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Selisana SMG, Chen X, Mahfudhoh E, Bowolaksono A, Rozaliyani A, Orihara K, Kajiwara S. Alteration of β-glucan in the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris leads to immune evasion and increased virulence. Med Microbiol Immunol 2024; 213:13. [PMID: 38967888 PMCID: PMC11226559 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-024-00795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging pathogenic yeast that has been categorized as a global public health threat and a critical priority among fungal pathogens. Despite this, the immune response against C. auris infection is still not well understood. Hosts fight Candida infections through the immune system that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as β-glucan, mannan, and chitin on the fungal cell wall. In this study, levels of β-glucan and mannan exposures in C. auris grown under different physiologically relevant stimuli were quantified by flow cytometry-based analysis. Lactate, hypoxia, and sublethal concentration of fluconazole trigger a decrease in surface β-glucan while low pH triggers an increase in β-glucan. There is no inverse pattern between exposure levels of β-glucan and mannan in the cell wall architecture among the three clades. To determine the effect of cell wall remodeling on the immune response, a phagocytosis assay was performed, followed by quantification of released cytokines by ELISA. Lactate-induced decrease in β-glucan leads to reduced uptake of C. auris by PMA-differentiated THP-1 and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, reduced production of CCL3/MIP-1⍺ but not TNF-⍺ and IL-10 were observed. An in vivo infection analysis using silkworms reveals that a reduction in β-glucan triggers an increase in the virulence of C. auris. This study demonstrates that β-glucan alteration occurs in C. auris and serves as an escape mechanism from immune cells leading to increased virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiela Marie Gines Selisana
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Xinyue Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Eny Mahfudhoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Anna Rozaliyani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Kanami Orihara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
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2
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Roosen L, Maes D, Musetta L, Himmelreich U. Preclinical Models for Cryptococcosis of the CNS and Their Characterization Using In Vivo Imaging Techniques. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:146. [PMID: 38392818 PMCID: PMC10890286 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii remain a challenge to our healthcare systems as they are still difficult to treat. In order to improve treatment success, in particular for infections that have disseminated to the central nervous system, a better understanding of the disease is needed, addressing questions like how it evolves from a pulmonary to a brain disease and how novel treatment approaches can be developed and validated. This requires not only clinical research and research on the microorganisms in a laboratory environment but also preclinical models in order to study cryptococci in the host. We provide an overview of available preclinical models, with particular emphasis on models of cryptococcosis in rodents. In order to further improve the characterization of rodent models, in particular the dynamic aspects of disease manifestation, development, and ultimate treatment, preclinical in vivo imaging methods are increasingly used, mainly in research for oncological, neurological, and cardiac diseases. In vivo imaging applications for fungal infections are rather sparse. A second aspect of this review is how research on models of cryptococcosis can benefit from in vivo imaging methods that not only provide information on morphology and tissue structure but also on function, metabolism, and cellular properties in a non-invasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Roosen
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dries Maes
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luigi Musetta
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Qiu JF, Cui WZ, Zhang Q, Dai TM, Liu K, Li JL, Wang YJ, Sima YH, Xu SQ. Temporal transcriptome reveals that circadian clock is involved in the dynamic regulation of immune response to bacterial infection in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:31-46. [PMID: 35446483 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock plays a critical role in the regulation of host immune defense. However, the mechanistic basis for this regulation is largely unknown. Herein, the core clock gene cryptochrome1 (cry1) knockout line in Bombyx mori, an invertebrate animal model, was constructed to obtain the silkworm with dysfunctional molecular clock, and the dynamic regulation of the circadian clock on the immune responsiveness within 24 h of Staphylococcus aureus infection was analyzed. We found that deletion of cry1 decreased viability of silkworms and significantly reduced resistance of larvae to S. aureus. Time series RNA-seq analysis identified thousands of rhythmically expressed genes, including immune response genes, in the larval immune tissue, fat bodies. Uninfected cry1 knockout silkworms exhibited expression patterns of rhythmically expressed genes similar to wild-type (WT) silkworms infected with S. aureus. However, cry1 knockout silkworms exhibited a seriously weakened response to S. aureus infection. The immune response peaked at 6 and 24 h after infection, during which "transcription storms" occurred, and the expression levels of the immune response genes, PGRP and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), were significantly upregulated in WT. In contrast, cry1 knockout did not effectively activate Toll, Imd, or NF-κB signaling pathways during the immune adjustment period from 12 to 18 h after infection, resulting in failure to initiate the immune responsiveness peak at 24 h after infection. This may be related to inhibited silkworm fat body energy metabolism. These results demonstrated the dynamic regulation of circadian clock on silkworm immune response to bacterial infection and provided important insights into host antimicrobial defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Qiu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
