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Hegazy N, Peng KK, D’Aoust PM, Pisharody L, Mercier E, Ramsay NT, Kabir MP, Nguyen TB, Tomalty E, Addo F, Wong CH, Wan S, Hu J, Dean C, Yang MI, Dhiyebi H, Edwards EA, Servos MR, Ybazeta G, Habash M, Goodridge L, Poon AFY, Arts EJ, Brown S, Payne SJ, Kirkwood A, Simmons DBD, Desaulniers JP, Ormeci B, Kyle C, Bulir D, Charles T, McKay RM, Gilbride KA, Oswald CJ, Peng H, DeGroot C, WSI Consortium, Renouf E, Delatolla R. Variability of Clinical Metrics in Small Population Communities Drive Perceived Wastewater and Environmental Surveillance Data Quality: Ontario, Canada-Wide Study. ACS ES&T WATER 2025; 5:1605-1619. [PMID: 40242342 PMCID: PMC11998010 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 in Canada has led to over 4.9 million cases and 59,000 deaths by May 2024. Traditional clinical surveillance metrics (hospital admissions and clinical laboratory-positive cases) were complemented with wastewater and environmental monitoring (WEM) to monitor SARS-CoV-2 incidence. However, challenges in public health integration of WEM persist due to perceived limitations of WEM data quality, potentially driving inconsistent correlations variability and lead times. This study investigates how factors like population size, WEM measurement magnitude, site isolation status, hospital admissions, and clinical laboratory-positive cases affect WEM data correlations and variability in Ontario. The analysis uncovers a direct relationship between clinical surveillance data and the population size of the surveyed sewersheds, while WEM measurement magnitude was not directly impacted by population size. Higher variability in clinical surveillance data was observed in smaller sewersheds, likely reducing correlation strength for inferring COVID-19 incidence. Population size significantly influenced correlation quality, with thresholds identified at ∼66,000 inhabitants for strong WEM-hospital admissions correlations and ∼68,000 inhabitants for WEM-laboratory-positive cases during waned vaccination periods in Ontario (the Omicron BA.1 wave). During significant vaccination immunization (the Omicron BA.2 wave), these thresholds increased to ∼187,000 and 238,000, respectively. These findings highlight the benefit of WEM for strategic public health monitoring and interventions, especially in smaller communities. This study provides insights for enhancing public health decision making and disease monitoring through WEM, applicable to COVID-19 and potentially other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Hegazy
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - K. Ken Peng
- Department
of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon
Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrick M. D’Aoust
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Pisharody
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Mercier
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nathan Thomas Ramsay
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Md Pervez Kabir
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tram Bich Nguyen
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Emma Tomalty
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Felix Addo
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Chandler Hayying Wong
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shen Wan
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Joan Hu
- Department
of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon
Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Charmaine Dean
- Department
of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Minqing Ivy Yang
- BioZone,
Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3ES, Canada
| | - Hadi Dhiyebi
- Department
of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Edwards
- BioZone,
Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3ES, Canada
| | - Mark R. Servos
- Department
of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Gustavo Ybazeta
- Health Sciences North
Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 5J1, Canada
| | - Marc Habash
- School
of
Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lawrence Goodridge
- Canadian
Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y2, Canada
| | - Art F. Y. Poon
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Eric J. Arts
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Stephen Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sarah Jane Payne
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s
University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Andrea Kirkwood
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada
| | | | | | - Banu Ormeci
- Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Carleton
University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christopher Kyle
- Department of Forensic
Science, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - David Bulir
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Trevor Charles
- Department
of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - R. Michael McKay
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, School
of the Environment, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - K. A. Gilbride
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto
Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Claire Jocelyn Oswald
- Department of Geography
and Environmental Studies, Toronto Metropolitan
University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3ES, Canada
| | - Christopher DeGroot
- Department of Mechanical and Materials
Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - WSI Consortium
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department
of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon
Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- BioZone,
Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3ES, Canada
- Department
of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- School
of
Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- Canadian
Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y2, Canada
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s
University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada
- Health Sciences North
Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 5J1, Canada
- Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Carleton
University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Forensic
Science, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, School
of the Environment, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto
Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Department of Geography
and Environmental Studies, Toronto Metropolitan
University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3ES, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Materials
Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Renouf
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Robert Delatolla
