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Grisard HBDS, Schörner MA, Barazzetti FH, Wachter JK, Valmorbida M, Wagner G, Fongaro G, Bazzo ML. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in patients before, during, and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1355809. [PMID: 38606293 PMCID: PMC11007167 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1355809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) were constantly under the scientific spotlight, but most studies evaluated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression levels in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of both proteins before, during, and after-infection. For that, nasopharyngeal samples from 26 patients were used to measure ACE2/TMPRSS2 ex-pression via qPCR. Symptomatic patients presented lower ACE2 expression levels before and after the infection than those in asymptomatic patients; however, these levels increased during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, symptomatic patients presented higher expression levels of TMPRSS2 pre-infection, which decreased in the following periods. In summary, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression levels are potential risk factors for the development of symptomatic COVID-19, and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 potentially modulates those levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Borges da Silva Grisard
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos André Schörner
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hartmann Barazzetti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Julia Kinetz Wachter
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Manoela Valmorbida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Glauber Wagner
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Bazzo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Mironov AA, Savin MA, Beznoussenko GV. COVID-19 Biogenesis and Intracellular Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054523. [PMID: 36901955 PMCID: PMC10002980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The structure of SARS-CoV-2 and most of its proteins of have been deciphered. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the endocytic pathway and perforates the endosomes' membranes, and its (+) RNA appears in the cytosol. Then, SARS-CoV-2 starts to use the protein machines of host cells and their membranes for its biogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 generates a replication organelle in the reticulo-vesicular network of the zippered endoplasmic reticulum and double membrane vesicles. Then, viral proteins start to oligomerize and are subjected to budding within the ER exit sites, and its virions are passed through the Golgi complex, where the proteins are subjected to glycosylation and appear in post-Golgi carriers. After their fusion with the plasma membrane, glycosylated virions are secreted into the lumen of airways or (seemingly rarely) into the space between epithelial cells. This review focuses on the biology of SARS-CoV-2's interactions with cells and its transport within cells. Our analysis revealed a significant number of unclear points related to intracellular transport in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maksim A. Savin
- The Department for Welding Production and Technology of Constructional Materials, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Prospekt, 29, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Galina V. Beznoussenko
- Department of Cell Biology, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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3
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Pan M, Zhou J, Pan X, Wang J, Qi Q, Wang L. Drugs for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms: Hormonal and non-hormonal therapy. Life Sci 2022; 312:121255. [PMID: 36470539 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal symptoms are systemic symptoms associated with estrogen deficiency after menopause. At present, treatments for postmenopausal symptoms include hormonal therapy (HT) and non-HT. However, the optimal regimen for balancing the benefits and risks remains unclear. This article reviewed the characteristics, regimens, and side effects of drugs used in hormonal and non-HT. However, HT is still the most effective treatment with safety in early initiation since menopause onset. Nevertheless, it is essential to evaluate the risks of related chronic diseases and customize individualized treatments. Possible estetrol preparations and more types of Tissue Selective Estrogen Complex formulations are potential directions of drug development in the future of HT. Regarding non-HT, fezolinetant, currently in phase III clinical trials, is poised to become a first-in-class therapy for vasomotor symptoms. Ospemifene, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and vaginal lasers can also be used for moderate-to-severe genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Recent data suggest a superior efficacy and safety of vaginal lasers, but more validated evidence of long-term tolerability is needed to respond to the United States Food and Drug Administration warning. Herbal medication commonly used in Asia is effective in alleviating menopausal symptoms; however, its adverse effects still require more detailed reports and standardized observation methods. This review contributes to a better understanding of drugs for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms and provides useful information for clinical drug selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Pan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyao Pan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Qi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Ranjbar T, Oza PP, Kashfi K. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Nitric Oxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide at the Crossroads of Hypertension and COVID-19: Racial Disparities and Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213895. [PMID: 36430371 PMCID: PMC9699619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is more severe in the elderly, racial minorities, and those with comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. These pathologies are often controlled with medications involving the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is an endocrine system involved in maintaining blood pressure and blood volume through components of the system. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells through ACE2, a membrane-bound protein related to RAAS. Therefore, the use of RAAS inhibitors could worsen the severity of COVID-19's symptoms, especially amongst those with pre-existing comorbidities. Although a vaccine is currently available to prevent and reduce the symptom severity of COVID-19, other options, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, may also have utility to prevent and treat this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Ranjbar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Palak P. Oza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence:
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Aftab OM, Modak A, Patel JC. Temporal variation, socioeconomic status, and out‐of‐hospital deaths as factors that influence mortality rates among hospitalized COVID‐19 patients receiving ACEIs/ARBs. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2022; 24:519-520. [PMID: 35312155 PMCID: PMC8989749 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Owais M. Aftab
- Department of Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark New Jersey USA
| | - Anurag Modak
- Department of Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark New Jersey USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Rutgers University Piscataway New Jersey USA
| | - Jai C. Patel
- Department of Medicine New Jersey Medical School Rutgers University Newark New Jersey USA
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6
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on human health and economic development over the past two years. Therapeutics in combination with vaccines are critical measures to fight the pandemic. The three areas of drug development are blocking the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells, suppressing viral replication inside cells, and regulating the immune system, and important advances have recently been made in those areas. Increasing numbers of neutralizing antibodies and small molecules that show promise have been fully approved or authorized for emergency use, resulting in decreased mortality of patients with COVID-19. The use of therapeutics will have a great impact on formulating and revising public policies to control the pandemic. The pace of lifting of restrictions and economic recovery worldwide will also accelerate in the future. Here, the drugs or agents that have attracted considerable attention and that have led to remarkable progress in the fight against COVID-19 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fusheng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Rodrigues R, Costa de Oliveira S. The Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ( ACE2) Expression Levels in Patients with Comorbidities on COVID-19 Severity: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1692. [PMID: 34442770 PMCID: PMC8398209 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been proved to be the main host cell receptor for the binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds to ACE2 to initiate the process of replication. This enzyme is widely present in human organ tissues, such as the heart and lung. The pathophysiology of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 infection is complex and may be associated with several factors and conditions that are more severe in COVID-19 patients, such as age, male gender, and comorbidities, namely, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, obesity, and diabetes. Here we present a comprehensive review that aims to correlate the levels of expression of the ACE2 in patients with comorbidities and with a poor outcome in COVID-19 disease. Significantly higher levels of expression of ACE2 were observed in myocardial and lung tissues in heart failure and COPD patients, respectively. An age-dependent increase in SARS2-CoV-2 receptors in the respiratory epithelium may be also responsible for the increased severity of COVID-19 lung disease in elderly people. Although the role of ACE2 is highlighted regarding the damage that can arise upon the SARS-CoV-2 invasion, there was no association observed between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Sofia Costa de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), R. Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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