| | - Wen-Zhao Cui
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
| | - Tai-Ming Dai
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
| | - Jiang-Lan Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
| | - Yu-Jun Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China, Guangxi Province
| | - Yang-Hu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
| | - Shi-Qing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China, Jiangsu Province
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4
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Rao L, Xu Y, Shen L, Wang X, Zhao H, Wang B, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Guo Y, Sheng Y, Cheng L, Song Z, Yu F. Small-molecule compound SYG-180-2-2 attenuates Staphylococcus aureus virulence by inhibiting hemolysin and staphyloxanthin production. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1008289. [PMID: 36310881 PMCID: PMC9606476 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1008289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection is still a serious threat to global health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new antibacterial agents based on virulence factor therapy to overcome drug resistance. Previously, we synthesized SYG-180-2-2 (C21H16N2OSe), an effective small molecule compound against biofilm. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-virulence efficacy of SYG-180-2-2 against Staphylococcus aureus. MIC results demonstrated no apparent antibacterial activity of the SYG-180-2-2. The growth curve assay showed that SYG-180-2-2 had nonlethal effect on S. aureus. Besides, SYG-180-2-2 strongly inhibited the hemolytic activity and staphyloxanthin synthesis in S. aureus. Inhibition of staphyloxanthin by SYG-180-2-2 enhanced the sensitivity of S. aureus to oxidants and human whole blood. In addition, SYG-180-2-2 significantly decreased the expression of saeR-mediated hemolytic gene hlb and staphyloxanthin-related crtM, crtN and sigB genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Meanwhile, the expression of oxidative stress-related genes sodA, sodM and katA also decreased. Galleria Mellonella assay revealed that SYG-180-2-2 was not toxic to larvae. Further, the larvae infection model showed that the virulence of bacteria was significantly reduced after 4 μg/mL SYG-180-2-2 treatment. SYG-180-2-2 also reduced skin abscess formation in mice by reducing bacterial burden and subcutaneous inflammation. In conclusion, SYG-180-2-2 might be a promising agent to attenuate the virulence of S. aureus by targeting genes associated with hemolytic activity and staphyloxanthin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Rao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanghua Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinjuan Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoguang Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lixia Cheng
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zengqiang Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangyou Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Nguyen PT, Nguyen NH, Kang YQ, Shimizu K. Cryptococcus neoformans MET5 Gene is not Essential for Virulence in the Silkworm Infection Model. Med Mycol J 2022; 63:77-80. [PMID: 36047186 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.21-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the MET5 gene in virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans was examined using the silkworm Bombyx mori infection model. In the virulence assay, the met5Δ mutant showed virulence not significantly different from the wild-type strain, suggesting that the MET5 gene is not essential for full virulence of C. neoformans. The effect of silkworm hemolymph on the survival of the met5Δ mutant was also tested. The C. neoformans met5Δ strain incubated in the silkworm hemolymph for five days remained viable, suggesting that silkworm hemolymph supports survival of the met5Δ strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Thao Nguyen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Ngoc-Hung Nguyen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Ying-Qian Kang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University
| | - Kiminori Shimizu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science.,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University
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6
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Andoh V, Guan H, Ma L, Zhao W, Li L, Wu G. Evaluation of biological effects of three neodymium compounds on silkworm, Bombyx mori. J RARE EARTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Evaluation of Antibacterial Drugs Using Silkworms Infected by Cutibacterium acnes. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070619. [PMID: 34357279 PMCID: PMC8303438 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes is a causative agent of inflammatory skin diseases and systemic infections. Systemic infections caused by C. acnes are difficult to treat, and the development of a systemic infection model for C. acnes would be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of infection and searching for therapeutic agents. In this study, we established a silkworm infection model as a new experimental system to evaluate the interaction between C. acnes and the host, and the efficacy of antibacterial drugs. Silkworms infected with C. acnes died when reared at 37 °C. The dose of injected bacterial cells required to kill half of the silkworms (LD50) was determined under rearing conditions at 37 °C. The viable cell number of C. acnes was increased in the hemolymph and fat body of the infected silkworms. Silkworms injected with autoclaved C. acnes cells did not die during the study period. The survival time of silkworms injected with C. acnes was prolonged by the injection of antibacterial drugs such as tetracycline and clindamycin. These findings suggest that the silkworm C. acnes infection model can be used to evaluate host toxicity caused by C. acnes and the in vivo efficacy of antimicrobial drugs.
