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Hu Y, Zhao Y, Li P, Lu H, Li H, Ge J. Hypoxia and panvascular diseases: exploring the role of hypoxia-inducible factors in vascular smooth muscle cells under panvascular pathologies. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1954-1974. [PMID: 37541793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging discipline, panvascular diseases are a set of vascular diseases with atherosclerosis as the common pathogenic hallmark, which mostly affect vital organs like the heart, brain, kidney, and limbs. As the major responser to the most common stressor in the vasculature (hypoxia)-hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and the primary regulator of pressure and oxygen delivery in the vasculature-vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), their own multifaceted nature and their interactions with each other are fascinating. Abnormally active VSMCs (e.g., atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension) or abnormally dysfunctional VSMCs (e.g., aneurysms, vascular calcification) are associated with HIFs. These widespread systemic diseases also reflect the interdisciplinary nature of panvascular medicine. Moreover, given the comparable proliferative characteristics exhibited by VSMCs and cancer cells, and the delicate equilibrium between angiogenesis and cancer progression, there is a pressing need for more accurate modulation targets or combination approaches to bolster the effectiveness of HIF targeting therapies. Based on the aforementioned content, this review primarily focused on the significance of integrating the overall and local perspectives, as well as temporal and spatial balance, in the context of the HIF signaling pathway in VSMC-related panvascular diseases. Furthermore, the review discussed the implications of HIF-targeting drugs on panvascular disorders, while considering the trade-offs involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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Togashi Y, Miyashita D, Tsuno T, Inoue R, Okuyama T, Kyohara M, Nishiyama K, Arai M, Kanematsu K, Kanataki S, Terauchi Y, Shirakawa J. Abdominal aortic calcification is associated with Fib-4 index and low body mass index in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 13:1861-1872. [PMID: 35818826 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to clarify the nature of the relationship between the abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) grade and the presence of cardiovascular diseases and determine factors related to AAC grade in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled 264 in participants with T2DM. The AAC score and length were measured using the lateral abdominal radiographs. Logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between AAC scores/lengths and the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebral infarction (CI), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). The correlation between AAC scores/lengths and other clinical factors were evaluated using linear regression models. RESULTS The AAC score was significantly correlated with prevalent CAD and CI independent of age and smoking but not with the prevalence of PAD. AAC length was not significantly correlated with the presence of CAD, CI, or PAD; however, the sample size was insufficient to conclude probably due to low prevalence. Both the AAC score and length were correlated inversely with body mass index (BMI) and, with the Fib-4 index >2.67; these correlations were significant after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and BMI, although AAC was not associated with ultrasonography-diagnosed fatty liver. There was a significant interaction between BMI and Fib-4 index; lower BMI and Fib-4 index >2.67 demonstrated a synergistic association with high AAC grade. CONCLUSIONS AAC score is associated with CAD and CI morbidity in participants with T2DM. Low BMI and Fib-4 index >2.67 can be valuable indicators of AAC in people with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Togashi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8510, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, City, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyashita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, City, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuno
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8510, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, City, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ryota Inoue
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okuyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, City, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mayu Kyohara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, City, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Masanori Arai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, City, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kenta Kanematsu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, City, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kanataki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, City, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, City, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8510, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, City, 236-0004, Japan
