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Song JY, Wu HX, Li JC, Ding WF, Gong CL, Zeng XY, Wijayawardene NN, Yang DX. Taxonomy and evolution history of two new litter-decomposing Ciliochorella (Amphisphaeriales, Sporocadaceae). MycoKeys 2023; 100:95-121. [PMID: 38025587 PMCID: PMC10660159 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.100.108863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Ciliochorella is a group of pestalotioid fungi, which typically occurs in subtropical and tropical areas. Species from the Ciliochorella genus play important roles in the decomposition of litter. In this study, we introduce two new species (Ciliochorellachinensissp. nov. and C.savannicasp. nov.) that were found on leaf litter collected from savanna-like vegetation in hot dry valleys of southwestern China. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS and tub2 sequence datasets indicated that C.chinensis and C.savannica respectively form a distinct clade within the Ciliochorella genus. The comparison of the morphological characteristics indicated that the two new species are well differentiated within this genus species. Analysis of the evolutionary history suggests that Ciliochorella originated from the Eurasian continent during the Paleogene (38 Mya). Further, we find that both new species can produce cellulase and laccase, playing a decomposer role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Song
- International Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, ChinaInternational Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
| | - Hai-Xia Wu
- International Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, ChinaInternational Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming 650224, ChinaKey Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects, National Forestry and Grassland AdministrationKunmingChina
| | - Jin-Chen Li
- International Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, ChinaInternational Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
| | - Wei-Feng Ding
- International Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, ChinaInternational Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming 650224, ChinaKey Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects, National Forestry and Grassland AdministrationKunmingChina
| | - Cui-Ling Gong
- International Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, ChinaInternational Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
| | - Xiang-Yu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Nalin N. Wijayawardene
- Centre for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, ChinaQujing Normal UniversityQujingChina
| | - Da-Xin Yang
- Kunming Branch (KMB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan 650204, ChinaKunming Branch (KMB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)KunmingChina
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Guo Z, Wu H, Peng B, Kang B, Liu L, Luo C, Gu Q. Identifying pathogenicity-related genes in the pathogen Colletotrichum magnum causing watermelon anthracnose disease via T-DNA insertion mutagenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1220116. [PMID: 37547676 PMCID: PMC10399754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1220116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit rot caused by Colletotrichum magnum is a crucial watermelon disease threatening the production and quality. To understand the pathogenic mechanism of C. magnum, we optimized the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system (ATMT) for genetic transformation of C. magnum. The transformation efficiency of ATMT was an average of around 245 transformants per 100 million conidia. Southern blot analysis indicated that approximately 75% of the mutants contained a single copy of T-DNA. Pathogenicity test revealed that three mutants completely lost pathogenicity. The T-DNA integration sites (TISs) of three mutants were Identified. In mutant Cm699, the TISs were found in the intron region of the gene, which encoded a protein containing AP-2 complex subunit σ, and simultaneous gene deletions were observed. Two deleted genes encoded the transcription initiation protein SPT3 and a hypothetical protein, respectively. In mutant Cm854, the TISs were found in the 5'-flanking regions of a gene that was similar to the MYO5 encoding Myosin I of Pyricularia oryzae (78%). In mutant Cm1078, the T-DNA was integrated into the exon regions of two adjacent genes. One was 5'-3' exoribonuclease 1 encoding gene while the other encoded a WD-repeat protein retinoblastoma binding protein 4, the homolog of the MSl1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijie Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Peng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoshan Kang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liming Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Ujat AH, Ono T, Hattori Y, Nakashima C. Re-Examination of Several Elsinoë Species Reported from Japan. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:122-138. [PMID: 37359956 PMCID: PMC10288934 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2219049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Elsinoë are plant pathogenic fungi that cause scabs, spotted anthracnose, and some morphological distortions on various plants, including woody plants, economically important crops, and ornamental plants. Taxonomical reexamination of Elsinoë species in Japan has not yet been conducted based on the modern species criteria. In this study, several Japanese isolates were reexamine based on the morphological and molecular-phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), large subunit gene (LSU)m and protein-coding gene such as RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2) and Translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef). Japanese isolates were divided into four clades and three new species, Elsinoë hydrangeae, E. sumire, and E. tanashiensis were proposed. One species, Sphaceloma akebiae, was transferred to the genus Elsinoë.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anysia Hedy Ujat
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ono
- Tokyo Metropolitan Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Hattori
- Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Su J, Liu J, Hu Y, Wang Y, Jia Y, Liang X, Fan S, Hu H, Bao J. High-Quality Genome Sequence Resource of Elsinoë arachidis Strain LY-HS-1, Causing Scab Disease of Peanut. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1506-1509. [PMID: 35357216 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2549-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Su
