of CTCs to facilitate early detection of clinically relevant cancers, and the technological advances that might improve CTC capture and, thus, diagnostic performance in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lawrence
- Centre for Biomarkers and Therapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Melissa Watters
- Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Caitlin R Davies
- Centre for Biomarkers and Therapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumour Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Centre for Biomarkers and Therapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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9
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Vanarsa K, Castillo J, Wang L, Lee KH, Pedroza C, Lotan Y, Mohan C. Comprehensive proteomics and platform validation of urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer diagnosis and staging. BMC Med 2023; 21:133. [PMID: 37016361 PMCID: PMC10074794 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most common cancers diagnosed in men in the USA. The current gold standards for the diagnosis of BC are invasive or lack the sensitivity to correctly identify the disease. METHODS An aptamer-based screen analyzed the expression of 1317 proteins in BC compared to urology clinic controls. The top hits were subjected to systems biology analyses. Next, 30 urine proteins were ELISA-validated in an independent cohort of 68 subjects. Three of these proteins were next validated in an independent BC cohort of differing ethnicity. RESULTS Systems biology analysis implicated molecular functions related to the extracellular matrix, collagen, integrin, heparin, and transmembrane tyrosine kinase signaling in BC susceptibility, with HNF4A and NFKB1 emerging as key molecular regulators. STEM analysis of the dysregulated pathways implicated a functional role for the immune system, complement, and interleukins in BC disease progression. Of 21 urine proteins that discriminated BC from urology clinic controls (UC), urine D-dimer displayed the highest accuracy (0.96) and sensitivity of 97%. Furthermore, 8 urine proteins significantly discriminated MIBC from NMIBC (AUC = 0.75-0.99), with IL-8 and IgA being the best performers. Urine IgA and fibronectin exhibited the highest specificity of 80% at fixed sensitivity for identifying advanced BC. CONCLUSIONS Given the high sensitivity (97%) of urine D-dimer for BC, it may have a role in the initial diagnosis or detection of cancer recurrence. On the other hand, urine IL-8 and IgA may have the potential in identifying disease progression during patient follow-up. The use of these biomarkers for initial triage could have a significant impact as the current cystoscopy-based diagnostic and surveillance approach is costly and invasive when compared to a simple urine test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamala Vanarsa
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd., Room 2027, Houston, TX, 77204-5060, USA
| | - Jessica Castillo
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd., Room 2027, Houston, TX, 77204-5060, USA
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Urology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kyung Hyun Lee
- Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia Pedroza
- Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd., Room 2027, Houston, TX, 77204-5060, USA.
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10
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Lotan Y, Baky FJ. Urine-Based Markers for Detection of Urothelial Cancer and for the Management of Non–muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2023; 50:53-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Koukourikis P, Papaioannou M, Papanikolaou D, Apostolidis A. Urine Biomarkers in the Management of Adult Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030468. [PMID: 36766573 PMCID: PMC9914312 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction requires lifelong surveillance and management for the perseveration of patients' quality of life and the prevention of significant morbidity and mortality. Urine biomarkers are an attractive noninvasive method of surveillance for these patients. The aim of this systematic review is to search for and critically appraise studies that investigate the clinical usefulness of urine biomarkers in the management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) in adults. METHODS This review was conducted according to PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. Search strategy included PubMed, CENTRAL, and Scopus (until October 2022). Studies investigating potential urine biomarkers for the management of adults with NLUTD were included. RESULTS Fifteen studies fulfilled the criteria. To date, a variety of different urine molecules have been investigated for the diagnosis and management of neurogenic overactive bladder and detrusor overactivity (nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, transformation growth factor β-1, tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2, substance P, microRNA), diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (exosomal vitronectin), urinary tract infection (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, interleukin 6) and bladder cancer screening (cytology, BTA stat, survivin) in neurological patients. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to specify the utility of each molecule in the management algorithm of adult NLUTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis Koukourikis
- 2nd Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital ‘Papageorgiou’, Thessaloniki 56429, Greece
| | - Maria Papaioannou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Papanikolaou
- 2nd Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital ‘Papageorgiou’, Thessaloniki 56429, Greece
| | - Apostolos Apostolidis
- 2nd Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital ‘Papageorgiou’, Thessaloniki 56429, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-991-476; Fax: +30-2310-681-022
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12
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Papavasiliou E, Sills VA, Calanzani N, Harrison H, Snudden C, di Martino E, Cowan A, Behiyat D, Boscott R, Tan S, Bovaird J, Stewart GD, Walter FM, Zhou Y. Diagnostic Performance of Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer Detection Suitable for Community and Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:709. [PMID: 36765672 PMCID: PMC9913596 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the use of biomarkers to detect bladder cancer in the general population is scarce. This study aimed to systematically review evidence on the diagnostic performance of biomarkers which might be suitable for use in community and primary care settings [PROSPERO Registration: CRD42021258754]. Database searches on MEDLINE and EMBASE from January 2000 to May 2022 resulted in 4914 unique citations, 44 of which met inclusion criteria. Included studies reported on 112 biomarkers and combinations. Heterogeneity of designs, populations and outcomes allowed for the meta-analysis of three biomarkers identified in at least five studies (NMP-22, UroVysion, uCyt+). These three biomarkers showed similar discriminative ability (adjusted AUC estimates ranging from 0.650 to 0.707), although for NMP-22 and UroVysion there was significant unexplained heterogeneity between included studies. Narrative synthesis revealed the potential of these biomarkers for use in the general population based on their reported clinical utility, including effects on clinicians, patients, and the healthcare system. Finally, we identified some promising novel biomarkers and biomarker combinations (N < 3 studies for each biomarker/combination) with negative predictive values of ≥90%. These biomarkers have potential for use as a triage tool in community and primary care settings for reducing unnecessary specialist referrals. Despite promising emerging evidence, further validation studies in the general population are required at different stages within the diagnostic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie Papavasiliou
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Valerie A. Sills
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Natalia Calanzani
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Hannah Harrison
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Claudia Snudden
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Erica di Martino
- Division of Primary Care, Public Health & Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 3AA, UK
| | - Andy Cowan
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Dawnya Behiyat
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Rachel Boscott
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sapphire Tan
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jennifer Bovaird
- Patient & Public Representative c/o The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Grant D. Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M. Walter
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Yin Zhou
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
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13
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Ecke TH, Benderska-Söder N, Bismarck E, van Rhijn BWG, Todenhöfer T, Schmitz-Dräger BJ. Considering the Effects of Modern Point-of-Care Urine Biomarker Assays in Follow-Up of Patients with High-Risk Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2684:199-212. [PMID: 37410236 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3291-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a plethora of urine markers for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with bladder cancer (BC) has been developed and studied, the clinical impact of urine testing on patient management remains unclear. The goal of this manuscript is to identify scenarios for a potential use of modern point-of-care (POC) urine marker assays in the follow-up of patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) and estimate potential risks and benefits. METHODS To permit comparison between different assays, the results of 5 different POC assays studied in a recent prospective multicenter study including 127 patients with suspicious cystoscopy undergoing TURB were used for this simulation. For the current standard of care (SOC), a "marker-enforced" procedure, and a combined strategy sensitivity (Se), estimated number of cystoscopies, and the numbers needed to diagnose (NND) over a 1-year follow-up period were calculated. RESULTS For regular cystoscopy (SOC), a Se of 91.7% and a NND of 42.2 repetitive office cystoscopies (WLCs) for 1 recurrent tumor at 1 year were calculated. For the "marker-enforced" strategy, marker sensitivities between 94.7% and 97.1% were observed. The "combined" strategy yielded for markers with a Se exceeding 50% an overall Se at 1 year similar or superior to the current SOC. Savings regarding the number of cystoscopies in the "marker-enforced" strategy vs. the SOC were small, while, depending on the marker, up to 45% of all cystoscopies may be saved using the "combined" strategy. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this simulation, a marker-supported follow-up of patients with high-risk (HR) NMIBC is safe and offers options to significantly reduce the number of cystoscopies without compromising the Se. Further research focusing on prospective randomized trials is needed to finally find a way to include marker results into clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten H Ecke
- Department of Urology, Helios Hospital, Bad Saarow, Germany.