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8
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Abstract
Drugs are developed through basic studies and clinical trials. In basic studies, researchers seek drug candidates using in vitro evaluation systems and subsequently examine their effectiveness in animal experiments as in vivo evaluations. Drug candidates identified in basic studies are tested to determine whether they are effective against human diseases in clinical trials. However, most drug candidates identified in in vitro evaluation systems do not show therapeutic effects in animal experiments due to pharmacokinetics and toxicity problems in the in vivo evaluations. This review outlines drug discovery using insect disease models that allow us to perform in vivo screening. Since insects have various advantages as experimental animals such as low cost for rearing and few ethical concerns, researchers can perform large-scale in vivo screening to find drug candidates. Silkworms are insects frequently used for studies of drug efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. Based on silkworm research, I describe the benefits of using insect disease models for drug discovery. The use of insect disease models for in vivo screening is expected to facilitate drug discovery.
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9
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A novel silkworm infection model with fluorescence imaging using transgenic Trichosporon asahii expressing eGFP. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10991. [PMID: 32620930 PMCID: PMC7335072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii is a pathogenic fungus that causes deep mycosis in patients with neutropenia. Establishing an experimental animal model for quantitatively evaluating pathogenicity and developing a genetic recombination technology will help to elucidate the infection mechanism of T. asahii and promote the development of antifungal drugs. Here we established a silkworm infection model with a transgenic T. asahii strain expressing eGFP. Injecting T. asahii into silkworms eventually killed the silkworms. Moreover, the administration of antifungal agents, such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, and voriconazole, prolonged the survival time of silkworms infected with T. asahii. A transgenic T. asahii strain expressing eGFP was obtained using a gene recombination method with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The T. asahii strain expressing eGFP showed hyphal formation in the silkworm hemolymph. Both hyphal growth and the inhibition of hyphal growth by the administration of antifungal agents were quantitatively estimated by monitoring fluorescence. Our findings suggest that a silkworm infection model using T. asahii expressing eGFP is useful for evaluating both the pathogenicity of T. asahii and the efficacy of antifungal drugs.
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10
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Malavia D, Gow NAR, Usher J. Advances in Molecular Tools and In Vivo Models for the Study of Human Fungal Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E803. [PMID: 32466582 PMCID: PMC7356103 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi represent an increasing infectious disease threat to humans, especially with an increasing challenge of antifungal drug resistance. Over the decades, numerous tools have been developed to expedite the study of pathogenicity, initiation of disease, drug resistance and host-pathogen interactions. In this review, we highlight advances that have been made in the use of molecular tools using CRISPR technologies, RNA interference and transposon targeted mutagenesis. We also discuss the use of animal models in modelling disease of human fungal pathogens, focusing on zebrafish, the silkworm, Galleria mellonella and the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane Usher
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; (D.M.); (N.A.R.G.)