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yanping Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yue Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shaobin Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongli Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- The Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Colletotrichum species and complexes: geographic distribution, host range and conservation status. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Stalpers JA, Redhead SA, May TW, Rossman AY, Crouch JA, Cubeta MA, Dai YC, Kirschner R, Langer GJ, Larsson KH, Mack J, Norvell LL, Oberwinkler F, Papp V, Roberts P, Rajchenberg M, Seifert KA, Thorn RG. Competing sexual-asexual generic names in Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) with recommendations for use. IMA Fungus 2021; 12:22. [PMID: 34380577 PMCID: PMC8359032 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-021-00061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the change to one scientific name for fungal taxa, generic names typified by species with sexual or asexual morph types are being evaluated to determine which names represent the same genus and thus compete for use. In this paper generic names of the Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) were evaluated to determine synonymy based on their type. Forty-seven sets of sexually and asexually typified names were determined to be congeneric and recommendations are made for which generic name to use. In most cases the principle of priority is followed. However, 16 generic names are recommended for use that do not have priority and thus need to be protected: Aleurocystis over Matula; Armillaria over Acurtis and Rhizomorpha; Asterophora over Ugola; Botryobasidium over Acladium, Allescheriella, Alysidium, Haplotrichum, Physospora, and Sporocephalium; Coprinellus over Ozonium; Coprinopsis over Rhacophyllus; Dendrocollybia over Sclerostilbum and Tilachlidiopsis; Diacanthodes over Bornetina; Echinoporia over Echinodia; Neolentinus over Digitellus; Postia over Ptychogaster; Riopa over Sporotrichum; Scytinostroma over Artocreas, Michenera, and Stereofomes; Tulasnella over Hormomyces; Typhula over Sclerotium; and Wolfiporia over Gemmularia and Pachyma. Nine species names are proposed for protection: Botryobasidium aureum, B. conspersum, B. croceum, B. simile, Pellicularia lembosporum (syn. B. lembosporum), Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Polyporus metamorphosus (syn. Riopa metamorphosa), Polyporus mylittae (syn. Laccocephalum mylittae), and Polyporus ptychogaster (syn. Postia ptychogaster). Two families are proposed for protection: Psathyrellaceae and Typhulaceae. Three new species names and 30 new combinations are established, and one lectotype is designated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott A Redhead
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, CEF, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OC6, Canada
| | - Tom W May
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, 100 Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Amy Y Rossman
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Jo Anne Crouch
- USDA-ARS, Mycology & Nematology Genetic Diversity & Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Marc A Cubeta
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Yu-Cheng Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Roland Kirschner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Gitta Jutta Langer
- Department of Forest Protection, Northwest German Forest Research Institute (NW-FVA), 37079, Goettingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Mack
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, CEF, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OC6, Canada
| | | | - Franz Oberwinkler
- Lehrstuhl für Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Botanisches Institut, Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Viktor Papp
- Department of Botany, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Mario Rajchenberg
- Centro Forestal CIEFAP, C.C. 14, 9200, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina.,National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Keith A Seifert
- Department of Biology, Carlton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - R Greg Thorn
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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8
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New species and records of Helicosporium sensu lato from Taiwan, with a reflection on current generic circumscription. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Bock CH, Hotchkiss MW. A Comparison of Ground-Based Air-Blast Sprayer and Aircraft Application of Fungicides to Manage Scab in Tall Pecan Trees. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1675-1684. [PMID: 32320372 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2345-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pecan scab (caused by Venturia effusa) is a destructive disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. Susceptible cultivars must be sprayed with fungicide every 10 to 21 days to ensure yield and kernel quality. Fungicide is most often applied using large orchard air-blast sprayers. Pecan trees grow tall, and air-blast sprays result in a gradient in spray deposition and consequently of scab. Aerial fungicide application is also practiced. Disease distribution and spray deposition of the two methods have not been compared but will provide information aiding decisions on spray application methods. We compared air-blast, aerial, and air-blast + aerial applications for efficacy controlling scab at five heights in the canopy of 25-m cultivar Schley pecan trees. There was a negative relationship between scab severity and height in control trees, a positive linear relationship with height in air-blast treated trees, and a generally negative linear relationship between scab severity and height in aerially treated trees. Air-blast + aerial treatments resulted in low severity of scab at all heights. Spray deposition on water-sensitive cards indicated a declining gradient with height using an air-blast sprayer, whereas aerial applications resulted in a low deposition at all sample heights. Air-blast sprays tended to result in less good control at heights >12.5 m, and aerially treated trees at ≤7.5 m. The results provide insight into the efficacy and advantages of these methods for applying fungicide to control scab in tall pecan trees; further research is needed to better understand the impact of frequency and timing of these two methods.