- Department of Urology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charité, Berlin, Germany.
- German Study Group of Bladder Cancer (DFBK e.V.), Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | - Bas W G van Rhijn
- Department Surgical Oncology (Urology), Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Studienpraxis Urologie, Nürtingen, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Schmitz-Dräger
- Urologie 24, Nürnberg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Komina S, Petrusevska G, Jovanovic R, Kunovska SK, Stavridis S, Dohcev S, Saidi S, Topuzovska S, Topuzovska S. AHNAK2 Urinary Protein Expression as Potential Biomarker for Bladder Cancer Detection: A Pilot Study. Turk J Urol 2022; 48:423-430. [PMID: 36416332 PMCID: PMC9797797 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2022.22132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to measure the AHNAK2 urinary levels in bladder cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective case-control study enrolled 67 participants between January and March 2019 and were categorized into bladder cancer group (n=37), with histologically proven bladder can cer, and control group (n=30), with histologically verified benign lesions or with no bladder cancer indica tion during follow-up. Urine samples of 15 mL were collected in the mid-morning before cystoscopy/surger y and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed as per the manufacturer's protocol. Bladder malignancies were classified according to the World Health Organization Tumor Classification. Group's associations were evaluated with the Student t-test, Spearman's rank correlation, and Mann-Whitney U test, while receiver operating curve was plotted for assessing the test's performance. RESULTS Mean age of the bladder cancer group was 66.41 years (standard deviation=10.04, range=43-82 years) and the control group was 59.67 years (standard deviation=10.44, range=38-77 years). All bladder cancers were of the urothelial histotype, with the following pT distribution: pTa/papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (n=19; 28.4%), Primary tumor (pT) in situ (n=4; 6%), pT1 (n=7; 10.4%), and pT≥2 (n=7; 10.48%). Mean AHNAK2 levels were higher in bladder cancer patients 49.08 pg/mL (standard deviation=114.91) compared to controls 5.28 pg/mL (standard devia tion=6.65), P < .05). Significant differences were noted between non-invasive bladder cancer (n=23; mean=7.14 pg/mL; standard deviation=7.26) and invasive bladder cancer (n=14; mean=117.99 pg/mL; standard deviation=168.08) and between non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (mean=23.19 pg/mL; standard deviation=66.93) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (mean=160.05 pg/mL; standard devia tion=199.65) (P < .001). The result of the assays was given as follows: sensitivity: 64.19%, specificity: 66.67%, positive predictive value: 22.07%, negative predictive value: 92.37%, area under curve: 0.695, and 95% CI: 0.57-0.82. CONCLUSION AHNAK2 protein could be used as bladder cancer surveillance biomarker. The inclusion of AHNAK2 levels in stratification nomograms might reduce the number of unnecessary cystoscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Komina
- Ss. Cyril and Methodious University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Skopje, North Macedonia,Corresponding author:Selim KominaE-mail:
| | - Gordana Petrusevska
- Ss. Cyril and Methodious University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Rubens Jovanovic
- Ss. Cyril and Methodious University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Sotir Stavridis
- Ss. Cyril and Methodious University, Faculty of Medicine, University Urology Clinic, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Saso Dohcev
- Ss. Cyril and Methodious University, Faculty of Medicine, University Urology Clinic, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Skender Saidi
- Ss. Cyril and Methodious University, Faculty of Medicine, University Urology Clinic, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sonja Topuzovska
- Ss. Cyril and Methodious University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Skopje, North Macedonia
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15
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Applications of Exosomes in Diagnosing Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102027. [PMID: 36297462 PMCID: PMC9607910 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) is a subset of bladder cancer with a significant risk for metastases and death. It accounts for nearly 25% of bladder cancer diagnoses. A diagnostic work-up for MIBC is inclusive of urologic evaluation, radiographic imaging with a CT scan, urinalysis, and cystoscopy. These evaluations, especially cystoscopy, are invasive and carry the risk of secondary health concerns. Non-invasive diagnostics such as urine cytology are an attractive alternative currently being investigated to mitigate the requirement for cystoscopy. A pitfall in urine cytology is the lack of available options with high reliability, specificity, and sensitivity to malignant bladder cells. Exosomes are a novel biomarker source which could resolve some of the concerns with urine cytology, due to the high specificity as the surrogates of tumor cells. This review serves to define muscle invasive bladder cancer, current urine cytology methods, the role of exosomes in MIBC, and exosomes application as a diagnostic tool in MIBC. Urinary exosomes as the specific populations of extracellular vesicles could provide additional biomarkers with specificity and sensitivity to bladder malignancies, which are a consistent source of cellular information to direct clinicians for developing treatment strategies. Given its strong presence and differentiation ability between normal and cancerous cells, exosome-based urine cytology is highly promising in providing a perspective of a patient’s bladder cancer.
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16
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Gruba N, Stachurski L, Lesner A. Chemical tools to monitor bladder cancer progression. Biomarkers 2022; 27:568-578. [PMID: 35532038 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2076153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundBladder cancer (BCa) is the most common cancer of the urinary system. Due to its high incidence and recurrence, as well as limited progress in the effective treatment, BCa is a challenge for today's medicine.Materials and MethodsWe used a set of chromogenic substrates to differentiate between the stages of bladder cancer progression (G1 (n = 10), G2 (n = 10), G3 (n = 10)). The proteolytic activity in individual the urine samples was determined by absorbance measurements. Then inhibitors of particular classes of enzymes were used to determine which enzymes dominate at a given stage of the neoplastic disease.ResultsThe specific activity of enzymes in the urine of patients with confirmed bladder cancer was determined separately for three (G1, G2, G3) stages of the disease development. What is more, no activity was observed in urine of healthy people (n = 10).DiscussionResearch shows that specific enzymes are associated with the development of specific stages of cancer. We suspect that the differences in the proteolytic activity of urine samples are due to the presence of a different set of enzymes, that are directly related to the particular stage of the disease.ConclusionWe obtained three substrates for monitoring individual stages of bladder cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gruba
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lech Stachurski
- City Hospital St. Vincent de Paul, Wójta Radtkiego 1 Street, PL 81-348 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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Schulz A, Loloi J, Pina Martina L, Sankin A. The Development of Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tools in Bladder Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:497-507. [PMID: 35529887 PMCID: PMC9075009 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s283891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Schulz
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Justin Loloi
- Department of Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 11061, USA
| | - Luis Pina Martina
- Department of Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 11061, USA
| | - Alexander Sankin
- Department of Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 11061, USA
- Correspondence: Alexander Sankin, Department of Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 11061, USA, Tel +800 636-6683, Email
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18
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Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Chen H, Bao W, Kuang X, Zhou P, Gao Z, Li D, Xie X, Yang C, Chen X, Pan J, Tang R, Feng Z, Zhou L, Wang L, Yang J, Jiang L. SBSN drives bladder cancer metastasis via EGFR/SRC/STAT3 signalling. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:211-222. [PMID: 35484216 PMCID: PMC9296541 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with metastatic bladder cancer have very poor prognosis and predictive biomarkers are urgently needed for early clinical detection and intervention. In this study, we evaluate the effect and mechanism of Suprabasin (SBSN) on bladder cancer metastasis. METHODS A tissue array was used to detect SBSN expression by immunohistochemistry. A tumour-bearing mouse model was used for metastasis evaluation in vivo. Transwell and wound-healing assays were used for in vitro evaluation of migration and invasion. Comprehensive molecular screening was achieved by western blotting, immunofluorescence, luciferase reporter assay, and ELISA. RESULTS SBSN was found markedly overexpressed in bladder cancer, and indicated poor prognosis of patients. SBSN promoted invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. The secreted SBSN exhibited identical biological function and regulation in bladder cancer metastasis, and the interaction of secreted SBSN and EGFR could play an essential role in activating the signalling in which SBSN enhanced the phosphorylation of EGFR and SRC kinase, followed with phosphorylation and nuclear location of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that SBSN, and secreted SBSN, promote bladder cancer metastasis through activation of EGFR/SRC/STAT3 pathway and identify SBSN as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Zhou
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.,Meishan Women and Children's Hospital, Alliance Hospital of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 620000, Meishan, China
| | - Zhuojun Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Bao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqin Kuang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqing Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Difeng Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xie
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuhong Chen
- Medical Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinyuan Pan
- Department of Oncology, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, 438000, Huanggang, China
| | - Ruiming Tang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511518, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengfu Feng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511518, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihuan Zhou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511518, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Yang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Urologic Oncosurgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lili Jiang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, 510095, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.