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11
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Oshiro KGN, Rodrigues G, Monges BED, Cardoso MH, Franco OL. Bioactive Peptides Against Fungal Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2169. [PMID: 31681179 PMCID: PMC6797862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by invasive fungal biofilms have been widely associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, mainly due to the advent of antibiotic resistance. Moreover, fungal biofilms impose an additional challenge, leading to multidrug resistance. This fact, along with the contamination of medical devices and the limited number of effective antifungal agents available on the market, demonstrates the importance of finding novel drug candidates targeting pathogenic fungal cells and biofilms. In this context, an alternative strategy is the use of antifungal peptides (AFPs) against fungal biofilms. AFPs are considered a group of bioactive molecules with broad-spectrum activities and multiple mechanisms of action that have been widely used as template molecules for drug design strategies aiming at greater specificity and biological efficacy. Among the AFP classes most studied in the context of fungal biofilms, defensins, cathelicidins and histatins have been described. AFPs can also act by preventing the formation of fungal biofilms and eradicating preformed biofilms through mechanisms associated with cell wall perturbation, inhibition of planktonic fungal cells’ adhesion onto surfaces, gene regulation and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, considering the critical scenario imposed by fungal biofilms and associated infections and the application of AFPs as a possible treatment, this review will focus on the most effective AFPs described to date, with a core focus on antibiofilm peptides, as well as their efficacy in vivo, application on surfaces and proposed mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G N Oshiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Gisele Rodrigues
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruna Estéfani D Monges
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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12
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Matsumoto Y, Sekimizu K. Silkworm as an experimental animal for research on fungal infections. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:41-50. [PMID: 30666711 PMCID: PMC6594098 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Silkworm, Bombyx mori, has various advantages as an experimental animal, such as the low cost for rearing and fewer ethical problems. Models utilizing silkworms of infection with pathogenic bacteria have been established for identification of genes encoding virulence factors by large-scale in vivo screening. In this review, we describe recent progress in the study of silkworm infection models for elucidating the mechanisms of fungi infection. Silkworm infection models have been established for Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans, which are yeast type fungi, and Aspergillus fumigatus, Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii, Arthroderma benhamiae, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, and Rhizopus oryzae, which are filamentous fungi. Novel genes encoding virulence factors in C. albicans and C. glabrata have been identified by using the silkworm infection models. We here outline the benefits of using silkworm infection models and a strategy for identifying the genes responsible for pathogenicity of microorganisms such as fungi. © 2019 The Authors. Microbiology and Immunology Published by The Societies and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology359 OtsukaHachiojiTokyo 192‐0395Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology359 OtsukaHachiojiTokyo 192‐0395Japan
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute102 Next Building, 3‐24‐17 HongoBunkyo‐kuTokyo 113‐0033Japan
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13
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Abdelli N, Peng L, Keping C. Silkworm, Bombyx mori, as an alternative model organism in toxicological research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35048-35054. [PMID: 30374720 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silkworms, Bombyx mori, are a promising model animal in health safety and environmental pollution assessment due to their sensitivity to chemical compounds like pesticides, drugs, and heavy metals, in addition to other features like their low cost and body characteristics and their full genome sequencing. In this review, we summarize the silkworm advantages as a model organism in toxicological research. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouara Abdelli
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Lü Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Chen Keping
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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14
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Abstract
Gnotobiotic animals are useful for investigation of the effects of specific lactic acid bacteria on individual animals. Here we report that lactic acid bacteria colonize and proliferate in the intestinal tract of germ-free silkworms. When silkworms hatching from formalin-treated eggs were reared to fifth-instar larvae with an artificial diet containing antibiotics, bacteria and fungi were not observed in their intestines. An antibiotic-free diet supplemented with viable lactic acid bacteria, such as Enterococcus faecalis 0831-07, Lactococcus lactis 11/19-B1, or Leuconostoc carnosum #7-2, was fed to the germ-free silkworms for 1 day. After feeding the larvae on a diet without lactic acid bacteria for 5 days, each type of lactic acid bacterium was found in the intestine. Moreover, an increase in the number of Enterococcus faecalis 0831-07 was observed in the intestine 2-5 days after ingestion. These findings suggest that we successfully established a method to construct a gnotobiotic silkworm model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd.,Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
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15
