1
|
Zhang Y, Tian X, Zhang K, Zhao K, Wang Y, Ma C, Guo J, Wang W. Construction of phenolic acids grafted chitosan bioactive microspheres to reduce oxidation and iron absorption in meat digestion. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130897. [PMID: 38490376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Although iron in meat is an important trace element for human diet, its presence also induces postprandial oxidative stress and aggravates the condition of patients with iron overload. To overcome this situation, a type of new tunable Fe-absorption bioactive materials was constructed in this study. First, four phenolic acids (Caffeic acid, Gallic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Chlorogenic acid) were grafted onto chitosan. Then, the copolymers were prepared into micron-level microspheres by emulsification method, which were characterized in adsorption isotherms (Langmuir model), swelling behavior and digestion characteristics. In order to verify the practical application effect of microspheres, Protocatechuic acid grafted chitosan microspheres as the representative were used in sirloin powder to observe their effects in vitro digestion and rat experiment. In the present study, microspheres were innovatively applied in meat consumption, which significantly inhibited the oxidation of meat in the process of digestion and effectively controlled the iron absorption. These results are expected to play an important role in promoting the healthy consumption of meat around the world, improving gastrointestinal redox status through dietary assistance, and treating diseases related to iron overload.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaojing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chenwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chaptal MC, Maraninchi M, Musto G, Mancini J, Chtioui H, Dupont-Roussel J, Marlinge M, Fromonot J, Lalevee N, Mourre F, Beliard S, Guieu R, Valero R, Mottola G. Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Decreases the Expression of Adenosine A 2A Receptor and Lipid Rafts-Protein Flotillin-1: Insights on Cardiovascular Risk of Hypercholesterolemia. Cells 2024; 13:488. [PMID: 38534331 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
High blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (LDL-C) are associated with atherosclerosis, mainly by promoting foam cell accumulation in vessels. As cholesterol is an essential component of cell plasma membranes and a regulator of several signaling pathways, LDL-C excess may have wider cardiovascular toxicity. We examined, in untreated hypercholesterolemia (HC) patients, selected regardless of the cause of LDL-C accumulation, and in healthy participants (HP), the expression of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), an anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory protein with cholesterol-dependent modulation, and Flotillin-1, protein marker of cholesterol-enriched plasma membrane domains. Blood cardiovascular risk and inflammatory biomarkers were measured. A2AR and Flotillin-1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was lower in patients compared to HP and negatively correlated to LDL-C blood levels. No other differences were observed between the two groups apart from transferrin and ferritin concentrations. A2AR and Flotillin-1 proteins levels were positively correlated in the whole study population. Incubation of HP PBMCs with LDL-C caused a similar reduction in A2AR and Flotillin-1 expression. We suggest that LDL-C affects A2AR expression by impacting cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cholesterol toxicity, and may have important clinical implication for assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk in HC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Chaptal
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marie Maraninchi
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Giorgia Musto
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Julien Mancini
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Hedi Chtioui
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Hospital La Conception, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Janine Dupont-Roussel
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Hospital La Conception, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Marlinge
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
- Secteur de Biochimie, Biogenopôle, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Fromonot
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
- Secteur de Biochimie, Biogenopôle, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Lalevee
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Florian Mourre
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Hospital La Conception, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Beliard
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Hospital La Conception, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Régis Guieu
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
- Secteur de Biochimie, Biogenopôle, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - René Valero
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Hospital La Conception, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Giovanna Mottola
- Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition (C2VN), Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, 13005 Marseille, France