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19
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Proteomics for Early Detection of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Clinically Useful Urine Protein Biomarkers. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030395. [PMID: 35330146 PMCID: PMC8950253 DOI: 10.3390/life12030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men, and most cases are non-muscle-invasive. A high recurrence rate is a critical problem in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The availability of few urine tests hinders the effective detection of superficial and small bladder tumors. Cystoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis; however, it is associated with urinary tract infections, hematuria, and pain. Early detection is imperative, as intervention influences recurrence. Therefore, urinary biomarkers need to be developed to detect these bladder cancers. Recently, several protein candidates in the urine have been identified as biomarkers. In the present narrative review, the current status of the development of urinary protein biomarkers, including FDA-approved biomarkers, is summarized. Additionally, contemporary proteomic technologies, such as antibody-based methods, mass-spectrometry-based methods, and machine-learning-based diagnosis, are reported. Furthermore, new strategies for the rapid and correct profiling of potential biomarkers of bladder cancer in urine are introduced, along with their limitations. The advantages of urinary protein biomarkers and the development of several related technologies are highlighted in this review. Moreover, an in-depth understanding of the scientific background and available protocols in research and clinical applications of the surveillance of non-muscle bladder cancer is provided.
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The Application Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nursing on General Anesthesia Combined with Epidural Anesthesia and Electric Resection for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer and Its Influence on Tumor Markers. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7178711. [PMID: 35075365 PMCID: PMC8783706 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7178711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the effects of traditional Chinese medicine nursing on general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia and electric resection to treat bladder cancer and its influence on tumor markers. Methods A total of 160 patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer who underwent general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia and resection were included in this study. The patients were divided into control group (n = 80) and study group (n = 80) according to the random number table method. The control group received hydroxycamptothecin bladder perfusion therapy, and the study group received traditional Chinese medicine nursing combined with hydroxycamptothecin bladder perfusion therapy. The clinical efficacy, three-year cumulative survival rate, and postoperative recurrence rate of the two groups of patients were detected. The levels of tumor markers including vascular endothelial growth factor (VECF) and bladder tumor antigen (BTA) before and after treatment were also tested. The immune function, inflammatory factor levels, and quality of life of the two groups before and after treatment were evaluated. Results The total effective rate of the study group (83.75%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (58.75%). After treatment, the serum VEGF and BTA levels, inflammatory factors interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels of the two groups of patients decreased, and the decrease in the study group was more significant than that in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ in the two groups increased (P < 0.05), and the increase in the study group was more significant than that in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the CD8+ levels of the two groups of patients decreased (P < 0.05), and the decrease in the study group was more significant than that in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the quality-of-life scores in both groups increased (P < 0.05), and the increase in the study group was even more significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine nursing has significant clinical effects on the treatment of bladder cancer with general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia and electric resection. It can more effectively prevent the risk of recurrence of bladder cancer after surgery, significantly improve the quality of life, improve immune system function, regulate the levels of VECF and BTA, effectively reduce the level of serum inflammatory factors, inhibit tumor progression, and reduce tumor viability.
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Crocetto F, Barone B, Ferro M, Busetto GM, La Civita E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Terracciano D, Schalken JA. Liquid biopsy in bladder cancer: State of the art and future perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 170:103577. [PMID: 34999017 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract. Cystoscopy represents the gold standard in the diagnosis of suspicious bladder lesions. However, the procedure is invasive and burdened by pain, discomfort and infective complications. Cytology, which represents an alternative diagnostic possibility is limited by poor sensitivity. Considering the limitations of both procedures, and the necessity to perform multiple evaluations in patients who are in follow-up for bladder cancer, an improved non-invasive methodology is required in the clinical management of this disease. Liquid biopsy, e.g. the detection of clinical biomarkers in urine, represent a promising novel and non-invasive approach that could overcome those limitations and be integrated into the current clinical practice. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of the art of this approach and the latest novelties regarding detection, prognosis and surveillance of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Barone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Busetto
- Urology and Renal Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Evelina La Civita
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Buonerba
- Oncology Unit, Hospital "Andrea Tortora", ASL Salerno, Pagani, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
- Oncology Unit, Hospital "Andrea Tortora", ASL Salerno, Pagani, Italy; Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Daniela Terracciano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Jack A Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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22
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Sugeeta SS, Sharma A, Ng K, Nayak A, Vasdev N. Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer Surveillance. Front Surg 2021; 8:735868. [PMID: 34651010 PMCID: PMC8506024 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.735868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This is a narrative review with an aim to summarise and describe urinary biomarkers in the surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). It provides a summary of FDA-approved protein biomarkers along with emerging ones which utilise genetic, epigenetic and exosomal markers. We discuss the current limitations of the available assays. Background: Current guidelines advice a combination of cystoscopy, imaging,and urine cytology in diagnosis and surveillance. Although cytology has a high specificity, it is limited by low sensitivity particularly in low grade tumours. There are six FDA-approved urinary assays for diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. They have shown to improve sensitivity and specificity to be used alongside cytology and cystoscopy but have a lower specificity in comparison to cytology and false positives often occur in benign conditions. Recent developments in laboratory techniques has allowed for use of markers which are RNA-, DNA-based as well as extracellular vesicles in the past decade. Methods: Using the PubMed/Medline search engines as well as Google Scholar, we performed an online search using the terms "bladder cancer," "non-muscle invasive bladder cancer," and "urine biomarkers" with filter for articles in English published up to May 2021. Systematic reviews and original data of clinical trials or observational studies which contributed to the development of the biomarkers were collated. Results: Biomarkers identified were divided into FDA-approved molecular biomarkers, protein biomarkers and gene-related biomarker with a table summarising the findings of each marker with the most relevant studies. The studies conducted were mainly retrospective. Due to the early stages of development, only a few prospective studies have been done for more recently developed biomarkers and limited meta-analyses are available.Therefore a detailed evaluation of these markers are still required to decide on their clinical use. Conclusion: Advancements of analytical methods in BC has driven the research towards non-invasive liquid-based biomarkers in adjunct to urine cytology. Further large prospective studies are required to determine its feasibility in a clinical setting as they are not effective when used in isolation as they have their limitation. With the ongoing pandemic, other than reduction in costs and increased accuracy, the need for biomarkers to cope with delay in cystoscopies in diagnosis and surveillance is crucial. Thus clinical trials with direct comparison is required to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar S. Sugeeta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kingdom
