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Li Q, Shi WR, Huang YL. Comparison of the protective effects of chitosan oligosaccharides and chitin oligosaccharide on apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. Exp Ther Med 2024; 28:310. [PMID: 38873041 PMCID: PMC11170321 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin degradation products, especially chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), are highly valued in various industrial fields, such as food, medicine, cosmetics and agriculture, for their rich resources and high cost-effectiveness. However, little is known about the impact of acetylation on COS cellular bioactivity. The present study aimed to compare the differential effects of COS and highly N-acetylated COS (NACOS), known as chitin oligosaccharide, on H2O2-induced cell stress. MTT assay showed that pretreatment with NACOS and COS markedly inhibited H2O2-induced RAW264.7 cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometry indicated that NACOS and COS exerted an anti-apoptosis effect on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW264.7 cells. NACOS and COS treatment ameliorated H2O2-induced RAW264.7 cell cycle arrest. Western blotting revealed that the anti-oxidation effects of NACOS and COS were mediated by suppressing expression of proteins involved in H2O2-induced apoptosis, including Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved PARP. Furthermore, the antagonist effects of NACOS were greater than those of COS, suggesting that acetylation was essential for the protective effects of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Rong Shi
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Lin Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
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2
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Dabravolski SA, Sukhorukov VN, Melnichenko AA, Khotina VA, Orekhov AN. Oligosaccharides as Potential Therapeutics against Atherosclerosis. Molecules 2023; 28:5452. [PMID: 37513323 PMCID: PMC10386248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular-disease-related death worldwide, resulting from the subendothelial accumulation of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol, ultimately leading to chronic inflammation and the formation of clinically significant atherosclerotic plaques. Oligosaccharides have been widely used in biomedical research and therapy, including tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery. Moreover, oligosaccharides have been consumed by humans for centuries, and are cheap, and available in large amounts. Given the constantly increasing number of obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia cases, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutics that can economically and effectively slow the progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we address the current state of knowledge in oligosaccharides research, and provide an update of the recent in vitro and in vivo experiments that precede clinical studies. The application of oligosaccharides could help to eliminate the residual risk after the application of other cholesterol-lowering medicines, and provide new therapeutic opportunities to reduce the associated burden of premature deaths because of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A Dabravolski
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude Academic College of Engineering, Snunit 51, P.O. Box 78, Karmiel 2161002, Israel
| | - Vasily N Sukhorukov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Melnichenko
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria A Khotina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Soumya RS, Raghu KG. Recent advances on nanoparticle-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiol 2023; 81:10-18. [PMID: 35210166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are exclusively suitable for studying and developing potential therapies against cardiovascular diseases (CVD) because of their size, fine-tunable properties, and ability to incorporate therapeutic and imaging modalities. Recent advancements in nanomaterials open new avenues for treating CVD. In cardiology, the use of nanoparticles and nanocarriers has gathered significant consideration owing to characteristic features such as active and passive targeting to the cardiac tissues, greater target specificity, and sensitivity. It has been reported that through the use of nanotechnology, more than 50% of CVDs can be treated efficiently. Heart-targeted nano carrier-based drug delivery is an effective and efficient approach for treating cardiac-related disorders such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. In this review, the authors focus on nanoparticle-based therapies used in CVD and provide an outline of essential knowledge and critical concerns on polymer-based nanomaterials in treating CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rema Sreenivasan Soumya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kozhiparambil Gopalan Raghu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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4
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Zhen H, Yan Q, Liu Y, Li Y, Yang S, Jiang Z. Chitin oligosaccharides alleviate atherosclerosis progress in ApoE-/- mice by regulating lipid metabolism and inhibiting inflammation. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Xiao J, Li N, Xiao S, Wu Y, Liu H. Comparison of Selenium Nanoparticles and Sodium Selenite on the Alleviation of Early Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111612. [PMID: 34769040 PMCID: PMC8583811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases represent the greatest threats to human health, worldwide. Previous animal studies showed that selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and Na2SeO3 might have anti-atherosclerotic activity, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly elucidated. This study compared the anti-atherosclerotic activity of SeNPs stabilized with chitosan (CS-SeNPs) and Na2SeO3 and the related mechanism in a high-fat-diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model of atherosclerosis. The results showed that oral administration of both CS-SeNPs and Na2SeO3 (40 μg Se/kg/day) for 10 weeks significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions in mouse aortae. Mechanistically, CS-SeNPs and Na2SeO3 not only alleviated vascular endothelial dysfunction, as evidenced by the increase of serum nitric oxide level and the decrease of aortic adhesion molecule expression, but also vascular inflammation, as evidenced by the decrease of macrophage recruitment as well as the expression of proinflammatory molecules. Importantly, these results were replicated within in-vivo experiments on the cultured human endothelial cell line EA.hy926. Overall, CS-SeNPs had a comparable effect with Na2SeO3 but might have more potential in atherosclerosis prevention due to its lower toxicity. Together, these results provide more insights into the mechanisms of selenium against atherosclerosis and further highlight the potential of selenium supplementation as a therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.X.); (N.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