- Secteur de Biochimie, Biogenopôle, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Tian X, Teng A, Li Y, Jiao Y, Zhao K, Wang Y, Li R, Yang N, Wang W. Polyphenols and polyphenols-based biopolymer materials: Regulating iron absorption and availability from spontaneous to controllable. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12341-12359. [PMID: 35852177 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an important trace element in the body, and it will seriously affect the body's normal operation if it is taken too much or too little. A large number of patients around the world are suffering from iron disorders. However, there are many problems using drugs to treat iron overload and causing prolonged and unbearable suffering for patients. Controlling iron absorption and utilization through diet is becoming the acceptable, safe and healthy method. At present, many literatures have reported that polyphenols can interact with iron ions and can be expected to chelate iron ions, depending on their types and structures. Besides, polyphenols often interact with other macromolecules in the diet, which may complicate this phenols-Fe behavior and give rise to the necessity of building phenolic based biopolymer materials. The biopolymer materials, constructed by self-assembly (non-covalent) or chemical modification (covalent), show excellent properties such as good permeability, targeting, biocompatibility, and high chelation ability. It is believed that this review can greatly facilitate the development of polyphenols-based biopolymer materials construction for regulating iron and improving the well-being of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Anguo Teng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuzhen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan W, Huo R, Hou C, Bai W, Yang J, Wang T. The Relation of the Iron Metabolism Index to the Vulnerability Index of Carotid Plaque with Different Degrees of Stenosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3196. [PMID: 37892018 PMCID: PMC10606419 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences in serum iron index and iron metabolizing protein expression in plaques in patients with different degrees of carotid artery stenosis and the relationship with plaque traits. METHODS A total of 100 patients eligible for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) from August 2021 to February 2022 were included. Patients completed a computed tomography (CTA) scan for patient grouping and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for precise quantification of carotid plaque traits within 1 week prior to surgery. Clinical indicators associated with the progression of carotid stenosis to occlusion were analyzed using ordered logistic regression. Twenty carotid plaques were analyzed immunohistochemically to investigate the relationship between plaque traits and the iron metabolism indexes. RESULTS No significant correlation between high serum ferritin (SF), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) and progression of carotid stenosis (OR 1.100, 95% CI 0.004-0.165, p = 0.039; OR 1.050, 95% CI 0.005-0.094, p = 0.031). SF and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) were correlated with normalized wall index (NWI) (R = 0.470, p = 0.036; R = 0.449, p = 0.046), and the results of multiple linear regression suggested that SF and sTfR remained associated with NWI (R = 0.630, R2 = 0.397, Adjusted R2 = 0.326, p = 0.014). In plaques, H-type ferritin (H-FT) was correlated with NWI and lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC) volume (R = 0.502, p = 0.028; R = 0.468, p = 0.043). Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) was correlated with LRNC volume and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) volume (R = 0.538, p = 0.017; R = 0.707, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There were statistical differences in the expression of iron metabolism proteins in carotid plaques with different degrees of stenosis. Serum iron metabolism index (SF and sTfR) and expression of iron metabolizing proteins (H-FT and TfR1) in plaques were positively correlated with carotid plaque vulnerability index (NWI, LRNC volume).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhong Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; (W.Y.); (C.H.); (W.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Chaofan Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; (W.Y.); (C.H.); (W.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wenbin Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; (W.Y.); (C.H.); (W.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; (W.Y.); (C.H.); (W.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; (W.Y.); (C.H.); (W.B.); (J.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan W, Zhang J, Huo R, Hou C, Yang J, Wang T. Intraperitoneal Injection of Human Ferritin Heavy Chain Attenuates the Atherosclerotic Process in APOE-Knockout Mice. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:309. [PMID: 37504565 PMCID: PMC10380433 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10070309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Iron overload can accelerate the accumulation of lipid oxides and contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. Ferritin heavy chain (FT-H) exhibits oxidase activity, which inhibits the toxicity of ferrous ions and reduces oxidative damage. We investigated the effect of the intraperitoneal injection of FT-H on the progression of atherosclerosis in APOE-knockout mice (Apo-E(-/-) mice). Methods: All mice were fed on a high-fat diet. After 10 weeks, the mice were divided into an injection group (n = 4) and a control group (n = 4). The injection group was injected intraperitoneally with FT-H (50 mg/kg, once a week), and the control group was treated with PBS buffer (at an equal volume to the injection group, once a week). After 10 weeks of intervention, MRI of the aortas was performed. Then, the animals were sacrificed, and tissues were taken. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used for histomorphometry, Masson staining was used to quantify the collagen content in the arteries, Prussian blue staining was used to visualize iron deposition in the arteries, and MRI was used to analyze the structure of the aorta in vivo. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of MCP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, FT-H, FT-L, TfR1, NRF-2 and GPX-4. Results: The serological results showed that the injection group had lower levels of glucose (Glu), triacylglycerol (TG), cholesterol (CHO), low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = 0.0058, p = 0.0098, p = 0.0019, p = 0.0368 and p = 0.0025, respectively), and their serum ferritin (SF) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were higher (p = 0.0004 and p < 0.0001). The Masson staining and MRI results showed that the injection group had less collagen deposition (p = 0.0226), a larger arterial lumen area and arterial volume (p = 0.0006 and p = 0.0005), thinner arterial wall thickness (p = 0.0013) and a more stable arterial plaque structure (p < 0.0001). The immunohistochemical results showed reduced expression of FT-H, FT-L, TfR1, MMP-2, MMP-9, MCP-1 and NRF-2 in the injection group (p = 0.0054, p = 0.0242, p = 0.0221, p = 0.0477, p = 0.0131, p = 0.0435 and p = 0.0179). Prussian blue staining showed that the area of iron-positive areas in the aortic plaques of the control group was larger than that of injected group. The expression of GPX-4 was lower in the control group than in the injection group (p = 0.016). Conclusions: The intraperitoneal administration of FT-H to Apo-E(-/-) mice resulted in lower blood glucose and lipid levels; reduced iron and iron metabolism protein deposition in the aorta; reduced indices of their ferroptosis, oxidation and inflammatory aggregation; and reduced collagen deposition in the aorta, which delayed the process of aortic atherosclerosis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhong Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianlin Zhang
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chaofan Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo Q, Qian C, Qian ZM. Iron metabolism and atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023:S1043-2760(23)00090-5. [PMID: 37210298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite several decades of study, whether iron is involved in the development of atherosclerosis remains a controversial and unresolved issue. Here, we focus on the up-to-date advances in studies on role of iron in atherosclerosis and discuss possible reasons why patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) do not show any increased incidence of atherosclerosis. In addition, we analyze conflicting results concerning the role of iron in atherogenesis from several epidemiological and animal studies. We argue that atherosclerosis is not observed in HH because iron homeostasis in the arterial wall, the actual location of atherosclerosis, is not significantly affected, and support a causal link between iron in the arterial wall and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China; School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China; National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Y, Luo X, Xu B, Bao X, Jia H, Yu B. Oxidative Stress-Mediated Programmed Cell Death: a Potential Therapy Target for Atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2022:10.1007/s10557-022-07414-z. [PMID: 36522550 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, as a type of orderly and active death determined by genes, programmed cell death (PCD), including apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis, has attracted much attention owing to its participation in numerous chronic cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis (AS), a canonical chronic inflammatory disease featured by lipid metabolism disturbance. Abundant researches have reported that PCD under distinct internal conditions fulfills different roles of atherosclerotic pathological processes, including lipid core expansion, leukocyte adhesion, and infiltration. Noteworthy, emerging evidence recently has also suggested that oxidative stress (OS), an imbalance of antioxidants and oxygen free radicals, has the potential to mediate PCD occurrence via multiple ways, including oxidization and deubiquitination. Interestingly, more recently, several studies have proposed that the mediating mechanisms could effect on the atherosclerotic initiation and progression significantly from variable aspects, so it is of great clinical importance to clarify how OS-mediated PCD and AS interact. Herein, with the aim of summarizing potential and sufficient atherosclerotic therapy targets, we seek to provide extensive analysis of the specific regulatory mechanisms of PCD mediated by OS and their multifaceted effects on the entire pathological atherosclerotic progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Luo
- Department of Cardiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Bao
- Department of Cardiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Jia
- Department of Cardiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|