| | - Anand Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kingdom
| | - Kenrick Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind Nayak
- Department of Urology and Surgery, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Nikhil Vasdev
- Department of Urology and Surgery, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Islam MK, Syed P, Dhondt B, Gidwani K, Pettersson K, Lamminmäki U, Leivo J. Detection of bladder cancer with aberrantly fucosylated ITGA3. Anal Biochem 2021; 628:114283. [PMID: 34102169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple, non-invasive assay to identify fucosylated-glycoisoform of integrin alpha-3 (ITGA3) directly from unprocessed urine. ITGA3 was detected directly from the urine of bladder cancer (BlCa) (n = 13) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (n = 9) patients with the use of lectins coated on europium-doped-nanoparticles (Eu3+-NPs). Lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA) showed enhanced binding with BlCa-derived ITGA3. The evaluation with individual samples showed that a glycovariant ITGA3-UEA assay could significantly discriminate BlCa from BPH patients (p = 0.007). The detection of aberrantly fucosylated-isoform of ITGA3 from urine can be used to distinguish BlCa from age-matched benign controls in a simple sandwich assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khirul Islam
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Parvez Syed
- Inme Oy, Satakunnantie 8C, 20100, Turku, Finland
| | - Bert Dhondt
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kamlesh Gidwani
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kim Pettersson
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Janne Leivo
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Huang H, Du J, Jin B, Pang L, Duan N, Huang C, Hou J, Yu W, Hao H, Li H. Combination of Urine Exosomal mRNAs and lncRNAs as Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:667212. [PMID: 33987102 PMCID: PMC8111292 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.667212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recent discovery of miRNAs and lncRNAs in urine exosomes has emerged as promising diagnostic biomarkers for bladder cancer (BCa). However, mRNAs as the direct products of transcription has not been well evaluated in exosomes as biomarkers for BCa diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to identify tumor progression-related mRNAs and lncRNAs in urine exosomes that could be used for detection of BCa. Methods RNA-sequencing was performed to identify tumor progression-related biomarkers in three matched superficial tumor and deep infiltrating tumor regions of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) specimens, differently expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs were validated in TCGA dataset (n = 391) in the discovery stage. Then candidate RNAs were chosen for evaluation in urine exosomes of a training cohort (10 BCa and 10 healthy controls) and a validation cohort (80 BCa and 80 healthy controls) using RT-qPCR. The diagnostic potential of the candidates were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results RNA sequencing revealed 8 mRNAs and 32 lncRNAs that were significantly upregulated in deep infiltrating tumor region. After validation in TCGA database, 10 markedly dysregulated RNAs were selected for further investigation in urine exosomes, of which five (mRNAs: KLHDC7B, CASP14, and PRSS1; lncRNAs: MIR205HG and GAS5) were verified to be significantly dysregulated. The combination of the five RNAs had the highest AUC to disguising the BCa (0.924, 95% CI, 0.875–0.974) or early stage BCa patients (0.910, 95% CI, 0.850 to 0.971) from HCs. The expression levels of these five RNAs were correlated with tumor stage, grade, and hematuria degrees. Conclusions These findings highlight the potential of urine exosomal mRNAs and lncRNAs profiling in the early diagnosis and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Pang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenwei Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayin Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Beijing, China
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Wolfs JRE, Hermans TJN, Koldewijn EL, van de Kerkhof D. Novel urinary biomarkers ADXBLADDER and bladder EpiCheck for diagnostics of bladder cancer: A review. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:161-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hong M, He G, Goh S, Low AWX, Tay KJ, Lim TKH, Yeong J, Khor LY, Lim TS. Biomarkers for Precision Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnosis: Current Approaches and the Application of Single-Cell Technologies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020260. [PMID: 33445605 PMCID: PMC7827267 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer of the urinary tract and is ranked the sixth most diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. About 70–75% of newly diagnosed UCs are non-invasive or low grade. Different tests such as urine cytology and cystoscopy are used to detect UC. If abnormal tissue is found during cystoscopy, then a biopsy will be performed. Cytology has low sensitivity for low-grade cancer while cystoscopy is invasive and costly. Detecting UC early improves the chances of treatment success. Therefore, many researchers have painstakingly identified urine biological markers for non-invasive UC diagnosis. In this review, we summarize some of the latest and most promising biological markers (including FDA-approved and investigational markers). We also discuss some new technologies that can aid research efforts in biological marker discovery for early UC detection. Abstract Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most frequent malignancy of the urinary system and is ranked the sixth most diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Around 70–75% of newly diagnosed UC manifests as the non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) subtype, which can be treated by a transurethral resection of the tumor. However, patients require life-long monitoring due to its high rate of recurrence. The current gold standard for UC diagnosis, prognosis, and disease surveillance relies on a combination of cytology and cystoscopy, which is invasive, costly, and associated with comorbidities. Hence, there is considerable interest in the development of highly specific and sensitive urinary biomarkers for the non-invasive early detection of UC. In this review, we assess the performance of current diagnostic assays for UC and highlight some of the most promising biomarkers investigated to date. We also highlight some of the recent advances in single-cell technologies that may offer a paradigm shift in the field of UC biomarker discovery and precision diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hong
- A. Menarini Biomarkers Singapore Pte Ltd., Singapore 117440, Singapore;
| | - George He
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (G.H.); (S.G.); (T.K.H.L.)
| | - Siting Goh
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (G.H.); (S.G.); (T.K.H.L.)
| | - Alvin Wei Xiang Low
- Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169854, Singapore; (A.W.X.L.); (K.J.T.)
| | - Kae Jack Tay
- Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169854, Singapore; (A.W.X.L.); (K.J.T.)
| | - Tony Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (G.H.); (S.G.); (T.K.H.L.)
| | - Joe Yeong
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (G.H.); (S.G.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.Y.K.); (T.S.L.)
| | - Li Yan Khor
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (G.H.); (S.G.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.Y.K.); (T.S.L.)
| | - Tong Seng Lim
- A. Menarini Biomarkers Singapore Pte Ltd., Singapore 117440, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.Y.K.); (T.S.L.)