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Charlton ND, Yi M, Bock CH, Zhang M, Young CA. First description of the sexual stage of Venturia effusa, causal agent of pecan scab. Mycologia 2020; 112:711-721. [PMID: 32469692 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1759998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pecan scab, caused by Venturia effusa, is the most prevalent disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. Recent characterization of the mating type (MAT) distribution of V. effusa revealed that the MAT idiomorphs are in equilibrium at various spatial scales, indicative of regular sexual recombination. However, the occurrence of the sexual stage of V. effusa has never been observed, and the pathogen was previously considered to rely entirely on asexual reproduction. We were able to generate the sexual stage by pairing isolates of opposite mating types on oatmeal culture media. Cultures were incubated at 24 C for 2 mo to allow hyphae from isolates of each mating type to interact. Culture plates were then incubated at 4 C for 4 mo, after which immature pseudothecia were observed. Following exposure to a 12-h photoperiod for 2 wk at 24 C, asci and ascospores readily developed. Pseudothecium and ascospore production was optimal when incubated for 4 mo at 4 C. We utilized progeny from a cross of an albino isolate and wild-type (melanized) isolates to determine that recombination had occurred. Multilocus genotyping using 32 microsatellite markers confirmed that progeny were the result of recombination, which was further supported by segregation of mating types and culture pigmentation. Albino progeny were all confirmed to contain the same mutation in the polyketide synthase (PKS1) melanin biosynthesis gene as the albino parent. The results of this study demonstrate the heterothallic nature of V. effusa. The impact of determining the source of the overwintering ascostroma will aid in management decisions to reduce the primary inoculum in the disease cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mihwa Yi
- Noble Research Institute , LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Clive H Bock
- Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Byron, Georgia 31008
| | - Minling Zhang
- Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Byron, Georgia 31008
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Li WJ, McKenzie EHC, Liu JK(J, Bhat DJ, Dai DQ, Camporesi E, Tian Q, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Luo ZL, Shang QJ, Zhang JF, Tangthirasunun N, Karunarathna SC, Xu JC, Hyde KD. Taxonomy and phylogeny of hyaline-spored coelomycetes. FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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He MQ, Zhao RL, Hyde KD, Begerow D, Kemler M, Yurkov A, McKenzie EHC, Raspé O, Kakishima M, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Vellinga EC, Halling R, Papp V, Zmitrovich IV, Buyck B, Ertz D, Wijayawardene NN, Cui BK, Schoutteten N, Liu XZ, Li TH, Yao YJ, Zhu XY, Liu AQ, Li GJ, Zhang MZ, Ling ZL, Cao B, Antonín V, Boekhout T, da Silva BDB, De Crop E, Decock C, Dima B, Dutta AK, Fell JW, Geml J, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Giachini AJ, Gibertoni TB, Gorjón SP, Haelewaters D, He SH, Hodkinson BP, Horak E, Hoshino T, Justo A, Lim YW, Menolli N, Mešić A, Moncalvo JM, Mueller GM, Nagy LG, Nilsson RH, Noordeloos M, Nuytinck J, Orihara T, Ratchadawan C, Rajchenberg M, Silva-Filho AGS, Sulzbacher MA, Tkalčec Z, Valenzuela R, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Wartchow F, Wei TZ, Weiß M, Zhao CL, Kirk PM. Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-019-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
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Bock CH, Chiang KS. Disease Incidence-Severity Relationships on Leaflets, Leaves, and Fruit in the Pecan- Venturia effusa Pathosystem. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2865-2876. [PMID: 31469360 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-18-1950-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The most destructive disease of pecan in the southeastern United States is scab, caused by Venturia effusa. Incidence (I)-severity (S) relationships have not previously been characterized in this pathosystem, but incidence measures can save time and should have higher accuracy compared with estimates of severity. Ten scab-susceptible cultivars and seedling trees were assessed for I and S of scab on fruit (1,972 trees) and foliage (compound leaves and leaflets, 1,129 trees) between 2010 and 2014. Samples were assessed on a tree basis, and sample size ranged from 10 to 100 specimens per tree. The range in mean I and S was different depending on the organ (fruit I = 0 to 100%, S = 0 to 100%; compound leaves and leaflets, I = 0 to 100%, S = 0-10.1%, respectively). However, mean I could be 100% at a mean S < 2.0% for fruit, compound leaves, and leaflets. Both I and S data were transformed by complementary log-log prior to linear regression analysis. A linear regression model described the relationship between transformed I and S per tree for fruit (P ≤ 0.0001, R2 = 0.61), compound leaves (P ≤ 0.0001, R2 = 0.82), and leaflets (P ≤ 0.0001, R2 = 0.91) for all cultivars. The regression analysis showed significant effects of cultivar and year on the relationship between I and S; therefore, separate analyses were performed for each cultivar and year. Back-transformed predicted severity values showed that the differences among cultivars and years were negligible at severity <80%, and were generally numerically small at severity >80%. The observation that low severity persists until a high incidence of scab is achieved may limit the ability of incidence data to clearly differentiate treatment effects, even when based on the CLL transformation. But if found to be effective, and if used, it would reduce the labor requirements and result in more accurate data being obtained, as incidence estimates do not tend to suffer from the same subjective biases as do visual estimates of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuo-Szu Chiang
