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Sadykova D, Nigmatullina R, Salakhova K, Slastnikova E, Galimova L, Khaliullina C, Valeeva I. Membrane Transporter of Serotonin and Hypercholesterolemia in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:767. [PMID: 38255840 PMCID: PMC10815017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The serotonin membrane transporter is one of the main mechanisms of plasma serotonin concentration regulation. Serotonin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, stimulating the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, key cells in the process of hypertrophic vascular remodeling. Vascular remodeling is one of the leading prognostically unfavorable factors of atherosclerosis, the main manifestation of familial hypercholesterolemia. Familial hypercholesterolemia is one of the most common genetically determined lipid metabolism disorders and occurs in 1 in 313 people. The aim of our study was to investigate the levels of plasma and platelet serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and membrane transporter in a cross-sectional study of two pediatric groups, including patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and the control group, which consisted of apparently healthy children without cardiovascular diseases. The study involved 116 children aged 5 to 17 years old. The proportion of boys was 50% (58/116) and the average age of the children was 10.5 years (CI 2.8-18.1). The concentrations of serotonin in blood plasma and platelets and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were higher in children with familial hypercholesterolemia than in the controls. The concentration of the serotonin transporter in platelets in healthy children, compared with the main group, was 1.3 times higher. A positive correlation was revealed between the level of serotonin (5-HT and PWV: ρ = 0.6, p < 0.001), its transporter (SERT and PWV: ρ = 0.5, p < 0.001), and the main indicators of arterial vascular stiffness. Our study revealed the relationship between high serotonin and SERT concentrations and markers of arterial stiffness. The results we obtained suggest the involvement of serotonin and SERT in the process of vascular remodeling in familial hypercholesterolemia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinara Sadykova
- Department of Hospital Pediatrics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (K.S.); (E.S.); (L.G.); (C.K.)
| | - Razina Nigmatullina
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Karina Salakhova
- Department of Hospital Pediatrics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (K.S.); (E.S.); (L.G.); (C.K.)
| | - Evgeniia Slastnikova
- Department of Hospital Pediatrics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (K.S.); (E.S.); (L.G.); (C.K.)
- Children’s Republican Clinical Hospital, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Liliya Galimova
- Department of Hospital Pediatrics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (K.S.); (E.S.); (L.G.); (C.K.)
- Children’s Republican Clinical Hospital, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Chulpan Khaliullina
- Department of Hospital Pediatrics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (K.S.); (E.S.); (L.G.); (C.K.)
| | - Ildaria Valeeva
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia;
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Cruz-Chamorro I, Santos-Sánchez G, Bollati C, Bartolomei M, Capriotti AL, Cerrato A, Laganà A, Pedroche J, Millán F, Del Carmen Millán-Linares M, Arnoldi A, Carrillo-Vico A, Lammi C. Chemical and biological characterization of the DPP-IV inhibitory activity exerted by lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) peptides: From the bench to the bedside investigation. Food Chem 2023; 426:136458. [PMID: 37329795 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is considered a key target for the diabetes treatment, since it is involved in glucose metabolism. Although lupin protein consumption shown hypoglycemic activity, there is no evidence of its effect on DPP-IV activity. This study demonstrates that a lupin protein hydrolysate (LPH), obtained by hydrolysis with Alcalase, exerts anti-diabetic activity by modulating DPP-IV activity. In fact, LPH decreased DPP-IV activity in a cell-free and cell-based system. Contextually, Caco-2 cells were employed to identify LPH peptides that can be intestinally trans-epithelial transported. Notably, 141 different intestinally transported LPH sequences were identified using nano- and ultra-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Hence, it was demonstrated that LPH modulated the glycemic response and the glucose concentration in mice, by inhibiting the DPP-IV. Finally, a beverage containing 1 g of LPH decreased DPP-IV activity and glucose levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo Santos-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Justo Pedroche
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Millán
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Millán-Linares