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Ecke TH, Otto T, Le Calvez-Kelm F. Evaluating the Utility of Combined Bladder Cancer Biomarkers, the Molecular Prognostication of Tumor Subtypes, or What Else Is Needed to Illuminate Our Vision? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9657. [PMID: 33352845 PMCID: PMC7766346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, we published two special issues devoted to highlighting important scientific results in the field of bladder cancer research and clinical implications [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten H. Ecke
- Department of Urology, HELIOS Hospital Bad Saarow, DE-15526 Bad Saarow, Germany
| | - Thomas Otto
- Department of Urology, Rheinland Klinikum Neuss, DE-41464 Neuss, Germany;
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Vasdev N, Hampson A, Agarwal S, Swamy R, Chilvers M, Hampson A, Jahanfard S, Kim N. The role of URO17™ biomarker to enhance diagnosis of urothelial cancer in new hematuria patients—First European Data. BJUI COMPASS 2020; 2:46-52. [PMID: 35474659 PMCID: PMC8988772 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objectives Novel biomarker research is vital for the progression of safe and thorough diagnostic medicine. There is now a need to improve the diagnosis of bladder cancer via a noninvasive urine test while balancing the risks of harm from investigational procedures, such as cystoscopy and radiological tests, against the likelihood of malignancy. We evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of Uro17™ urinary biomarker for the detection of urothelial cancer in hematuria patients in a prospective blinded validation study. Uro17™ is an immunobiomarker which binds to the oncoprotein Keratin 17, which is involved in the replication cycle of malignant cells. This study compared cystoscopic and histological investigations against Uro17™ results in patients being investigated for symptoms of urothelial cancer. Materials and methods After receiving both local and national ethics/protocol approval, 71 patients were consented and recruited into the study. All patients were scheduled to undergo cystoscopic investigation, and following recruitment, a urine sample was collected. Urine samples were anonymized and processed as per standard cytology protocols and stained using Uro17™ immunobiomarker. The pathologists assessing the results were blinded to the patient and background history, and the results were compared to the biopsy histology. Results The full cohort of enrolled patients consisted of 71 participants included. There were 55 males and 16 females, with an average age of 70. Thirteen were current smokers, 42 ex‐smokers, and 16 nonsmokers. The malignancies detected included both muscle‐invasive (n = 6) and non‐muscle‐invasive tumors (n = 38), and tumors of all grades and carcinoma in situ. Uro17™ was shown to have an overall sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 92.6%, with a positive predictive value of 0.957 and negative predictive value of 1. Uro17™ investigation was positive in every case of urothelial malignancy. Conclusions Our current data indicates Uro17™ is a highly sensitive noninvasive bladder cancer urine detection test that can improve the diagnosis of Bladder cancer. This can further improve diagnostic capabilities in primary care, reduce the number of referrals to Urology department, and reduce the number of unnecessary invasive procedures for new patients with a suspected urinary bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Vasdev
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre Department of Urology Lister Hospital Stevenage UK
- School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield UK
| | - Alexander Hampson
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre Department of Urology Lister Hospital Stevenage UK
| | | | - Rajiv Swamy
- Department of Pathology Lister Hospital Stevenage UK
| | | | - Amy Hampson
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre Department of Urology Lister Hospital Stevenage UK
| | | | - Nam Kim
- KDx Diagnostics Inc Campbell CA USA
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Ng K, Stenzl A, Sharma A, Vasdev N. Urinary biomarkers in bladder cancer: A review of the current landscape and future directions. Urol Oncol 2020; 39:41-51. [PMID: 32919875 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM This narrative review aims to describe established and emerging urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis and surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. It provides a comprehensive account of classical, FDA-approved protein biomarkers and discusses their limitations. Further, we discuss the role that epigenetic, genetic, and exosomal markers can play to enhance sensitivity and specificity of the available tests. BACKGROUND The initial diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer involves a combination of cystoscopy, upper urinary tract imaging, and urine cytology. Despite high specificity, cytology is limited by low sensitivity. There are currently 6 urinary assays approved by the FDA to enhance diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. While these have improved diagnosis and surveillance when combined with cytology, these tests are still not sufficiently sensitive and false positives often occur in benign conditions which result in inflammation of the urinary tract. Advancements in laboratory techniques have produced significant advancements in epigenetic and genetic markers, as well as extracellular vesicles, with DNA- and RNA-based markers dominating the research in this area in recent years. METHODS We identified relevant published data, using the PubMed/ Medline search engines as well as Google Scholar. We performed an online search using the terms "bladder cancer", "non-muscle invasive bladder cancer" in combination with "urine biomarkers" and limited articles in English published up to February 2020. This review consolidated on all available narrative and systematic reviews published in the 5 years in this field, while also reviewing the original data of each clinical trial or observational study which led to the development of the biomarkers. CONCLUSION The development of laboratory techniques and understanding urine-based biomarkers in BC has fuelled the use of noninvasive liquid-based biomarkers to complement urine cytology. Nonetheless, none are sufficiently effective when used in isolation, and cytology remains the gold standard in many practices. Future efforts will be focused on using these markers in combination as a predictive signature, and moving on to validating them for use in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenrick Ng
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kindom
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anand Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kindom
| | - Nikhil Vasdev
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, United Kindom; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, United Kindom.
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Jiang Q, Han T, Ren H, Aziz AUR, Li N, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu B. Bladder cancer hunting: A microfluidic paper-based analytical device. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1509-1516. [PMID: 32530061 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men, and it is becoming a prevalent malignancy. Most of the regular clinical examinations are prompt evaluations with cystoscopy, renal function testing, which require high-precision instrument, well-trained operators, and high cost. In this study, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) was fabricated to detect nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) and bladder cancer antigen (BTA) from the urine samples. Urine samples were collected from 11 bladder cancer patients and 10 well-beings as experiment and control groups, respectively, to verify the working efficiency of μPAD. A remarkable checkout efficiency of up to 90.91% was found from the results. Meanwhile, this method is feasible for home-based self-detection from urine samples within 10 min for the total process, which provides a new way for quick, economical, and convenient tumor diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Liaoning Province, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Liaoning Province, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Ren
- General Surgery, Dalian Friendship Hospital, Liaoning Province, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Aziz Ur Rehman Aziz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Liaoning Province, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Liaoning Province, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Liaoning Province, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyao Zhang
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Liaoning Province, Dalian, P. R. China
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de Oliveira MC, Caires HR, Oliveira MJ, Fraga A, Vasconcelos MH, Ribeiro R. Urinary Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer: Where Do We Stand and Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061400. [PMID: 32485907 PMCID: PMC7352974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released by all cells and involved in intercellular communication. Importantly, EVs cargo includes nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins constantly transferred between different cell types, contributing to autocrine and paracrine signaling. In recent years, they have been shown to play vital roles, not only in normal biological functions, but also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In the multistep process of cancer progression, EVs act at different levels, from stimulation of neoplastic transformation, proliferation, promotion of angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and formation of metastatic niches in distant organs, to immune escape and therapy resistance. Moreover, as products of their parental cells, reflecting their genetic signatures and phenotypes, EVs hold great promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Importantly, their potential to overcome the current limitations or the present diagnostic procedures has created interest in bladder cancer (BCa). Indeed, cystoscopy is an invasive and costly technique, whereas cytology has poor sensitivity for early staged and low-grade disease. Several urine-based biomarkers for BCa were found to overcome these limitations. Here, we review their potential advantages and downfalls. In addition, recent literature on the potential of EVs to improve BCa management was reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castanheira de Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.C.d.O.); (R.R.); Tel.: +351-222-077-502 (M.C.d.O.); +351-912-157-736 (R.R.)
| | - Hugo R. Caires
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Avelino Fraga
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP—Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Genetics and Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.C.d.O.); (R.R.); Tel.: +351-222-077-502 (M.C.d.O.); +351-912-157-736 (R.R.)
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Macklin A, Khan S, Kislinger T. Recent advances in mass spectrometry based clinical proteomics: applications to cancer research. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:17. [PMID: 32489335 PMCID: PMC7247207 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer biomarkers have transformed current practices in the oncology clinic. Continued discovery and validation are crucial for improving early diagnosis, risk stratification, and monitoring patient response to treatment. Profiling of the tumour genome and transcriptome are now established tools for the discovery of novel biomarkers, but alterations in proteome expression are more likely to reflect changes in tumour pathophysiology. In the past, clinical diagnostics have strongly relied on antibody-based detection strategies, but these methods carry certain limitations. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful method that enables increasingly comprehensive insights into changes of the proteome to advance personalized medicine. In this review, recent improvements in MS-based clinical proteomics are highlighted with a focus on oncology. We will provide a detailed overview of clinically relevant samples types, as well as, consideration for sample preparation methods, protein quantitation strategies, MS configurations, and data analysis pipelines currently available to researchers. Critical consideration of each step is necessary to address the pressing clinical questions that advance cancer patient diagnosis and prognosis. While the majority of studies focus on the discovery of clinically-relevant biomarkers, there is a growing demand for rigorous biomarker validation. These studies focus on high-throughput targeted MS assays and multi-centre studies with standardized protocols. Additionally, improvements in MS sensitivity are opening the door to new classes of tumour-specific proteoforms including post-translational modifications and variants originating from genomic aberrations. Overlaying proteomic data to complement genomic and transcriptomic datasets forges the growing field of proteogenomics, which shows great potential to improve our understanding of cancer biology. Overall, these advancements not only solidify MS-based clinical proteomics' integral position in cancer research, but also accelerate the shift towards becoming a regular component of routine analysis and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Macklin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shahbaz Khan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Ecke TH, Otto T. Illumination of a Vision 2020-Urinary Based Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer on the Way to Clinical Decisions-Dream or Nightmare? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051694. [PMID: 32121621 PMCID: PMC7084301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten H. Ecke
- Department of Urology, HELIOS Hospital Bad Saarow, D-15526 Bad Saarow, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.H.E.); (T.O.)
| | - Thomas Otto
- Department of Urology, Lukaskrankenhaus Neuss, D-41464 Neuss, Germany
- University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.H.E.); (T.O.)