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Sun T, Chi H, Wang J, Zheng Y, Zhu H, Zhao J, Zhou K, Chen M, Wang D, Tung TH, Xu J, Shen B. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on liver function in patients with hepatitis B. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:1428. [PMID: 39695950 PMCID: PMC11654415 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-10324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 12/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on liver function and prognosis in patients with HBV infection. METHODS A total of 154 HBV-positive patients (HBV ( +) group) and 154 HBV-negative patients (HBV (-) group) diagnosed with COVID-19 at Taizhou Hospital between December 10, 2022, and January 31, 2023, were included in this study. Clinical characteristics, treatment, and laboratory findings were collected from patients at three time points: before (T1), during (T2), and at the time of discharge (T3) from SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS Compared to the HBV (-) group, the HBV ( +) group had a longer hospital stay (15 (9-22) days vs. 9 (5-16) days). Longitudinal comparisons of laboratory indicators from T1 to T3 showed a continuous decline in TP and ALB levels and a continuous increase in PT and TT levels in the HBV ( +) group. BUN levels increased during T2 and decreased thereafter. These differences were considered statistically significant (P < 0.05). Notably, the HBV ( +) group had a higher proportion of indicators elevated > 3 ULN from T1 to T2, including ALT (1.95%/5.19%), AST (3.25%/12.99%), ALP (1.95%/3.25%), GGT (4.55%/9.09%), TBIL (6.49%/9.09%), and DBIL (18.18%/22.73%). In the HBV (-) group, the elevations were mainly concentrated within 1-2 ULN, including AST (12.99%/22.08%), DBIL (10.39%/21.43%), BUN (12.99%/22.08%), CREA (20.13%/29.22%), and PLT (7.79%/14.94%). Furthermore, the incidence of liver injury from T1 to T3 was higher in the HBV ( +) group compared to the HBV (-) group (15.7% (20/127) vs. 7.2% (11/152), P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that liver cirrhosis (HR = 4.847, 95% CI: 1.224-19.20, P = 0.025) and liver cancer (HR = 8.333, 95% CI: 2.156-32.209, P = 0.002) were independent risk factors for liver injury in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 infection has a higher proportion of liver injury in HBV-infected patients, affecting hepatic protein synthesis function. Those with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are at higher risk of severe liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yufen Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongguo Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengyuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of System Medicine and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Taizhou, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Donglian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tao-Hsin Tung
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to WenzhouMedical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiaqin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou, Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of System Medicine and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Taizhou, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Sanyaolu A, Marinkovic A, Prakash S, Balendra V, Hamdy K, Haider N, Abbasi AF, Hosein Z, Younis K, Smith S, Badaru O, Izurieta R. Impact of Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Viral Shedding on COVID-19 Disease Outcome and Viral Dynamics. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:1416-1424. [PMID: 39678987 PMCID: PMC11645332 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This article aimed to review the current literature on the impact of continuous shedding of the COVID-19 virus in infected patients in relation to disease outcome variables and viral dynamics. Electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and MedlinePlus were searched using relevant keywords, restricting the selection to thirty-two peer-reviewed articles and four gray literatures from the WHO websites. Findings from this study showed that several variables such as sex, age, immune status, treatments, and vaccines were found to affect the outcomes associated with the COVID-19 virus shedding. These findings highlight the need for further research using longitudinal whole-genome sequencing of the virus and its variants to increase the understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle Sanyaolu
- D’Youville University, Buffalo, NY USA
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Kareem Hamdy
- Saint James School of Medicine, The Quarter 2640, Anguilla
| | - Nafees Haider
- All Saints University School of Medicine, Roseau, Dominica
| | | | | | | | - Stella Smith
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Ricardo Izurieta
- Global Communicable Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
- Universidad de las Américas, Quito, 170513 Ecuador
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Nguyen H, Nguyen HL, Lan PD, Thai NQ, Sikora M, Li MS. Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells and antibodies: experiment and simulation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6497-6553. [PMID: 37650302 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01170g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the devastating global COVID-19 pandemic announced by WHO in March 2020. Through unprecedented scientific effort, several vaccines, drugs and antibodies have been developed, saving millions of lives, but the fight against COVID-19 continues as immune escape variants of concern such as Delta and Omicron emerge. To develop more effective treatments and to elucidate the side effects caused by vaccines and therapeutic agents, a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with them and human cells is required. With special interest in computational approaches, we will focus on the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the interaction of its spike protein with human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as a prime entry point of the virus into host cells. In addition, other possible viral receptors will be considered. The fusion of viral and human membranes and the interaction of the spike protein with antibodies and nanobodies will be discussed, as well as the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on protein synthesis in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hoang Linh Nguyen
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Dang Lan
- Life Science Lab, Institute for Computational Science and Technology, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, 729110 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics, VNUHCM-University of Science, 227, Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, 749000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quoc Thai
- Dong Thap University, 783 Pham Huu Lau Street, Ward 6, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Mateusz Sikora
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
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