| | - Na Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.X.); (N.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shengze Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.X.); (N.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.X.); (N.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.X.); (N.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87543032
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6
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Liang B, Cai XY, Gu N. Marine Natural Products and Coronary Artery Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:739932. [PMID: 34621803 PMCID: PMC8490644 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.739932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is the major cause of mortality worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income earners. To not only reduce angina symptoms and exercise-induced ischemia but also prevent cardiovascular events, pharmacological intervention strategies, including antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulant drugs, statins, and other lipid-lowering drugs, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, are conducted. However, the existing drugs for coronary artery disease are incomprehensive and have some adverse reactions. Thus, it is necessary to look for new drug research and development. Marine natural products have been considered a valuable source for drug discovery because of their chemical diversity and biological activities. The experiments and investigations indicated that several marine natural products, such as organic small molecules, polysaccharides, proteins, and bioactive peptides, and lipids were effective for treating coronary artery disease. Here, we particularly discussed the functions and mechanisms of active substances in coronary artery disease, including antiplatelet, anticoagulant, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Yi Cai
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Gu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Sutthasupha P, Lungkaphin A. The potential roles of chitosan oligosaccharide in prevention of kidney injury in obese and diabetic conditions. Food Funct 2021; 11:7371-7388. [PMID: 32839793 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00302f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is closely associated with insulin resistance (IR). The most likely links between the two are obesity-mediated systemic low-grade chronic inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are all known to contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and eventually diabetic nephropathy (DN). Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of chitosan prepared by the deacetylation of chitin commonly found in exoskeletons of crustaceans such as shrimp and crab as well as the cell walls of fungi. COS has various biological effects including lipid lowering, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetes, and anti-oxidant effects. Therefore, COS is a potential new therapeutic agent for treatment of the obesity-induced DN condition. It is an abundant natural polymer and therefore freely available. This review includes information regarding the relationship between obesity, IR, T2DM, and DN as well as the potential usefulness of COS in controlling lipid and cholesterol metabolism, T2DM and kidney injury models in both in vivo and in vitro studies. However, evidence is limited regarding the effect of COS on the DN model. Further studies, especially in obesity-induced DN, are needed to support the mechanisms proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prempree Sutthasupha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Anusorn Lungkaphin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. and Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Takashima M, Tanaka W, Matsuyama H, Tajiri H, Sakakibara H. Maternal Quercetin Consumption during Pregnancy May Help Regulate Total Cholesterol/HDL-Cholesterol Ratio without Effect on Cholesterol Levels in Male Progeny Consuming High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2021; 13:1242. [PMID: 33918820 PMCID: PMC8069367 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin has been shown to have anti-obesity effects, but it is unknown whether these effects can be transmitted from mothers to their progeny. In this study, we investigated whether maternal quercetin consumption during pregnancy has a protective effect on high-fat diet-induced hyper lipid levels and overweight in progeny. Female mice consumed a control diet or a diet containing 1.0% quercetin during breeding. The male progeny were then divided into four groups that were (1) sacrificed at postnatal day 3; (2) born to dams fed the control diet and also fed the control diet (C-C), (3) born to dams fed the control diet and then fed a 30% high-fat diet (C-HF), or (4) born to dams fed the Q-diet and then fed the HF diet (Q-HF). Maternal consumption of quercetin did not affect body weight or blood lipid parameters in either dams or neonates at postnatal day 3. After 13 weeks, the Q-HF group exhibited greater body and liver weights, and higher blood cholesterol levels than the C-HF group. However, the total cholesterol/ high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ratios in the Q-HF and C-C groups remained similar. In conclusion, maternal quercetin consumption does not appear to protect the next generation from high-fat diet-induced hyper cholesterol level in the blood and liver, and consequently overweight, but may help regulate the total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hiroyuki Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; (M.T.); (W.T.); (H.M.); (H.T.)