- Division of Biometrics, Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Damm U, Sato T, Alizadeh A, Groenewald J, Crous P. The Colletotrichum dracaenophilum, C. magnum and C. orchidearum species complexes. Stud Mycol 2019; 92:1-46. [PMID: 29997400 PMCID: PMC6030544 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Glomerella glycines, Colletotrichum magnum and C. orchidearum are known as causal agents of anthracnose of soybean, Cucurbitaceae and Orchidaceae, respectively, their taxonomy remains unresolved. In preliminary analyses based on ITS, strains of these species appear basal in Colletotrichum phylogenies, clustering close to C. cliviae, C. brevisporum and other recently described species from tropical or subtropical regions. Phylogenetic analyses (ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT, TUB2) of 102 strains previously identified as Ga. glycines, C. magnum and C. orchidearum as well as other related strains from different culture collections and studies placed these taxa in three species complexes, and distinguished at least 24 species, including 11 new species. In this study, C. magnum, C. orchidearum and C. piperis were epitypified and their taxonomy resolved, while C. cliviicola was proposed as a new name for C. cliviae. Furthermore, a sexual morph was observed for C. yunnanense, while C. brevisporum, C. cliviicola and C. tropicicola were reported from new hosts or countries. Regarding their conidial morphology, species in the C. dracaenophilum, C. magnum and C. orchidearum species complexes are reminiscent of C. gloeosporioides or C. boninense s. lat., and were likely to be confused with them in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Damm
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - T. Sato
- Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - A. Alizadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Wentzel LCP, Inforsato FJ, Montoya QV, Rossin BG, Nascimento NR, Rodrigues A, Sette LD. Fungi from Admiralty Bay (King George Island, Antarctica) Soils and Marine Sediments. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:12-24. [PMID: 29916010 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extreme environments such as the Antarctic can lead to the discovery of new microbial taxa, as well as to new microbial-derived natural products. Considering that little is known yet about the diversity and the genetic resources present in these habitats, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the fungal communities from extreme environments collected at Aldmiralty Bay (Antarctica). A total of 891 and 226 isolates was obtained from soil and marine sediment samples, respectively. The most abundant isolates from soil samples were representatives of the genera Leucosporidium, Pseudogymnoascus, and a non-identified Ascomycota NIA6. Metschnikowia sp. was the most abundant taxon from marine samples, followed by isolates from the genera Penicillium and Pseudogymnoascus. Many of the genera were exclusive in marine sediment or terrestrial samples. However, representatives of eight genera were found in both types of samples. Data from non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that each sampling site is unique in their physical-chemical composition and fungal community. Biotechnological potential in relation to enzymatic production at low/moderate temperatures was also investigated. Ligninolytic enzymes were produced by few isolates from root-associated soil. Among the fungi isolated from marine sediments, 16 yeasts and nine fungi showed lipase activity and three yeasts and six filamentous fungi protease activity. The present study permitted increasing our knowledge on the diversity of fungi that inhabit the Antarctic, finding genera that have never been reported in this environment before and discovering putative new species of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Costa Pinto Wentzel
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio José Inforsato
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Quimi Vidaurre Montoya
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Gomes Rossin
- Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Planejamento Territorial e Geoprocessamento, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadia Regina Nascimento
- Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Planejamento Territorial e Geoprocessamento, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - André Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Lara Durães Sette
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, 13506-900, SP, Brazil.