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Xu J, Shen CJ, Ooi JD, Tang YS, Xiao Z, Yuan QJ, Zhong Y, Zhou QL. Serum Sortilin Is Associated with Coronary Artery Calcification and Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 7:503-513. [PMID: 34901196 PMCID: PMC8613630 DOI: 10.1159/000517304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the role of serum sortilin in coronary artery calcification (CAC) and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (CCE) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. METHODS One hundred eleven patients with MHD ≥3 months were included in this study. The general data, clinical features, hematological data, and medication history of the patients were recorded. Eighty-five cases were examined by vascular color Doppler ultrasound, cardiac color Doppler ultrasound, lateral lumbar radiography, and coronary artery calcification score. The patients were followed up for a median time of 45 months. The primary endpoint was CCE or death from a vascular event, and the role of sortilin in this process was analyzed. RESULTS Among 85 MHD patients, 51 cases (60.00%) had different degrees of CAC. There were significant differences in diabetes, dialysis time, serum phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product, medical history of phosphate binders, sortilin, and carotid artery plaque between 4 different degrees of calcification groups (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes (OR = 5.475; 95% CI: 1.794-16.71, p = 0.003), calcium-phosphorus product (OR = 2.953; 95% CI: 1.198-7.279, p = 0.019), and sortilin (OR = 1.475 per 100 pg/mL; 95% CI: 1.170-1.858, p = 0.001) were independent risk factors for CAC. During the follow-up, 28 cases of 111 patients (25.23%) suffered from CCE. There were significant differences in CCE between mild, moderate, and severe CAC groups and noncalcification groups (p < 0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that diabetes mellitus (HR 3.424; 95% CI: 1.348-8.701, p = 0.010), CAC (HR 5.210; 95% CI: 1.093-24.83, p = 0.038), and serum sortilin (HR = 8.588; 95% CI: 1.919-38.43, p = 0.005) were independent risk factors for CCE. Besides, we proposed a cutoff value of 418 pg/mL for serum sortilin level, which was able to predict the occurrence of CCE with 75.0% sensitivity and 71.9% specificity. The area under the curve was 0.778 (95% CI: 0.673-0.883). CONCLUSION Sortilin is newly found to be independently associated with CAC and CCE in MHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chan-Juan Shen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Joshua D. Ooi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yang-Shuo Tang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhou Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong-Jing Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiao-Ling Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Park SK, Kim MH, Ha E, Jung JY, Oh CM, Choi JM, Kang HY, Choi YS, Kim MG, Kim JW, Ryoo JH. The Risk for Incident Ischemic Heart Disease According to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in A Korean Population. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 27:461-470. [PMID: 31564682 PMCID: PMC7242231 DOI: 10.5551/jat.50757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Chronic kidney disease, evaluated by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the association between renal function stratified by the eGFR and the risk of incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) in a community-based Asian population is still inconclusive. Study design: Retrospective longitudinal observational study. Method: In data from 206,919 Korean patients registered in the National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC), we analyzed the risk of incident IHD according to the quartiles (Q) of eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) (Q1 < 71.07, Q2: 71.07–83.16, Q3: 83.17–95.49, Q4> 95.50). The identification of IHD was based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) for IHD (ICD code: I20–I25) registered in the NHIC. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for IHD according to quartile groups of eGFR levels. Results: Q1 had the more unfavorable baseline metabolic conditions than the other quartile groups. Considering Q4 as the reference, the unadjusted HRs (95% CIs) for IHD increased significantly in the order of Q3 (1.42 [1.29–1.56]), Q2 (1.51 [1.38–1.67]), and Q1 (2.11 [1.93–2.30]), and fully adjusted HRs (95% CIs) increased significantly from Q2 (1.15 [1.04–1.27]) to Q1 (1.31 [1.18–1.44]). Conclusion: The risk of IHD increased significantly from individuals with an eGFR ≤ 83.16. Mildly decreased renal function is a potential risk factor for IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Keun Park
- Total healthcare center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of medicine
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital
| | - Eunhee Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environment Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University
| | - Ju Young Jung
- Total healthcare center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of medicine
| | - Chang-Mo Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Joong-Myung Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Hee Yong Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital
| | - Yong-Sung Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Min Gi Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine
| | - Jae-Hong Ryoo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ishii
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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Furusawa K, Takeshita K, Suzuki S, Tatami Y, Morimoto R, Okumura T, Yasuda Y, Murohara T. Assessment of abdominal aortic calcification by computed tomography for prediction of latent left ventricular stiffness and future cardiovascular risk in pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease: A single center cross-sectional study. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:939-948. [PMID: 31341407 PMCID: PMC6643121 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.32629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There is general interest in finding clinical markers for left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), a major cause of cardiorenal syndrome leading to heart failure in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The aim was to assess the utility of computed tomography (CT)-based abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) for the prediction of LVDD and prognosis of asymptomatic pre-dialysis CKD patients. Materials and methods: We prospectively evaluated 218 pre-dialysis CKD patients [median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); 40.9 mL/min/1.73m²]. Non-contrast CT scan and echocardiography were performed to determine the aortic calcification index (ACI) as a semi-quantitative measure of AAC. Results: The median ACI was 11.4. AAC and LVDD were diagnosed in 193 patients (89%) and 75 patients (34%), respectively. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the estimation of LVDD, ACI of 20 showed optimal sensitivity (52.0%) and specificity (62.8 %) (AUC = 0.664, p < .001). High ACI group included more patients with LVDD-related factors, such as old age, hypertension, diabetes, and more severe CKD. LVDD was significantly more common in patients with high ACI group [39 (50%) and 36 (26%), respectively, p<0.001]. Multivariate analysis showed that ACI correlated significantly with E/A (β=-0.993, p=0.003), E/e' (β=0.077, p<0.001), and cardio-ankle vascular index (β=0.209, p=0.001). Correspondingly, E/e' correlated with logBNP and log(ACI+1), and increased proportionately and significantly with the quartiles of ACI values. Cox proportional hazard models showed that ACI was an independent predictor of CV outcome (hazard ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.06, p=0.029). Conclusion: The results would suggest the usefulness of AAC assessment by CT to predict latent LVDD and future CV risk in asymptomatic pre-dialysis CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Furusawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Takeshita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Medical Centre, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tatami
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryota Morimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Yasuda
- Department of CKD Initiatives Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Zhu Y, Ma WQ, Han XQ, Wang Y, Wang X, Liu NF. Advanced glycation end products accelerate calcification in VSMCs through HIF-1α/PDK4 activation and suppress glucose metabolism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13730. [PMID: 30213959 PMCID: PMC6137084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial media calcification is associated with diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have shown that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are responsible for vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), one of the major factors during hypoxia, and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), an important mitochondrial matrix enzyme in cellular metabolism shift, have been reported in VSMC calcification. The potential link among HIF-1α, PDK4, and AGEs-induced vascular calcification was investigated in this study. We observed that AGEs elevated HIF-1α and PDK4 expression levels in a dose-dependent manner and that maximal stimulation was attained at 24 h. Two important HIF-1α-regulated genes, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), were significantly increased after AGEs exposure. Stabilization or nuclear translocation of HIF-1α increased PDK4 expression. PDK4 inhibition attenuated AGEs-induced VSMC calcification, which was evaluated by measuring the calcium content, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) expression levels and by Alizarin red S staining. In addition, the glucose consumption, lactate production, key enzymes of glucose metabolism and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were decreased during AGEs-induced VSMC calcification. In conclusion, this study suggests that AGEs accelerate vascular calcification partly through the HIF-1α/PDK4 pathway and suppress glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Qi Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Qiong Han
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Nai-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China.
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Bendix EF, Johansen E, Ringgaard T, Wolder M, Starup-Linde J. Diabetes and Abdominal Aortic Calcification-a Systematic Review. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:42-57. [PMID: 29380116 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A systematic literature review was performed to evaluate diabetes mellitus (DM) as a risk factor of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), and address factors that might contribute to the development of AAC in DM patients. RECENT FINDINGS DM is an independent risk factor of AAC development. Bone metabolism along with lifestyle factors among DM patients makes them more prone to AAC. Hip and vertebral fractures, high phosphate, smoking, hypertension, and low osteocalcin could make DM patients prone to AAC. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high total cholesterol/HDL ratio, low bone mineral density (BMD) may be risk factors, but the literature is more ambiguous. Body mass index (BMI) does not appear to increase risk of AAC. High phosphate levels and low osteocalcin levels seem to be biomarkers of AAC in patients with diabetes. However, the association between DM and AAC is complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Frey Bendix
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 10, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Eskild Johansen
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 10, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ringgaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 10, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Martin Wolder
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 10, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Jakob Starup-Linde
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage Hansens Gade 2, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Nishimura M. A New Factor for Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: Computed Tomography-Based Renal Parenchymal Volume. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:1085-1087. [PMID: 28701626 PMCID: PMC5684472 DOI: 10.5551/jat.ed081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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