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Chen J, Liu Q, He J, Li Y. Immune responses in diabetic nephropathy: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958790. [PMID: 36045667 PMCID: PMC9420855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic, inflammatory disease affecting millions of diabetic patients worldwide. DN is associated with proteinuria and progressive slowing of glomerular filtration, which often leads to end-stage kidney diseases. Due to the complexity of this metabolic disorder and lack of clarity about its pathogenesis, it is often more difficult to diagnose and treat than other kidney diseases. Recent studies have highlighted that the immune system can inadvertently contribute to DN pathogenesis. Cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses can target the kidney due to increased expression of immune-related localization factors. Immune cells then activate a pro-inflammatory response involving the release of autocrine and paracrine factors, which further amplify inflammation and damage the kidney. Consequently, strategies to treat DN by targeting the immune responses are currently under study. In light of the steady rise in DN incidence, this timely review summarizes the latest findings about the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of DN and discusses promising preclinical and clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinhan He
- *Correspondence: Jinhan He, ; Yanping Li,
| | - Yanping Li
- *Correspondence: Jinhan He, ; Yanping Li,
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Yang J, Liu Z. Mechanistic Pathogenesis of Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Nephropathy and Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:816400. [PMID: 35692405 PMCID: PMC9174994 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.816400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are microvascular complications of diabetes. Microvascular endothelial cells are thought to be the major targets of hyperglycemic injury. In diabetic microvasculature, the intracellular hyperglycemia causes damages to the vascular endothelium, via multiple pathophysiological process consist of inflammation, endothelial cell crosstalk with podocytes/pericytes and exosomes. In addition, DN and DR diseases development are involved in several critical regulators including the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and the Notch signal. The present review attempts to gain a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis complexities underlying the endothelial dysfunction in diabetes diabetic and retinopathy, contributing to the development of new mechanistic therapeutic strategies against diabetes-induced microvascular endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Maldonado-Pereira L, Schweiss M, Barnaba C, Medina-Meza IG. The role of cholesterol oxidation products in food toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:908-939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Watanabe Y, Yamaguchi T, Ishihara N, Nakamura S, Tanaka S, Oka R, Imamura H, Sato Y, Ban N, Kawana H, Ohira M, Shimizu N, Saiki A, Tatsuno I. 7-Ketocholesterol induces ROS-mediated mRNA expression of 12-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in human mesangial cells: Potential role in diabetic nephropathy. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 134:16-23. [PMID: 29154978 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol (7-KCHO) is a highly proinflammatory oxysterol and plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases (COXs) are also involved in the development of DN. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of 7-KCHO on mRNA expression of LOXs and COXs as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in human mesangial cells (HMC). We evaluated cell viability by WST-8 assay and measured mRNA expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated by flow cytometry. Although 7-KCHO did not affect cell viability of HMC, 7-KCHO stimulated significant increases in mRNA expression of 12-LOX, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. 7-KCHO also induced an increase in ROS production, while N-acetylcysteine partially suppressed the increase. The 12-LOX and COX-2 inhibitors also suppressed mRNA expression of cytokines. These findings may contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of the pathophysiology of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Watanabe
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-1-1 Omorinisi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Noriko Ishihara
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Shoko Nakamura
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Rena Oka
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Haruki Imamura
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Yuta Sato
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Noriko Ban
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kawana
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohira
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Naomi Shimizu
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Saiki
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan.
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Association of oxysterol binding protein-related protein 9 polymorphism with cerebral infarction in Hunan Han population. Ir J Med Sci 2013; 183:439-48. [PMID: 24190612 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-013-1035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxysterol binding protein-related protein 9 (ORP9) may be related to the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction since it is closely related with glucose and lipid metabolism. The present study was designed to investigate the genetic relationship between ORP9 gene polymorphisms and cerebral infarction (CI) in Hunan Han population. METHODS Total 544 cerebral infarction patients (60.0 ± 10.3 years) and 284 healthy controls (59.0 ± 9.5 years) were enrolled. Sociodemographic and clinical data of the subjects, such as age, gender, body mass index, smoking, drinking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density and high-density lipoprotein were recorded, and two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ORP9 gene including rs856600 and rs768529 with high mutation annotation format (MAF) values of 0.103 and 0.485 were studied by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS No statistical difference was observed in allele distributions and frequencies of the two SNPs between control and CI groups. However, the percentage of atherosclerosis in CI group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.001). The frequencies of the TT genotype and T allele of rs768529 were significantly higher in patients with vulnerable plaque than those in patients with stable plaque (p < 0.001, p = 0.002). Logistic association analysis showed no correlations between cerebral infarction and different alleles (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION T allele of rs768529 may be a risk factor for the formation of the carotid vulnerable plaque in Chinese Hunan Han population.