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Ishii M, Matsumoto Y, Sekimizu K. Inhibitory effects of alpha-cyclodextrin and its derivative against sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in an in vivo evaluation system. Drug Discov Ther 2018; 12:122-125. [PMID: 29998992 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2018.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CyDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of six to eight glucose residues. Administration of α-CyD (six glucose residues) inhibits sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in humans. Here we show that oral administration of α-CyD and dimethyl α-CyD suppresses sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in an in vivo evaluation system using silkworms. On the other hand, β-CyD (seven glucose residues), γ-CyD (eight glucose residues), and their derivatives did not show the suppressive effect. These findings suggest that dimethyl α-CyD is a new inhibitor against sucrose-induced hyperglycemia and the silkworm system is useful for evaluation of suppressive activities of α-CyD derivatives against postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd.,Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
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16
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Van Dijck P, Sjollema J, Cammue BPA, Lagrou K, Berman J, d’Enfert C, Andes DR, Arendrup MC, Brakhage AA, Calderone R, Cantón E, Coenye T, Cos P, Cowen LE, Edgerton M, Espinel-Ingroff A, Filler SG, Ghannoum M, Gow NA, Haas H, Jabra-Rizk MA, Johnson EM, Lockhart SR, Lopez-Ribot JL, Maertens J, Munro CA, Nett JE, Nobile CJ, Pfaller MA, Ramage G, Sanglard D, Sanguinetti M, Spriet I, Verweij PE, Warris A, Wauters J, Yeaman MR, Zaat SA, Thevissen K. Methodologies for in vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm agents and surface coatings against fungal biofilms. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:300-326. [PMID: 29992128 PMCID: PMC6035839 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.07.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unlike superficial fungal infections of the skin and nails, which are the most common fungal diseases in humans, invasive fungal infections carry high morbidity and mortality, particularly those associated with biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices. Therapeutic management of these complex diseases is often complicated by the rise in resistance to the commonly used antifungal agents. Therefore, the availability of accurate susceptibility testing methods for determining antifungal resistance, as well as discovery of novel antifungal and antibiofilm agents, are key priorities in medical mycology research. To direct advancements in this field, here we present an overview of the methods currently available for determining (i) the susceptibility or resistance of fungal isolates or biofilms to antifungal or antibiofilm compounds and compound combinations; (ii) the in vivo efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm compounds and compound combinations; and (iii) the in vitro and in vivo performance of anti-infective coatings and materials to prevent fungal biofilm-based infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of BioMedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judith Berman
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Christophe d’Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - David R. Andes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maiken C. Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Dept. Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Emilia Cantón
- Severe Infection Research Group: Medical Research Institute La Fe (IISLaFe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Switzerland
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | | | - Scott G. Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Re-serve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neil A.R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Biocenter - Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Johnson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and Clinical Department of Haematology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carol A. Munro
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jeniel E. Nett
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Clarissa J. Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, USA
| | - Michael A. Pfaller
- Departments of Pathology and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
- JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, USA
| | - Gordon Ramage
- ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Switzerland
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, IRCCS-Fondazione Policlinico "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Pharmacy Dpt, University Hospitals Leuven and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Dpt. of Pharmaceutical and Pharma-cological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul E. Verweij
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (omit "Nijmegen" in Radboud University Medical Center)
| | - Adilia Warris
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Joost Wauters
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of General Internal Medicine, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael R. Yeaman
- Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Har-bor-UCLA Medical Center, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Sebastian A.J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Am-sterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Matsumoto Y, Ishii M, Shimizu K, Kawamoto S, Sekimizu K. [A Silkworm Infection Model to Evaluate Antifungal Drugs for Cryptococcosis]. Med Mycol J 2018; 58:E131-E137. [PMID: 29187715 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.17.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective drugs against fungal diseases involves performing infection experiments in animals to evaluate candidate therapeutic compounds. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic fungus that causes deep mycosis, resulting in respiratory illness and meningitis. Here we describe a silkworm system established to evaluate the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drugs against infection by Cryptococcus neoformans and the advantages of this system over other animal models. The silkworm assay system has two major advantages: 1) silkworms are less expensive to rear and their use is less problematic than that of mammals in terms of animal welfare, and 2) in vivo screenings for identifying candidate drugs can be easily performed using a large number of silkworms. The pharmacokinetics of compounds are consistent between silkworms and mammals. Moreover, the ED50 values of antibiotics are concordant between mammalian and silkworm infection models. Furthermore, the body size of silkworms makes them easy to handle in experimental procedures compared with other invertebrate infectious experimental systems, and accurate amounts of pathogens and chemicals can be injected fairly easily. These advantages of silkworms as a host animal make them useful for screening candidate drugs for cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaki Ishii