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9
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Satitsri S, Muanprasat C. Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives as Biomaterial Resources for Biological and Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245961. [PMID: 33339290 PMCID: PMC7766609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine, which is regularly found in the exoskeleton of arthropods including insects, shellfish and the cell wall of fungi. It has been known that chitin can be used for biological and biomedical applications, especially as a biomaterial for tissue repairing, encapsulating drug for drug delivery. However, chitin has been postulated as an inducer of proinflammatory cytokines and certain diseases including asthma. Likewise, chitosan, a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine and d-glucosamine derived from chitin deacetylation, and chitosan oligosaccharide, a short chain polymer, have been known for their potential therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, and anti-Alzheimer effects. This review summarizes potential utilization and limitation of chitin, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide in a variety of diseases. Furthermore, future direction of research and development of chitin, chitosan, and chitosan oligosaccharide for biomedical applications is discussed.
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10
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Cao Q, Zhao J, Xing M, Xiao H, Zhang Q, Liang H, Ji A, Song S. Current Research Landscape of Marine-Derived Anti-Atherosclerotic Substances. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090440. [PMID: 32854344 PMCID: PMC7551282 DOI: 10.3390/md18090440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation of the arterial wall, which is the pathological basis for coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and thromboembolic disease. Currently, there is a lack of low-cost therapeutic agents that effectively slow the progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the development of new drugs is urgently needed. The research and development of marine-derived drugs have gained increasing interest from researchers across the world. Many marine organisms provide a rich material basis for the development of atherosclerotic drugs. This review focuses on the latest technological advances in the structures and mechanisms of action of marine-derived anti-atherosclerotic substances and the challenges of the application of these substances including marine polysaccharides, proteins and peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids and small molecule compounds. Here, we describe the theoretical basis of marine biological resources in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Jiarui Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Maochen Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Han Xiao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hao Liang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Aiguo Ji
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuliang Song
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (S.S.)
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Wang T, Zhang X, Feng L, Xu L, Xue J, Yi S, Yu Y, Zhai J. Ubiquinone Ameliorates Simvastatin Induced Respiratory Chain Complex Function Impairment in High‐Fat High‐Cholesterol Diet Fed Mice. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Basic MedicineTaishan Medical UniversityTaianShandong271000China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center Hospital of Taian cityTaianShandong271000China
| | - Lei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of AtherosclerosisTaishan Medical UniversityTaianShandong271000China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Basic MedicineTaishan Medical UniversityTaianShandong271000China
- People's Hospital of ChengyangQingdao266000China
| | - Jing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of AtherosclerosisTaishan Medical UniversityTaianShandong271000China
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebei050000China
| | - Shuying Yi
- Department of Basic MedicineTaishan Medical UniversityTaianShandong271000China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of AtherosclerosisTaishan Medical UniversityTaianShandong271000China
| | - Jing Zhai
- Department of Basic MedicineTaishan Medical UniversityTaianShandong271000China
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12
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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Show Protective Effects in Coronary Heart Disease by Improving Antioxidant Capacity via the Increase in Intestinal Probiotics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7658052. [PMID: 30984339 PMCID: PMC6431530 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7658052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We explored the effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. The component of COS was measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). CHD patients were evenly assigned into the COS group (COG) and the placebo group (CG). The duration of treatment was 6 months and therapeutic results were explored by measuring left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) value, Lee scores, quality of life (QOL), blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine. The intestinal flora were determined by 16s rDNA sequencing. The circulating antioxidant levels and lipid profiles were compared between two groups. There were 7 different degrees of polymerization (DP4-10) in COS. Lee scores, QOL scores, and LVEF values in the COG group were higher than those in the CG group (P < 0.05). COS treatment improved blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine when compared with controls (P < 0.05). Circulating antioxidant levels were higher in the COG group than in the CG group. COS consumption increased the serum levels of SOD and GSH and reduced the levels of ALT and AST (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, lipid profiles were improved in the COG group. COS consumption increased the abundance of Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, and Escherichia and decreased the abundance of Bacteroides, Megasphaera, Roseburia, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium (P < 0.05). On the other hand, COS consumption increased the probiotic species Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Phascolarctobacterium. The increased species have been reported to be associated with antioxidant properties or lipid improvement. COS had similar effects with chitohexaose on the growth rate of these species. Therefore, COS ameliorate the symptoms of CHD patients by improving antioxidant capacities and lipid profiles via the increase of probiotics in the intestinal flora.