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Eich ML, Netto GJ. Genitourinary Tumors. Genomic Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22922-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kim J, Kim WT, Kim WJ. Advances in urinary biomarker discovery in urological research. Investig Clin Urol 2019; 61:S8-S22. [PMID: 32055750 PMCID: PMC7004831 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2020.61.s1.s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A disease-specific biomarker (or biomarkers) is a characteristic reflecting a pathological condition in human body, which can be used as a diagnostic or prognostic tool for the clinical management. A urine-based biomarker(s) may provide a clinical value as attractive tools for clinicians to utilize in the clinical setting in particular to bladder diseases including bladder cancer and other bladder benign dysfunctions. Urine can be easily obtained by patients with no preparation or painful procedures required from patients' side. Currently advanced omics technologies and computational power identified potential omics-based novel biomarkers. An unbiased profiling based on transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenetics, metabolomics approaches et al. found that expression at RNA, protein, and metabolite levels are linked with specific bladder diseases and outcomes. In this review, we will discuss about the urine-based biomarkers reported by many investigators including us and how these biomarkers can be applied as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in clinical trials and patient care to promote bladder health. Furthermore, we will discuss how these promising biomarkers can be developed into a smart medical device and what we should be cautious about toward being used in real clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Won Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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Eich ML, Rodriguez Pena MDC, Springer S, Taheri D, Tregnago AC, Salles DC, Bezerra SM, Cunha IW, Fujita K, Ertoy D, Bivalacqua TJ, Tomasetti C, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Netto GJ. Incidence and distribution of UroSEEK gene panel in a multi-institutional cohort of bladder urothelial carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1544-1550. [PMID: 31028363 PMCID: PMC6872189 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive approaches for early detection of bladder cancer are actively being investigated. We recently developed a urine- based molecular assay for the detection and surveillance of bladder neoplasms (UroSEEK). UroSEEK is designed to detect alterations in 11 genes that include most common genetic alterations in bladder cancer. In this study, we analyzed 527 cases, including 373 noninvasive and 154 invasive urothelial carcinomas of bladder from transurethral resections or cystectomies performed at four institutions (1991-2016). Two different mutational analysis assays of a representative tumor area were performed: first, a singleplex PCR assay for evaluation of the TERT promoter region (TERTSeqS) and second, a multiplex PCR assay using primers designed to amplify regions of interest of 10 (FGFR3, PIK3CA, TP53, HRAS, KRAS, ERBB2, CDKN2A, MET, MLL, and VHL) genes (UroSeqS). Overall, 92% of all bladder tumors were positive for at least one genetic alteration in the UroSEEK panel. We found TERT promoter mutations in 77% of low-grade noninvasive papillary carcinomas, with a relatively lower incidence of 65% in high-grade noninvasive papillary carcinomas and carcinomas in situ; p = 0.017. Seventy-two percent of pT1 and 63% of muscle-invasive bladder tumors harbored TERT promoter mutations with g.1295228C>T alteration being the most common in all groups. FGFR3 and PIK3CA mutations were more frequent in low-grade noninvasive papillary carcinomas compared with high-grade noninvasive papillary carcinomas and carcinomas in situ (p < 0.0001), while the opposite was true for TP53 (p < 0.0001). Significantly higher rates of TP53 and CDKN2A mutation rates (p = 0.005 and 0.035, respectively) were encountered in muscle-invasive bladder tumors compared with those of pT1 stage. The overwhelming majority of all investigated tumors showed at least one mutation among UroSEEK assay genes, confirming the comprehensive coverage of the panel and supporting its potential utility as a noninvasive urine-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lisa Eich
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Simeon Springer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Cancer for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Diana Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, United States,Department of Pathology, Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Stephania Martins Bezerra
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Department of Pathology, Rede D’OR-São Luiz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela W. Cunha
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Dilek Ertoy
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Cristian Tomasetti
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Cancer for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Ken W. Kinzler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Cancer for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Cancer for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - George J. Netto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Jacyna J, Wawrzyniak R, Balayssac S, Gilard V, Malet-Martino M, Sawicka A, Kordalewska M, Nowicki Ł, Kurek E, Bulska E, Patejko M, Markuszewski M, Gutknecht P, Matuszewski M, Siebert J, Kaliszan R, Markuszewski MJ. Urinary metabolomic signature of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A multiplatform approach. Talanta 2019; 202:572-579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Khoo BL, Bouquerel C, Durai P, Anil S, Goh B, Wu B, Raman L, Mahendran R, Thamboo T, Chiong E, Lim CT. Detection of Clinical Mesenchymal Cancer Cells from Bladder Wash Urine for Real-Time Detection and Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091274. [PMID: 31480265 PMCID: PMC6770607 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a disease that requires lifelong surveillance due to its high recurrence rate. An efficient method for the non-invasive rapid monitoring of patient prognosis and downstream phenotype characterization is warranted. Here, we develop an integrated procedure to detect aggressive mesenchymal exfoliated bladder cancer cells (EBCCs) from patients in a label-free manner. Using a combination of filtration and inertial focusing principles, the procedure allowed the focusing of EBCCs in a single stream-line for high-throughput separation from other urine components such as large squamous cells and blood cells using a microfluidic sorting device. Characterization of enriched cells can be completed within hours, suggesting a potential utility for real-time detection. We also demonstrate high efficiency of cancer cell recovery (93.3 ± 4.8%) and specific retrieval of various epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype cell fractions from respective outlets of the microfluidic device. EMT is closely associated with metastasis, drug resistance and tumor-initiating potential. This procedure is validated with clinical samples, and further demonstrate the efficacy of bladder wash procedure to reduce EBCCs counts over time. Overall, the uniqueness of a rapid and non-invasive method permitting the separation of different EMT phenotypes shows high potential for clinical utility. We expect this approach will better facilitate the routine screening procedure in BC and greatly enhance personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Che e Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Charlotte Bouquerel
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, 75005 Paris, France
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Pradeep Durai
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Sarannya Anil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Goh
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Bingcheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Lata Raman
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Thomas Thamboo
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
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Zhang L, Wu B, Zha Z, Qu W, Zhao H, Yuan J. Clinicopathological factors in bladder cancer for cancer-specific survival outcomes following radical cystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:716. [PMID: 31324162 PMCID: PMC6642549 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Assessing the prognostic significance of specific clinicopathological features plays an important role in surgical management after radical cystectomy. This study investigated the association between ten clinicopathological characteristics and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with bladder cancer. Methods In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a literature search was conducted through the PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases using appropriate search terms from the dates of inception until November 2018. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the CSS. Fixed- or random-effects models were constructed according to existence of heterogeneity. Results Thirty-three articles met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review, which included 19,702 patients. The overall results revealed that CSS was associated with advanced age (old vs. young: pooled HR = 1.01; 95% CI:1.00–1.01; P < 0.001), higher tumor grade (3 vs. 1/2: pooled HR = 1.29; 95% CI:1.15–1.45; P < 0.001), higher pathological stage (3/4 vs. 1/2: pooled HR = 1.60; 95% CI:1.37–1.86; P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (positive vs. negative: pooled HR = 1.51; 95% CI:1.37–1.67; P < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (positive vs. negative: pooled HR = 1.36; 95% CI:1.28–1.45; P < 0.001), and soft tissue surgical margin (positive vs. negative: pooled HR = 1.42; 95% CI:1.30–1.56; P < 0.001). However, gender (male vs. female: pooled HR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96–1.01; P = 0.278), carcinoma in situ (positive vs. negative: pooled HR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.88–1.10; P = 0.753), histology (transitional cell cancer vs variant: pooled HR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.79–1.02; P = 0.089) and adjuvant chemotherapy (yes vs. no: pooled HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00–1.34; P = 0.054) did not affect CSS after radical resection of bladder cancer. Conclusions Our results revealed that several clinicopathological characteristics can predict CSS risk after radical cystectomy. Prospective studies are needed to further confirm the predictive value of these variables for the prognosis of bladder cancer patients after radical cystectomy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5924-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jiang-yin Hospital of the Southeast University Medical College, Jiang-yin, 214400, China.