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Farooqui AA, Farooqui T, Panza F, Frisardi V. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for neurological disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:741-62. [PMID: 21997383 PMCID: PMC11115054 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of common pathologies: abdominal obesity linked to an excess of visceral fat, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. At the molecular level, metabolic syndrome is accompanied not only by dysregulation in the expression of adipokines (cytokines and chemokines), but also by alterations in levels of leptin, a peptide hormone released by white adipose tissue. These changes modulate immune response and inflammation that lead to alterations in the hypothalamic 'bodyweight/appetite/satiety set point,' resulting in the initiation and development of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for neurological disorders such as stroke, depression and Alzheimer's disease. The molecular mechanism underlying the mirror relationship between metabolic syndrome and neurological disorders is not fully understood. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that all cellular and biochemical alterations observed in metabolic syndrome like impairment of endothelial cell function, abnormality in essential fatty acid metabolism and alterations in lipid mediators along with abnormal insulin/leptin signaling may represent a pathological bridge between metabolic syndrome and neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease and depression. The purpose of this review is not only to describe the involvement of brain in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, but also to link the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome with neurochemical changes in stroke, Alzheimer's disease and depression to a wider audience of neuroscientists with the hope that this discussion will initiate more studies on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
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Elmarakby AA, Sullivan JC. Relationship between oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic nephropathy. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 30:49-59. [PMID: 20718759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes has dramatically increased worldwide due to the vast increase in the obesity rate. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and it is currently the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Hyperglycemia is the driving force for the development of diabetic nephropathy. It is well known that hyperglycemia increases the production of free radicals resulting in oxidative stress. While increases in oxidative stress have been shown to contribute to the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, the mechanisms by which this occurs are still being investigated. Historically, diabetes was not thought to be an immune disease; however, there is increasing evidence supporting a role for inflammation in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Inflammatory cells, cytokines, and profibrotic growth factors including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy via increased vascular inflammation and fibrosis. The stimulus for the increase in inflammation in diabetes is still under investigation; however, reactive oxygen species are a primary candidate. Thus, targeting oxidative stress-inflammatory cytokine signaling could improve therapeutic options for diabetic nephropathy. The current review will focus on understanding the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic nephropathy to help elucidate the question of which comes first in the progression of diabetic nephropathy, oxidative stress, or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Elmarakby
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shibata
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California
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Alkazemi D, Egeland G, Vaya J, Meltzer S, Kubow S. Oxysterol as a marker of atherogenic dyslipidemia in adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4282-9. [PMID: 18713821 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Oxysterols represent potentially important oxidative stress biomarkers in adolescence. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between the concentrations of serum enzymatically and nonenzymatically generated oxysterols, measures of obesity, and metabolic components including insulin resistance and levels of blood pressure and serum lipids. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING All subjects were examined between 2003 and 2005 at a hospital, a part of a follow-up evaluation mother-daughter pairs representing pregnancies affected or unaffected by gestational diabetes that resulted in the deliveries in 1989-1991. SUBJECTS Subjects included a subset (n=89) of the total study population of 189 adolescent girls with a mean age of 15.32+/-0.65 yr and body mass index of 22.54+/-3.98 kg/m2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Measures included serum levels of the oxysterols 7alpha-hydroxy-cholesterol, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol; and body mass index, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, blood pressure, total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B (ApoB). RESULTS Serum oxysterol concentrations in the adolescent cohort correlated positively with insulin (P<0.05), total cholesterol (P<0.05), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0.05), and ApoB (P<0.01). ApoB and fasting insulin were found to be the major determinants of serum oxysterols after adjustment for body mass index. Being a daughter of gestational diabetes pregnancy alone did not seem to be a predisposing factor to increased oxidative stress in our cohort. CONCLUSION Serum oxysterol concentrations increase with obesity, insulin, and ApoB, which are established derangements associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Alkazemi