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain; Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang K, Liang X, Guan J, Jin J, Zhang Y, Xu F, Yang L, Fu J. Profile of 5-HT 2A receptor involved in signaling cascades associated to intracellular inflammation and apoptosis in hepatocytes and its role in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Cell Signal 2023; 105:110612. [PMID: 36709823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found that the 5-HT2A receptor plays a key role in cell injury. However, the mechanism by which the 5-HT2A receptor mediates intracellular processes remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify this intracellular process in hepatocyte LO2 cells and evaluate its role in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. In vitro, both the agonist and overexpression of 5-HT2A receptor could promote 5-HT degradation by upregulating the expression of 5-HT synthases and monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) to cause overproduction of ROS in mitochondria. We refer to this as the activation of the 5-HT degradation system (5DS) axis, which leads to the phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPK, STAT3, and NF-κB; upregulation of Bax, cleaved-caspase3, and cleaved-caspase9; and downregulation of Bcl-2, followed by apoptosis and oversecretion of TNF-α and IL-1β in cells. This phenomenon could be markedly blocked by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, MAO-A inhibitor, or gene-silencing MAO-A. Through protein kinases C epsilon (PKCε) agonist treatment and gene silencing of the PKCε and 5-HT2A receptor, we demonstrated that the 5-HT2A receptor controls 5-HT synthases and MAO-A expression via the PKCε pathway in cells. Unexpectedly, we discovered that PKCε-mediated phosphorylation of the AKT/mTOR pathway is also a consequence of the activation of the 5DS axis. Furthermore, we confirmed that the inhibition of the 5DS axis using the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist could prevent hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 both in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting the aforementioned signaling cascades, inflammation, and apoptosis, and that the 5DS activation area overlapped the necrotic area of mouse liver. Taken together, we revealed a 5DS axis in hepatocytes that controls the signaling cascades associated with inflammation and apoptosis and confirmed its role in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiurui Liang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Guan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiaqi Jin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jihua Fu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Western Diet-Fed ApoE Knockout Male Mice as an Experimental Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4692-4703. [PMID: 36286035 PMCID: PMC9600038 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the consequences of the Western lifestyle and high-fat diet is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its aggressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is rapidly becoming the leading cause of end-stage liver disease or liver transplantation. Currently, rodent NASH models lack significant aspects of the full NASH spectrum, representing a major problem for NASH research. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize a fast rodent model with all characteristic features of NASH. Eight-week-old male ApoE KO mice were fed with Western diet (WD), high fatty diet (HFD) or normal chow (Chow) for 7 weeks. Whole-body fat was increased by ~2 times in WD mice and HFD mice and was associated with increased glucose intolerance, hepatic triglycerides, and plasma ALT and plasma AST compared with Chow mice. WD mice also showed increased galectin-3 expression compared with Chow or HFD mice and increased plasma cholesterol compared with Chow mice. WD and HFD displayed increased hepatic fibrosis and increased F4/80 expression. WD mice also displayed increased levels of plasma MCP-1. Hepatic inflammatory markers were evaluated, and WD mice showed increased levels of TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6 and IFN-γ. Taken together, these data demonstrated that the ApoE KO mouse fed with WD is a great model for NASH research, once it presents the fundamental parameters of the disease, including hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome.
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Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071408. [PMID: 35883899 PMCID: PMC9312358 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is generated by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and antioxidant scavenger system’s activity. Increased ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite, likely contribute to the development and complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). In genetically modified mouse models of atherosclerosis, the overexpression of ROS-generating enzymes and uncontrolled ROS formation appear to be associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Conversely, the overexpression of ROS scavenger systems reduces or stabilizes atherosclerotic lesions, depending on the genetic background of the mouse model. In humans, higher levels of circulating biomarkers derived from the oxidation of lipids (8-epi-prostaglandin F2α, and malondialdehyde), as well as proteins (oxidized low-density lipoprotein, nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyls, advanced glycation end-products), are increased in conditions of high cardiovascular risk or overt ASCVD, and some oxidation biomarkers have been reported as independent predictors of ASCVD in large observational cohorts. In animal models, antioxidant supplementation with melatonin, resveratrol, Vitamin E, stevioside, acacetin and n-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced ROS and attenuated atherosclerotic lesions. However, in humans, evidence from large, placebo-controlled, randomized trials or prospective studies failed to show any athero-protective effect of antioxidant supplementation with different compounds in different CV settings. However, the chronic consumption of diets known to be rich in antioxidant compounds (e.g., Mediterranean and high-fish diet), has shown to reduce ASCVD over decades. Future studies are needed to fill the gap between the data and targets derived from studies in animals and their pathogenetic and therapeutic significance in human ASCVD.