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jiang-yin Hospital of the Southeast University Medical College, Jiang-yin, 214400, China
| | - Zhenlei Zha
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jiang-yin Hospital of the Southeast University Medical College, Jiang-yin, 214400, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Jiang-yin Hospital of the Southeast University Medical College, Jiang-yin, 214400, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jiang-yin Hospital of the Southeast University Medical College, Jiang-yin, 214400, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jiang-yin Hospital of the Southeast University Medical College, Jiang-yin, 214400, China
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Chakraborty A, Dasari S, Long W, Mohan C. Urine protein biomarkers for the detection, surveillance, and treatment response prediction of bladder cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1104-1117. [PMID: 31285945 PMCID: PMC6610049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The "gold standard" diagnostic procedure for bladder cancer is cystoscopy, a technique that can be invasive, expensive, and a possible cause of urinary tract infection. Unlike techniques such as histology, PCR, and staining, assays for protein biomarkers lend themselves well to the creation of efficient point-of-care tests, which are easy to use and yield fast results. A couple of urine-based tests have been approved by the U.S. FDA, but these tests suffer from low sensitivity. Hence, there is clearly a need for more reliable non-invasive biomarkers of bladder cancer. Urinary biomarkers are particularly attractive due to the direct contact of the urine with the urothelial tumor and the ease of sample collection. With these considerations, this review aims to provide a comprehensive listing of the most promising protein biomarkers of bladder cancer in urine. Biomarkers are organized by their potential role in detection, surveillance, or monitoring of treatment response. The purpose of this review is to assess progress towards the goal of identifying ideal urinary proteins for use in each of the above three biomarker applications in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Chakraborty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Shobha Dasari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Wang Long
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of HoustonHouston, TX, USA
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Yumba-Mpanga A, Struck-Lewicka W, Wawrzyniak R, Markuszewski M, Roslan M, Kaliszan R, Markuszewski MJ. Metabolomic Heterogeneity of Urogenital Tract Cancers Analyzed by Complementary Chromatographic Techniques Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:216-231. [PMID: 28990506 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171006150326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In regard to urogenital tract cancer studies, an estimated 340,650 new cases and 58,360 deaths from genital system cancer and about 141,140 new cases and 29330 deaths from urinary system were projected to occur in the United States in 2012. The main drawbacks of currently available diagnostic tests constitute the low specificity, costliness and quite high invasiveness. OBJECTIVE The main goal of this pilot study was to determine and compare urine metabolic fingerprints in urogenital tract cancer patients and healthy controls. METHOD A comparative analysis of the metabolic profile of urine from 30 patients with cancer of the genitourinary system (bladder (n=10), kidney (n=10) and prostate (n=10)) and 30 healthy volunteers as a control group was provided by LC-TOF/MS and GCQqQ/ MS. The data analysis was performed by the use of U-Mann Whitney test or Student's t-test, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). RESULTS As a result, 33, 43, and 22 compounds were identified as statistically significant in bladder, prostate and kidney cancer, respectively, compared to healthy groups. CONCLUSION Diverse compounds such as purine, sugars, amino acids, nucleosides, organic acids which play a role in purine metabolism, in tricarboxylic acid cycle, in amino acid metabolism or in gut microbiota metabolism were identified. Only two metabolites namely glucocaffeic acid and lactic acid were found to be in common in studied three types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlette Yumba-Mpanga
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, ul. Al.Gen. J Hallera 107, Gdansk 80-416, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Struck-Lewicka
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, ul. Al.Gen. J Hallera 107, Gdansk 80-416, Poland
| | - Renata Wawrzyniak
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, ul. Al.Gen. J Hallera 107, Gdansk 80-416, Poland
| | - Marcin Markuszewski
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Urology, ul. Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, Gdansk 80-214, Poland
| | - Marek Roslan
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Urology, ul. Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, Gdansk 80-214, Poland
| | - Roman Kaliszan
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, ul. Al.Gen. J Hallera 107, Gdansk 80-416, Poland
| | - Michał Jan Markuszewski
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, ul. Al.Gen. J Hallera 107, Gdansk 80-416, Poland
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Oeyen E, Hoekx L, De Wachter S, Baldewijns M, Ameye F, Mertens I. Bladder Cancer Diagnosis and Follow-Up: The Current Status and Possible Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040821. [PMID: 30769831 PMCID: PMC6412916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic methods currently used for bladder cancer are cystoscopy and urine cytology. Cystoscopy is an invasive tool and has low sensitivity for carcinoma in situ. Urine cytology is non-invasive, is a low-cost method, and has a high specificity but low sensitivity for low-grade urothelial tumors. Despite the search for urinary biomarkers for the early and non-invasive detection of bladder cancer, no biomarkers are used at the present in daily clinical practice. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recently studied as a promising source of biomarkers because of their role in intercellular communication and tumor progression. In this review, we give an overview of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved urine tests to detect bladder cancer and why their use is not widespread in clinical practice. We also include non-FDA approved urinary biomarkers in this review. We describe the role of EVs in bladder cancer and their possible role as biomarkers for the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer patients. We review recently discovered EV-derived biomarkers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Oeyen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium.
- Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Lucien Hoekx
- Urology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Stefan De Wachter
- Urology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Marcella Baldewijns
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Filip Ameye
- Urology Department, General Hospital Maria Middelares Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Inge Mertens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium.
- Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Liang Q, Zhang G, Li W, Wang J, Sheng S. Comparison of the diagnostic performance of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22), and their combination model in bladder carcinoma detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 12:349-358. [PMID: 30643432 PMCID: PMC6317485 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s186065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging studies reported that combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) could increase the sensitivity and specificity of bladder carcinoma (BC) management. Nevertheless, the reports remain inconsistent. This meta-analysis was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic performance of FISH, NMP22, and their combination model in BC. Materials and methods A systematic literature search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database dated up to October 2018. Suitable studies were identified and raw data were extracted. Meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the global sensitivities, specificities, likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and the areas under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves for FISH, NMP22, and their combination model, separately. All the meta-analysis estimates were derived using STATA (version 12.0) and MetaDisc (version 1.4) software packages. Results Seven eligible studies were included for analysis. The global sensitivities with 95% CI for FISH, NMP22, and their combination model were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.75–0.83), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.71–0.81), and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.75–0.88); specificities were 0.85 (95% CI: 0.76–0.91), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.55–0.81), and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.70–0.97); DORs were 22.215 (95% CI: 10.695–46.144), 7.365 (95% CI: 3.986–13.610), and 41.940 (95% CI: 13.546–129.853); and the areas under the SROC curves were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82–0.88), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.76–0.83), and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87–0.92). Conclusion Our systematic review implied that the diagnostic performance of combination model of FISH plus NMP22 may outperform FISH or NMP22 alone in BC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qindong Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,
| | - Guangjie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wuxian Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shangchun Sheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,
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Lodewijk I, Dueñas M, Rubio C, Munera-Maravilla E, Segovia C, Bernardini A, Teijeira A, Paramio JM, Suárez-Cabrera C. Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer: A Current Need for Patient Diagnosis and Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2514. [PMID: 30149597 PMCID: PMC6163729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder Cancer (BC) represents a clinical and social challenge due to its high incidence and recurrence rates, as well as the limited advances in effective disease management. Currently, a combination of cytology and cystoscopy is the routinely used methodology for diagnosis, prognosis and disease surveillance. However, both the poor sensitivity of cytology tests as well as the high invasiveness and big variation in tumour stage and grade interpretation using cystoscopy, emphasizes the urgent need for improvements in BC clinical guidance. Liquid biopsy represents a new non-invasive approach that has been extensively studied over the last decade and holds great promise. Even though its clinical use is still compromised, multiple studies have recently focused on the potential application of biomarkers in liquid biopsies for BC, including circulating tumour cells and DNA, RNAs, proteins and peptides, metabolites and extracellular vesicles. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge on the different types of biomarkers, their potential use in liquid biopsy and clinical applications in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lodewijk
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Dueñas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina Rubio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ester Munera-Maravilla
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Segovia
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejandra Bernardini
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alicia Teijeira
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristian Suárez-Cabrera
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Avenida Complutense nº 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Av Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Some urine-based molecular markers can be used effectively in certain clinical situations, but so far none of them have made it into the daily routine. For this purpose, clinical validation in large multicentre prospective studies with defined endpoints is lacking, whereby the cost effectiveness should also be a criterion of the evaluation. This also applies to the many promising "research parameters", which were usually only examined in small groups of patients. The uniform standardization of molecular biological methods is the first step that makes a comparison possible. Current impediments to conducting such studies include elaborate analytics and their still high costs. In summary, the development that has occurred-from the uroscopy to the information that a drop of urine is able to provide today-gives an optimistic outlook on the future: the old idea (of comprehensive urine diagnostics) in new bottles (with new analysis methods?) maybe yet be realized.