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology.,Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co. Ltd
| | - Kiminori Shimizu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology.,Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co. Ltd
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18
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Ishii M, Matsumoto Y, Yamada T, Abe S, Sekimizu K. An invertebrate infection model for evaluating anti-fungal agents against dermatophytosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12289. [PMID: 28947778 PMCID: PMC5612966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of pathogenic infection are needed to evaluate candidate compounds for the development of anti-infectious drugs. Dermatophytes are pathogenic fungi that cause several infectious diseases. We established a silkworm dermatophyte infection model to evaluate anti-fungal drugs. Injection of conidia of the dermatophyte Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii into silkworms was lethal. A. vanbreuseghemii conidia germinated in liquid culture were more potent against silkworms than non-germinated conidia. Germinated conidia of other dermatophytes, Arthroderma benhamiae, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum canis, also killed silkworms. Injection of heat-treated germinated A. vanbreuseghemii conidia did not kill silkworms, suggesting that only viable fungi are virulent. Injecting terbinafine or itraconazole, oral drugs used clinically to treat dermatophytosis, into the silkworm midgut had therapeutic effects against infection with germinated A. vanbreuseghemii conidia. When silkworms were injected with A. vanbreuseghemii expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), mycelial growth of the fungus was observed in the fat body and midgut. Injection of terbinafine into the silkworm midgut, which corresponds to oral administration in humans, inhibited the growth of A. vanbreuseghemii expressing eGFP in the fat body. These findings suggest that the silkworm infection model with eGFP-expressing dermatophytes is useful for evaluating the therapeutic activity of orally administered anti-fungal agents against dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ishii
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co. Ltd., 102 Next Building, 3-24-17 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeru Abe
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co. Ltd., 102 Next Building, 3-24-17 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan.
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19
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Ortega-Riveros M, De-la-Pinta I, Marcos-Arias C, Ezpeleta G, Quindós G, Eraso E. Usefulness of the Non-conventional Caenorhabditis elegans Model to Assess Candida Virulence. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:785-795. [PMID: 28523422 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is caused mainly by Candida albicans, but other Candida species have increasing etiologies. These species show different virulence and susceptibility levels to antifungal drugs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the usefulness of the non-conventional model Caenorhabditis elegans to assess the in vivo virulence of seven different Candida species and to compare the virulence in vivo with the in vitro production of proteinases and phospholipases, hemolytic activity and biofilm development capacity. One culture collection strain of each of seven Candida species (C. albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida metapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis and Candida parapsilosis) was studied. A double mutant C. elegans AU37 strain (glp-4;sek-1) was infected with Candida by ingestion, and the analysis of nematode survival was performed in liquid medium every 24 h until 120 h. Candida establishes a persistent lethal infection in the C. elegans intestinal tract. C. albicans and C. krusei were the most pathogenic species, whereas C. dubliniensis infection showed the lowest mortality. C. albicans was the only species with phospholipase activity, was the greatest producer of aspartyl proteinase and had a higher hemolytic activity. C. albicans and C. krusei caused higher mortality than the rest of the Candida species studied in the C. elegans model of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ortega-Riveros
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Unidad de formación e investigación multidisciplinar 'Microbios y Salud' (UFI 11/25), Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iker De-la-Pinta
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Unidad de formación e investigación multidisciplinar 'Microbios y Salud' (UFI 11/25), Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Cristina Marcos-Arias
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Unidad de formación e investigación multidisciplinar 'Microbios y Salud' (UFI 11/25), Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ezpeleta
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain.,Servicio de Medicina Preventiva e Higiene Hospitalaria, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quindós
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Unidad de formación e investigación multidisciplinar 'Microbios y Salud' (UFI 11/25), Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elena Eraso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Unidad de formación e investigación multidisciplinar 'Microbios y Salud' (UFI 11/25), Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain.
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