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Abstract
The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 2A receptor is most well known as the common target for classic psychedelic compounds. Interestingly, the 5-HT2A receptor is the most widely expressed mammalian serotonin receptor and is found in nearly every examined tissue type including neural, endocrine, endothelial, immune, and muscle, suggesting it could be a novel and pharmacological target for several types of disorders. Despite this, the bulk of research on the 5-HT2A receptor is focused on its role in the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, activation of 5-HT2A receptors has emerged as a new anti-inflammatory strategy. This review will describe recent findings regarding psychedelics as anti-inflammatory compounds, as well as parse out differences in functional selectivity and immune regulation that exist between a number of well-known hallucinogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Charles D Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Jin J, Xu F, Zhang Y, Guan J, Liang X, Zhang Y, Yuan A, Liu R, Fu J. Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats is probably due to the activation of the 5-HT degradation system in proximal renal tubular epithelial cells. Life Sci 2021; 285:120002. [PMID: 34599937 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the relationship between renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (RIRI) and the activation of the renal 5-HT degradation system, including 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR), 5-HT synthases and monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A). MAIN METHODS Rat RIRI was induced by removing the right kidney, causing ischemia of the left kidney for 45 min and reperfusion for different times. RIRI model (ischemia for 45 min and reperfusion for 24 h) was pretreated with 5-HT2AR antagonist sarpogrelate hydrochloride (SH) and the 5-HT synthase inhibitor carbidopa. In HK-2 cells, cellular damage was induced by hypoxia (24 h)/reoxygenation (12 h) (H/R) and treated with SH, carbidopa or the MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline. Hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL and fluorescent probe staining, RT-qPCR, western blotting, ELISA, etc. were used in the tests. KEY FINDINGS The development of RIRI and the emergence of the RIRI peak were consistent with renal 5-HT degradation system activation. The highest expression regions of the 5-HT degradation system overlapped with those of the most severe lesions in the kidney, which were in proximal renal tubules. Rat RIRI and HK-2 cell damage, including oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, could be almost abolished by synergistic inhibition of SH and carbidopa. Clorgyline also abolished the cellular damage induced by H/R. H/R-induced production of mitochondrial ROS in HK-2 cells was due to MAO-A-catalyzed 5-HT degradation, and 5-HT2AR was involved by mediating the expression of 5-HT synthases and MAO-A. SIGNIFICANCE These findings revealed a close association between RIRI and activation of the renal 5-HT degradation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Jin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jing Guan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Xiurui Liang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Ansheng Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Runkun Liu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jihua Fu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China.
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Nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin is primarily due to the activation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine degradation system in proximal renal tubules. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 349:109662. [PMID: 34560070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As a widely used anticancer drug in the clinic, cisplatin has obvious side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. Previous studies have suggested that the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ROS accumulation induced by cisplatin and 5-HT degradation. In vivo, by HE and TUNEL staining, we found that cisplatin-induced renal lesions and apoptotic regions, which were located in proximal tubular epithelial cells, were also the regions in which tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) were overexpressed, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Notably, the 5-HT2AR antagonist sarpogrelate hydrochloride (SH) and the AADC inhibitor carbidopa (CDP) significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, renal ROS levels, oxidative stress (SOD activity and MDA), proinflammatory cytokine levels (NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β), proapoptotic factor levels (Bax, Bcl-2, C-caspase 3 and C-caspase 9) and the phosphorylation of p38 and STAT3, as well as renal lesions and apoptosis. The combination of SH and CDP could almost abolish the effects of cisplatin challenge. In vitro, the effects of cisplatin challenge and the inhibitory effects of SH and CDP were also observed in HK-2 cells. Additionally, similar to the combination of SH and CDP, the MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline could also abolish the effects of cisplatin challenge. More importantly, by western blotting, we detected that the upregulation of Tph1, AADC and MAO-A expression induced by cisplatin both in vivo and in vitro could be obviously suppressed by SH to decrease 5-HT synthesis and mitochondrial 5-HT degradation. Altogether, these findings suggested that cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is due to the activation of the 5-HT degradation system in proximal tubular epithelial cells, including 5-HT2AR and 5-HT synthesis and degradation. 5-HT2AR plays a role by mediating the expression of MAO-A and the 5-HT synthases Tph1 and AADC.
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Barros MPD, Bachi ALL, Santos JDMBD, Lambertucci RH, Ishihara R, Polotow TG, Caldo-Silva A, Valente PA, Hogervorst E, Furtado GE. The poorly conducted orchestra of steroid hormones, oxidative stress and inflammation in frailty needs a maestro: Regular physical exercise. Exp Gerontol 2021; 155:111562. [PMID: 34560197 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines the various factors associated with unhealthy aging which includes becoming frail and dependent. With many people not engaging in recommended exercise, facilitators and barriers to engage with exercise must be investigated to promote exercise uptake and adherence over the lifespan for different demographics, including the old, less affluent, women, and those with different cultural-ethnic backgrounds. Governmental and locally funded public health messages and environmental facilitation (gyms, parks etc.) can play an important role. Studies have shown that exercise can act as a conductor to balance oxidative stress, immune and endocrine functions together to promote healthy aging and reduce the risk for age-related morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis, and promote cognition and mood over the lifespan. Like a classic symphony orchestra, consisting of four groups of related musical instruments - the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings - the aging process should also perform in harmony, with compassion, avoiding the aggrandizement of any of its individual parts during the presentation. This review discusses the wide variety of molecular, cellular and endocrine mechanisms (focusing on the steroid balance) underlying this process and their interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), MSc/PhD Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, 01506-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - André Luís Lacerda Bachi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04025-002, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Ishihara
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Geraldo Polotow
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), MSc/PhD Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, 01506-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Caldo-Silva
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso Valente
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal
| | - Eef Hogervorst
- Applied Cognitive Research National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal; Institute Polytechnic of Maia, Porto, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Shimabukuro
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fukushima Medical University
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