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Wang Z, Li H, Chi Q, Qiu Y, Li X, Xin L. Clinical Significance of Serological and Urological Levels of Bladder Cancer-Specific Antigen-1 (BLCA-1) in Bladder Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3882-3887. [PMID: 29883442 PMCID: PMC6022784 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the expression levels of bladder cancer-specific antigen-1 (BLCA-1) in the diagnosis of bladder cancer (BC). The study also determined the relationship between BLCA-1 expression levels and the clinical manifestation of BC. Material/Methods Patient samples were derived from 66 cases of BC that presented at the Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, were recruited from April 2014 to May 2015, and 64 healthy control cases. Serum and urine BLCA-1 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Urine BLCA-1 levels in BC patients were significantly higher than that found in healthy controls (P<0.01). BLCA-1 levels in the urine of patients without mucus membrane invasion (Ta) were significantly different from urine levels found in patients with mucus membrane invasion (T1–T4; P=0.022). BLCA-1 levels in the serum of patients without muscular coat invasion (Ta–T1) were significantly different than serum levels of patients with muscular coat invasion (T2–T4; P=0.042). Conclusions BLCA-1 is involved in the appearance and development of BC. Clinical detection of serum and urine BLCA-1 protein levels showed a high level of sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing BC. Further study of the functional expression of BLCA-1 levels as a valuable and novel diagnostic marker in BC is clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Hongyang Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Chi
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Qiu
- No. 1 Department of Urology, Cangzhou Center Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Xiuming Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Lisheng Xin
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Dhondt B, Van Deun J, Vermaerke S, de Marco A, Lumen N, De Wever O, Hendrix A. Urinary extracellular vesicle biomarkers in urological cancers: From discovery towards clinical implementation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:236-256. [PMID: 29654900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Urine contains cellular elements, biochemicals, and proteins derived from glomerular filtration of plasma, renal tubule excretion, and urogenital tract secretions that reflect an individual's metabolic and pathophysiologic state. Despite intensive research into the discovery of urinary biomarkers to facilitate early diagnosis, accurate prognosis and prediction of therapy response in urological cancers, none of these markers has reached widespread use. Their implementation into daily clinical practice is hampered by a substantial degree of heterogeneity in performance characteristics and uncertainty about reliability, clinical utility and cost-effectiveness, in addition to several technical limitations. Extracellular vesicles (EV) have raised interest as a potential source of biomarker discovery because of their role in intercellular communication and the resemblance of their molecular content to that of the releasing cells. We review currently used urinary biomarkers in the clinic and attempts that have been made to identify EV-derived biomarkers for urological cancers. In addition, we discuss technical and methodological considerations towards their clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Dhondt
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Deun
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Silke Vermaerke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Nicolaas Lumen
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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Yang Y, Xu J, Zhang Q. Detection of urinary survivin using a magnetic particles-based chemiluminescence immunoassay for the preliminary diagnosis of bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma combined with LAPTM4B. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7923-7933. [PMID: 29725479 PMCID: PMC5920492 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish a simple step magnetic particles (MPs) based chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) for the detection of urinary survivin, and to investigate the diagnostic value of urinary survivin and lysosome-associated protein transmembrane-4β (LAPTM4B) in bladder cancer (BC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The MPs-based CLEIA was developed on the basis of a double antibodies sandwich immunoreaction and luminol-H2O2 chemiluminescence system. The parameters of the method were optimized and evaluated. Urine samples were obtained from 200 BC patients, 81 RCC patients and 114 healthy individuals, and the MPs-based CLEIA method was employed to detect their urinary survivin. At the same time, the urinary LAPTM4B levels of the BC patients, RCC patients and the healthy controls were measured. The diagnostic efficiency of urinary survivin and LAPTM4B in BC and RCC was evaluated separately and jointly. A one-step MPs-based CLEIA for the detection of urinary survivin with good accuracy and precision was established. The signals were dependent on survivin concentrations in the range, 0 to 200 ng/ml, and the detection limit was 0.949 ng/ml. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) were 0.771 in BC and 0.763 in RCC for urinary survivin. Urinary survivin was correlated with the tumor stage (P=0.002), lymph node metastasis (P=0.017), distant metastasis (P=0.005) and tumor size (P=0.02) of BC; however, no association with the clinicopathological parameters in RCC was observed. The AUCs for urinary LAPTM4B were 0.738 in BC and 0.704 in RCC, respectively. The AUCs for them combined were 0.842 in BC and 0.920 in RCC. The MPs-based CLEIA was performed well in the detection of urinary survivin. Urinary survivin and LAPTM4B could serve as potential biomarkers for the preliminary diagnosis of BC and RCC, and in combination they a achieved a greater diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
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Targeted metabolomics in bladder cancer: From analytical methods development and validation towards application to clinical samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:188-199. [PMID: 30292293 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer constitutes the ninth most common cancer worldwide and, despite continuous development of new diagnostic approaches, the thirteenth leading cause of global cancer mortality. In our previous untargeted urine metabolomic investigation, seventeen metabolites were found to be statistically differentiating bladder cancer patients and healthy volunteers. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method for simultaneous quantitative determination of those metabolites using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry technique (RP-HPLC-QQQ/MS). Different chromatographic conditions, as well as various sample treatment procedures were tested in order to provide the best separation and the lowest limit of quantification (LOQ) values for studied compounds. The validation was performed according to the Food and Drug Administration guidelines (FDA). The limit of determination (LOD) and the LOQ values were in the range of 0.21-10.51 ng/ml and 0.69-35.02 ng/ml, respectively. The concentration range of compounds was developed between 2.5 and 12500 ng/ml. Only one compound (trimethyllysine) showed a significant matrix effect (61%) and consequently low process efficiency (64%). Overall, developed method presented recovery and precision values within the ranges proposed by FDA guidelines. The optimized and validated method was applied to urine samples obtained from 40 patients with bladder cancer and 40 healthy volunteers matched according to ones of the most important risk factors for developing urinary bladder tumors, e.i. age, gender and BMI. Afterwards, statistical analysis was provided by the use of Student's t-test or U-Mann Whitney test. The developed method was sensitive, selective and reproducible to be applied for the quantification of metabolites in the investigation of urine samples. As a consequence, ten out of previously chosen seventeen compounds, participating in different metabolites' pathways (gut floral metabolism, RNA degradation, purine metabolism, etc.), were found to be statistically significantly different in the urine concentration (p < 0.05) between cancer and control groups.
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Sanli O, Lotan Y. Current approaches for identifying high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:223-235. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1432358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oner Sanli
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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