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Kruse J, Pia¸tek M, Lutz M, Thines M. Broad host range species in specialised pathogen groups should be treated with suspicion - a case study on Entyloma infecting Ranunculus. PERSOONIA 2018; 41:175-201. [PMID: 30728604 PMCID: PMC6344810 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic smut fungi in the broader sense can be divided into the Ustilaginomycetes, which cause classical smut symptoms with masses of blackish spores being produced in a variety of angiosperms, and the Exobasidiomycetes, which are often less conspicuous, as many do not shed large amounts of blackish spores. The leaf-spot causing members of the genus Entyloma (Entylomatales, Exobasidiomycetes) belong to the latter group. Currently, 172 species that all infect eudicots are included in the genus. Vánky (2012) recognised five Entyloma species on species of Ranunculus s.lat. Two have been reported only from Ficaria verna s.lat., while three, E. microsporum, E. ranunculi-repentis, E. verruculosum, have been reported to have a broad host range, encompassing 30, 26, and 5 species of Ranunculus, respectively. This broad host range is in contrast to the generally high host specificity assumed for species of Entyloma, indicating that they may represent complexes of specialised species. The aim of this study was to investigate Entyloma on Ranunculus s.lat. using multigene phylogenies and morphological comparisons. Phylogenetic analyses on the basis of up to four loci (ITS, atp2, ssc1, and map) showed a clustering of Entyloma specimens according to host species. For some of these Entyloma lineages, names not currently in use were available and reinstated. In addition, Entyloma microsporum s.str. is neotypified. Six novel species are described in this study, namely, Entyloma jolantae on Ranunculus oreophilus, E. klenkei on R. marginatus, E. kochmanii on R. lanuginosus, E. piepenbringiae on R. polyanthemos subsp. nemorosus (type host) and R. repens, E. savchenkoi on R. paludosus, and E. thielii on R. montanus. For all species diagnostic bases and morphological characteristics are provided. The results in this study once more highlight the importance of detailed re-investigation of broad host-range pathogens of otherwise specialised plant pathogen groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kruse
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M. Pia¸tek
- Department of Mycology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland
| | - M. Lutz
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - M. Thines
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bock CH, Young CA, Stevenson KL, Charlton ND. Fine-Scale Population Genetic Structure and Within-Tree Distribution of Mating Types of Venturia effusa, Cause of Pecan Scab in the United States. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1326-1336. [PMID: 29771192 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-18-0068-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Scab (caused by Venturia effusa) is the major disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. There is no information available on the fine-scale population genetic diversity or the occurrence of clonal types at small spatial scales that provides insight into inoculum sources and dispersal mechanisms, and potential opportunity for sexual reproduction. To investigate fine-scale genetic diversity, four trees of cultivar Wichita (populations) were sampled hierarchically: within each tree canopy, four approximately evenly spaced terminals (subpopulations) were selected and up to six leaflets (sub-subpopulations) were sampled from different compound leaves on each terminal. All lesions (n = 1 to 8) on each leaflet were sampled. The isolates were screened against a panel of 29 informative microsatellite markers and the resulting multilocus genotypes (MLG) subject to analysis. Mating type was also determined for each isolate. Of 335 isolates, there were 165 MLG (clonal fraction 49.3%). Nei's unbiased measure of genetic diversity for the clone-corrected data were moderate to high (0.507). An analysis of molecular variance demonstrated differentiation (P = 0.001) between populations on leaflets within individual terminals and between terminals within trees in the tree canopies, with 93.8% of variance explained among isolates within leaflet populations. Other analyses (minimum-spanning network, Bayesian, and discriminant analysis of principal components) all indicated little affinity of isolate for source population. Of the 335 isolates, most unique MLG were found at the stratum of the individual leaflets (n = 242), with similar total numbers of unique MLG observed at the strata of the terminal (n = 170), tree (n = 166), and orchard (n = 165). Thus, the vast majority of shared clones existed on individual