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Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Cholesterol transport system: An integrated cholesterol transport model involved in atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:65-91. [PMID: 30528667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathological basis of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), is closely associated with cholesterol accumulation in the arterial intima. Excessive cholesterol is removed by the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, representing a major antiatherogenic mechanism. In addition to the RCT, other pathways are required for maintaining the whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Thus, we propose a working model of integrated cholesterol transport, termed the cholesterol transport system (CTS), to describe body cholesterol metabolism. The novel model not only involves the classical view of RCT but also contains other steps, such as cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, low-density lipoprotein uptake by the liver, and transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Extensive studies have shown that dysfunctional CTS is one of the major causes for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, several drugs are available to improve the CTS efficiently. There are also several therapeutic approaches that have entered into clinical trials and shown considerable promise for decreasing the risk of CVD. In recent years, a variety of novel findings reveal the molecular mechanisms for the CTS and its role in the development of atherosclerosis, thereby providing novel insights into the understanding of whole-body cholesterol transport and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting the CTS in CVD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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14
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Shin CS, Kim DY, Shin WS. Characterization of chitosan extracted from Mealworm Beetle (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio) and Rhinoceros Beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma) and their antibacterial activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:72-77. [PMID: 30500507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chitin was isolated from the larvae, adult, and superworm of Mealworm Beetle and the larvae, pupa, and adult of Rhinoceros Beetle by deproteinization and demineralization. Chitin yields were 4.60, 8.40, and 3.90% in the larvae, adult, and superworm of Mealworm Beetle and 10.53, 12.70, and 14.20% in the larvae, pupa, and adult of Rhinoceros Beetle, respectively. Subsequently, chitosan was obtained by deacetylation of chitin extractions from all stages of both beetle species, and its yields from chitin were 80.00, 78.33, and 83.33% in the larvae, adult, and superworm of Mealworm Beetle, and 83.37, 83.37, and 75.00% in larvae, pupa, and adult of Rhinoceros Beetle, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the chitosan from the two insect species showed the similar structural characteristics as those of commercial chitosan. Chitosan from the Mealworm Beetle showed about 1 mm inhibition zones against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherischia coli, and a 2 mm inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus in antimicrobial activity test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Shim Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeong Kim
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon-Sun Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Anraku M, Gebicki JM, Iohara D, Tomida H, Uekama K, Maruyama T, Hirayama F, Otagiri M. Antioxidant activities of chitosans and its derivatives in in vitro and in vivo studies. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:141-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Nakhlband A, Eskandani M, Omidi Y, Saeedi N, Ghaffari S, Barar J, Garjani A. Combating atherosclerosis with targeted nanomedicines: recent advances and future prospective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:59-75. [PMID: 29713603 PMCID: PMC5915710 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is recognized as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The increasing prevalence of such disease demands novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to overcome associated clinical/social issues. Recent advances in nanotechnology and biological sciences have provided intriguing insights to employ targeted Nanomachines to the desired location as imaging, diagnosis, and therapeutic modalities. Nanomedicines as novel tools for enhanced drug delivery, imaging, and diagnosis strategies have shown great promise to combat cardiovascular diseases.
Methods:
In the current study, we intend to review the most recent studies on the nano-based strategies for improved management of CVDs.