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, and 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Brooks BA, McLennan SV, Twigg SM, Yue DK. Detection and characterisation of microcirculatory abnormalities in the skin of diabetic patients with microvascular complications. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008; 5:30-5. [PMID: 18398810 DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2008.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise microvascular blood flow in the skin and to compare it with biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and tissue inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes with (n=20) or without (n=20) microvascular complications and 20 control subjects. Microvascular function was measured by laser Doppler velocimetry in combination with iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Blood was collected for measurement of biomarkers including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Both ACh and SNP responses fall progressively with the development of diabetes and microvascular complications. For the total cohort, there was a significant overall correlation between ACh and SNP response (r=0.7, p<0.0001), and this relationship was particularly strong in those with microvascular complications. There was a trend towards higher hsCRP levels across the three groups, but no difference in other biomarkers. Abnormalities of microvascular blood flow are evident in diabetes and become more marked with the development of microvascular complications. This relationship was similar to that shown by the marker of inflammation (hsCRP), but stronger than that pertaining to biomarkers of endothelial function. As both ACh and SNP responses are attenuated, the disturbance is not characteristic of endothelial dysfunction alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda A Brooks
- Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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Wong CK, Ho AWY, Tong PCY, Yeung CY, Chan JCN, Kong APS, Lam CWK. Aberrant Expression of Soluble Co-stimulatory Molecules and Adhesion Molecules in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Nephropathy. J Clin Immunol 2007; 28:36-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Wu T, McGrath KCY, Death AK. Cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy patients: cell adhesion molecules as potential markers? Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 1:309-16. [PMID: 17315603 PMCID: PMC1993958 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.2005.1.4.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, especially for patients with diabetic nephropathy. The underlying factor or pathogenic mechanism that links diabetic nephropathy with cardiovascular disease is not known. The endothelial cell adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, play a crucial role in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Levels of both cell adhesion molecules are raised by the diabetic and kidney disease states. This review focuses on these important cell adhesion molecules and their role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Wu
- The Heart Research InstituteCamperdown, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristine CY McGrath
- The Heart Research InstituteCamperdown, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison K Death
- The Heart Research InstituteCamperdown, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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Dey A, Maric C, Kaesemeyer WH, Zaharis CZ, Stewart J, Pollock JS, Imig JD. Rofecoxib decreases renal injury in obese Zucker rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107:561-70. [PMID: 15307815 DOI: 10.1042/cs20040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that altered vascular regulation of arachidonic acid enzymes in obese Zucker rats contributes to renal damage. Protein expression of CYP450 (cytochrome P450) and COX (cyclo-oxygenase) enzymes in renal microvessels was studied in obese and lean Zucker rats at 20–21 weeks of age. Body weight and blood glucose averaged 649±13 g and 142±10 mg/dl in obese Zucker rats compared with 437±10 g and 111±5 mg/dl in age-matched lean Zucker rats. Renal microvascular CYP4A and COX-2 protein levels were increased and CYP2C protein levels decreased in obese Zucker rats. TX (thromboxane) B2 excretion was 2-fold higher and PG (prostaglandin) E2 excretion significantly lower in obese Zucker rats. Additional studies investigated the ability of the COX-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib, to slow the progression of renal injury in obese Zucker rats. Rofecoxib treatment decreased urinary PGF2α and 8-isoprostane levels in obese Zucker rats. Renal microvessel mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines was decreased in COX-2-inhibitor-treated obese Zucker rats. Urinary albumin excretion, an index of kidney damage, averaged 95±11 mg/day in vehicle-treated and 9±1 mg/day in rofecoxib-treated obese Zucker rats. Glomerulosclerosis, characterized by mesangial expansion, tubulo-interstitial fibrosis and extracellular matrix accumulation, was prominent in obese Zucker rats compared with a lack of damage in age-matched lean Zucker rats and rofecoxib-treated obese Zucker rats. These results suggest that altered vascular arachidonic acid enzymes contribute to the renal damage, and that COX-2 inhibition decreases glomerular injury in obese Zucker rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Dey
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Guan JZ, Murakami H, Yamato K, Tanabe J, Matsui J, Tamasawa N, Suda T. Effects of Fluvastatin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Hyperlipidemia: Reduction in Cholesterol Oxidation Products and VCAM-1. J Atheroscler Thromb 2004; 11:56-61. [PMID: 15153664 DOI: 10.5551/jat.11.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the lipid-lowering and anti-oxidative effects of fluvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, in type 2 diabetic patients. Six patients (3 men and 3 women, mean age = 56.2) took 20 mg of fluvastatin once daily (at night) for 12 weeks. Several markers of oxidative stress were then measured in these patients including plasma cholesterol oxidation products, i.e. oxysterols, and the levels of circulating adhesion molecules. Plasma total cholesterol levels were reduced by 12.3% in these individuals after 4 weeks of treatment, with levels remaining below 220 mg/dl for the entire treatment period. LDL levels were significantly reduced at 4 (18.1%) and 12 weeks (16.1%), and triglyceride levels were significantly reduced after 8 (22.5%) and 12 (37.7%) weeks of treatment. HDL-C levels increased from 50.7 +/- 15.4 prior to treatment to 63.8 +/- 24.3 mg/dl after 12 weeks of treatment, though this increase was not statistically significant. Lipid hydroperoxide, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), and oxysterol levels were also reduced, suggesting that fluvastatin also had anti-oxidative effects. Finally, VCAM-1 levels were similarly reduced by fluvastatin treatment. We conclude that fluvastatin safely improves the plasma lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia. We speculate that this drug might be doubly effective in reducing atherosclerosis and cardiac events in these patients as a result of its demonstrated anti-oxidative effects and its ability to reduce VCAM-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhi Guan
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Zaifu 5, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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