leaflets on a terminal at the scale of 10s of centimeters or less, indicating a notable component of short-distance dispersal. There was significant linkage disequilibrium (P < 0.001), and an analysis of Psex showed that where there were multiple encounters of an MLG, they were most probably the result of asexual reproduction (P < 0.05) but there was no evidence that asexual reproduction was involved in single or first encounters of an MLG (P > 0.05). Overall, the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 idiomorphs were at equilibrium (73:92) and in most populations, subpopulations, and sub-subpopulations. Both mating types were frequently observed on the same leaflet. The results provide novel information on the characteristics of populations of V. effusa at fine spatial scales, and provide insights into the dispersal of the organism within and between trees. The proximity of both mating idiomorphs on single leaflets is further evidence of opportunity for development of the sexual stage in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive H Bock
- First author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; second and fourth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; and third author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Carolyn A Young
- First author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; second and fourth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; and third author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Katherine L Stevenson
- First author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; second and fourth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; and third author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Nikki D Charlton
- First author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; second and fourth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; and third author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
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Pérez-Brito D, Cortes-Velázquez A, Valencia-Yah T, Magaña-Álvarez A, Navarro C, Moreno B, Quiroga S, Tapia-Tussell R. Genetic variation of Colletotrichum magnum isolated from Carica papaya as revealed by DNA fingerprinting. J Microbiol 2018; 56:813-821. [PMID: 30353467 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mexico is one of the five largest producers of papaya worldwide, but losses caused by pathogens, mainly fungus, at the pre- and post-harvest stages are often more than 50% of the crop. Papaya anthracnose, caused by three different species of the Colletotrichum genus in Mexico, occupies a preponderant place in this problem. Although two of these species, C. gloeosporiodes and C. truncatum, have been characterized morphologically and genotypically, this has not occurred with C. magnum, the third species involved, about which there is very little information. Because of this, it is vital to know its genetic characterization, much more so considering that the studies carried out on the other two species reveal a wide genetic diversity, differences in pathogenicity and in the response to fungicides of the different strains characterized. In this work, Colletotrichum spp. isolates were collected at different papaya orchards in the south-southeast of Mexico. C. magnum isolates identified by species-specific primers were characterized by morphological and molecular approaches. Differences in colony characteristics resulted in five morphological groups. AP-PCR, DAMD and ISSR markers were found to be very efficient for revealing the interspecific variability of this species. The high genetic variability found in the accessions of C. magnum was linked to the geographical area where they were collected. Isolates from Chiapas State were the most variable, showing point mutations in the ITS1-ITS2 region. These results will enable a better phytosanitary management of anthracnose in papaya in this region of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Pérez-Brito
- Laboratorio GeMBio, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Yucatán, 97200, México
| | | | - Teresita Valencia-Yah
- Laboratorio GeMBio, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Yucatán, 97200, México
| | - Anuar Magaña-Álvarez
- Laboratorio GeMBio, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Yucatán, 97200, México
| | - Cuauhtémoc Navarro
- Nature Source Improved Plants de México SA de CV. Rancho El Rocío S/N, Chiapas, 38850, México
| | - Blanca Moreno
- Nature Source Improved Plants de México SA de CV. Rancho El Rocío S/N, Chiapas, 38850, México
| | - Steven Quiroga
- Nature Source Improved Plants de México SA de CV. Rancho El Rocío S/N, Chiapas, 38850, México
| | - Raúl Tapia-Tussell
- Unidad de Energía Renovable, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Yucatán, 97200, México.