Results:
A cascade of events results in the formation of atheromatous plaque and arterial stenosis. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that nanomedicines have displayed unique functionalities and provided de novo applications in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Conclusion:
Despite some limitations, nanomedicines hold considerable potential in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various ailments including atherosclerosis. Fewer side effects, amenable physicochemical properties and multi-potential application of such nano-systems are recognized through various investigations. Therefore, it is strongly believed that with targeted drug delivery to atherosclerotic lesions and plaque, management of onset and progression of disease would be more efficient than classical treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailar Nakhlband
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazli Saeedi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Ghaffari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Garjani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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17
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Implications of molecular diversity of chitin and its derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3513-3536. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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18
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Kang MG, Lee HJ, Cho JY, Kim K, Yang SJ, Kim D. Anti-inflammatory effects of sucrose-derived oligosaccharides produced by a constitutive mutant L. mesenteroides B-512FMCM dextransucrase in high fat diet-fed mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:350-5. [PMID: 27342664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharide (OS) is used as a sugar replacement as well as an ingredient in functional foods because of its beneficial effects, mainly on reducing calorie content and promoting intestinal health. By contrast, the effects of OS on inflammation are less well investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sucrose-derived OS on glucose control and inflammation in high fat (HF) diet-fed mice. Male C57BL6 mice were randomly assigned to six treatment groups (n = 10-14 mice per group): 1) lean control (CON), 2) HF control, 3) HF-low sucrose (LS, 100 mg/kg/day), 4) HF-high sucrose (HS, 1000 mg/kg/day), 5) HF-low OS (LOS, 100 mg/kg/day), and 6) HF-high OS (HOS, 1000 mg/kg/day). PBS (vehicle), sucrose, and OS were administered by stomach gavage. Body weight, food intake, and markers of liver function (activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) were not affected by the treatments. HOS treatment decreased levels of serum glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance compared with sucrose treatment. However, serum adiponectin levels of the HOS group were higher than those of the sucrose groups. Serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and fetuin-A were lower in the HOS group than in the sucrose groups. Hepatic gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and related factors (fetuin-A, NF-κB, TLR4, TNF-alpha, and IL-6) were decreased and the levels of insulin signaling-related molecules (sirtuin 1, insulin receptor, and Akt) were increased in HOS-treated mice as compared with sucrose-treated mice. These results demonstrate that OS treatment is effective in improving glucose control and inflammation in high fat diet-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gyung Kang
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Cho
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghwa Kim
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doman Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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19
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The binding capability of plasma phospholipid transfer protein, but not HDL pool size, is critical to repress LPS induced inflammation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20845. [PMID: 26857615 PMCID: PMC4746621 DOI: 10.1038/srep20845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) participates in high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Increased plasma PLTP activity was observed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggered acute inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to determine the exact role of PLTP in LPS induced inflammation. HDL pool size was shrunk both in PLTP deficient mice (PLTP−/−) and PLTP transgenic mice (PLTP-Tg). PLTP displayed a strong protective effect on lethal endotoxemia in mice survival study. Furthermore, after LPS stimulation, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in bone marrow derived macrophage (BMDM) from PLTP−/−, while decreased in BMDM from PLTP-Tg compared with BMDM from wild-type mice (WT). Moreover, LPS induced nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) activation was enhanced in PLTP−/− BMDM or PLTP knockdown RAW264.7. Conversely, PLTP overexpression countered the NFκB activation in LPS challenged BMDM. Additionally, the activation of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) induced by LPS showed no alteration in PLTP−/− BMDM. Finally, PLTP could bind to LPS, attenuate the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS, and improve the cell viability in vitro. To sum up, these findings elucidated that PLTP repressed LPS induced inflammation due to extracellular LPS binding capability, and the protective effects were not related to HDL pool size in mice.
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20
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Cheung RCF, Ng TB, Wong JH, Chan WY. Chitosan: An Update on Potential Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5156-86. [PMID: 26287217 PMCID: PMC4557018 DOI: 10.3390/md13085156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polycationic linear polysaccharide derived from chitin. The low solubility of chitosan in neutral and alkaline solution limits its application. Nevertheless, chemical modification into composites or hydrogels brings to it new functional properties for different applications. Chitosans are recognized as versatile biomaterials because of their non-toxicity, low allergenicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review presents the recent research, trends and prospects in chitosan. Some special pharmaceutical and biomedical applications are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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