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20
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Young CA, Bock CH, Charlton ND, Mattupalli C, Krom N, Bowen JK, Templeton M, Plummer KM, Wood BW. Evidence for Sexual Reproduction: Identification, Frequency, and Spatial Distribution of Venturia effusa (Pecan Scab) Mating Type Idiomorphs. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:837-846. [PMID: 29381450 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-17-0233-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Venturia effusa (syn. Fusicladium effusum), causal agent of pecan scab, is the most prevalent pathogen of pecan (Carya illinoinensis), causing severe yield losses in the southeastern United States. V. effusa is currently known only by its asexual (conidial) stage. However, the degree and distribution of genetic diversity observed within and among populations of V. effusa are typical of a sexually reproducing fungal pathogen, and comparable with other dothideomycetes with a known sexual stage, including the closely related apple scab pathogen, V. inaequalis. Using the mating type (MAT) idiomorphs from V. inaequalis, we identified a single MAT gene, MAT1-1-1, in a draft genome of V. effusa. The MAT1-1-1 locus is flanked by two conserved genes encoding a DNA lyase (APN2) and a hypothetical protein. The MAT locus spanning the flanking genes was amplified and sequenced from a subset of 14 isolates, of which 7 contained MAT1-1-1 and the remaining samples contained MAT1-2-1. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction screen was developed to amplify MAT1-1-1, MAT1-2-1, and a conserved reference gene encoding β-tubulin, and used to screen 784 monoconidial isolates of V. effusa collected from 11 populations of pecan across the southeastern United States. A hierarchical sampling protocol representing region, orchard, and tree allowed for analysis of MAT structure at different spatial scales. Analysis of this collection revealed the frequency of the MAT idiomorphs is in a 1:1 equilibrium of MAT1-1:MAT1-2. The apparent equilibrium of the MAT idiomorphs provides impetus for a renewed effort to search for the sexual stage of V. effusa. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Young
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401; second and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; sixth and seventh authors: The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; seventh author: The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; eighth author: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, AgriBiosciences Research Centre, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clive H Bock
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401; second and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; sixth and seventh authors: The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; seventh author: The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; eighth author: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, AgriBiosciences Research Centre, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nikki D Charlton
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401; second and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; sixth and seventh authors: The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; seventh author: The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; eighth author: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, AgriBiosciences Research Centre, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chakradhar Mattupalli
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401; second and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; sixth and seventh authors: The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; seventh author: The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; eighth author: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, AgriBiosciences Research Centre, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nick Krom
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401; second and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; sixth and seventh authors: The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; seventh author: The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; eighth author: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, AgriBiosciences Research Centre, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401; second and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; sixth and seventh authors: The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; seventh author: The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; eighth author: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, AgriBiosciences Research Centre, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Templeton
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401; second and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; sixth and seventh authors: The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; seventh author: The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; eighth author: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, AgriBiosciences Research Centre, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim M Plummer
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401; second and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; sixth and seventh authors: The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; seventh author: The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; eighth author: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, AgriBiosciences Research Centre, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce W Wood
- First, third, fourth, and fifth authors: Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401; second and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; sixth and seventh authors: The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; seventh author: The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; eighth author: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, AgriBiosciences Research Centre, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Before the application of molecular techniques, evolutionary relationships between sequestrate genera and their epigeous counterparts in the Russulaceae were unclear. Based on overwhelming evidence now available, personal observations, and consideration of the International Code for Nomenclature of Algae, Fungi and Plants, we combine the overlapping sequestrate generic names Bucholtzia, Cystangium, Elasmomyces, Gymnomyces, Macowanites, and Martellia with the agaricoid genus Russula. This nomenclatural action follows precedents set by earlier mycologists and continues an effort to create clarity in our understanding of the evolutionary affiliations among sequestrate fungi - particularly the Russulaceae. We also provide the first comprehensive list of described sequestrate species of Russula.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Elliott
- Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - J M Trappe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5752, USA.,U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-8550, USA
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22
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Medrano EG, Grauke LJ, Stanford RL, Thompson TE. Evidence for the presence of a bacterial endosymbiont in the pecan scab pathogen Venturia effusa (basyonym: Fusicladium effusum). J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:491-497. [PMID: 28561954 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether Venturia effusa, the causative fungal agent of pecan scab, harbours a bacterial symbiont. METHODS AND RESULTS Venturia effusa isolates were maintained on potato dextrose agar amended with antibiotics (chloramphenicol (100 μg ml-1 ) and tetracycline 100 (μg ml-1 )). Genomic DNA extracted from mycelia was used to target eubacterial 16S rDNA. A 1·4-kbp PCR amplified product using 16S rDNA degenerate primers was cloned, sequenced and found to have 99% identities with Actinobacteria representatives. Attempts to culture the detected bacteria apart from the fungus following agitation and fungal cell lysis were unsuccessful using standard bacteriological media under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Fungal structures were visualized using scanning electron microscopy and putative bacterial formations associated with the fungal mycelia were observed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using 16S rDNA oligonucleotides illuminated spores and portions of the hyphae. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to provide both molecular microbiological and microscopic evidence in support of the hypothesis that V. effusa harbours endosymbiotic bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Findings from this research contribute fundamental information regarding the biology of the fungus that may ultimately lead to identifying a target of the pathogen for use in management and/or avoidance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Medrano
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, College Station, TX, USA
| | - L J Grauke
- Crop Germplasm Research Unit, College Station, TX, USA
| | - R L Stanford
- Crop Germplasm Research Unit, College Station, TX, USA
| | - T E Thompson
- Crop Germplasm Research Unit, College Station, TX, USA
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24
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Fan X, Barreto R, Groenewald J, Bezerra J, Pereira O, Cheewangkoon R, Mostert L, Tian C, Crous P. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the scab and spot anthracnose fungus Elsinoë ( Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes). Stud Mycol 2017; 87:1-41. [PMID: 28373739 PMCID: PMC5367849 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Elsinoë are phytopathogens causing scab and spot anthracnose on many plants, including some economically important crops such as avocado, citrus, grapevines, and ornamentals such as poinsettias, field crops and woody hosts. Disease symptoms are often easily recognisable, and referred to as signature-bearing diseases, for the cork-like appearance of older infected tissues with scab-like appearance. In some Elsinoë-host associations the resulting symptoms are better described as spot anthracnose. Additionally the infected plants may also show mild to severe distortions of infected organs. Isolation of Elsinoë in pure culture can be very challenging and examination of specimens collected in the field is often frustrating because of the lack of fertile structures. Current criteria for species recognition and host specificity in Elsinoë are unclear due to overlapping morphological characteristics, and the lack of molecular and pathogenicity data. In the present study we revised the taxonomy of Elsinoë based on DNA sequence and morphological data derived from 119 isolates, representing 67 host genera from 17 countries, including 64 ex-type cultures. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU, rpb2 and TEF1-α DNA sequence data were used to reconstruct the backbone phylogeny of the genus Elsinoë. Based on the single nomenclature for fungi, 26 new combinations are proposed in Elsinoë for species that were originally described in Sphaceloma. A total of 13 species are epitypified with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. A further eight new species are introduced, leading to a total of 75 Elsinoë species supported by molecular data in the present study. For the most part species of Elsinoë appear to be host specific, although the majority of the species treated are known only from a few isolates, and further collections and pathogenicity studies will be required to reconfirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- X.L. Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - R.W. Barreto
- Departmento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J.D.P. Bezerra
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Centro de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - O.L. Pereira
- Departmento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - R. Cheewangkoon
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - L. Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - C.M. Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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25
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Bock CH, Hotchkiss MW, Young CA, Charlton ND, Chakradhar M, Stevenson KL, Wood BW. Population Genetic Structure of Venturia effusa, Cause of Pecan Scab, in the Southeastern United States. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:607-619. [PMID: 28414611 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-16-0376-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Venturia effusa is the most important pathogen of pecan in the southeastern United States. Little information exists on the population biology and genetic diversity of the pathogen. A hierarchical sampling of 784 isolates from 63 trees in 11 pecan orchards in the southeastern United States were screened against a set of 30 previously characterized microsatellite markers. Populations were collected from Georgia (n = 2), Florida (n = 1), Alabama (n = 2), Mississippi (n = 1), Louisiana (n = 1), Illinois (n = 1), Oklahoma (n = 1), Texas (n = 1), and Kansas (n = 1). Clonality was low in all orchard populations (≤10.1% of isolates), and there were consistently high levels of genotypic diversity (Shannon-Weiner's index = 3.49 to 4.59) and gene diversity (Nei's measure = 0.513 to 0.713). Analysis of molecular variance showed that, although 81% of genetic diversity occurred at the scale of the individual tree, 16% occurred between orchards and only 3% between trees within orchards. All populations could be differentiated from each other (P = 0.01), and various cluster analyses indicated that some populations were more closely related compared with other pairs of populations. This is indicative of some limited population differentiation in V. effusa in the southeastern United States. Bayesian and nearest-neighbor methods suggested eight clusters, with orchards from Georgia and Florida being grouped together. A minimum spanning tree of all 784 isolates also indicated some isolate identification with source population. Linkage disequilibrium was detected in all but one population (Kansas), although 8 of the 11 populations had <20% of loci at disequilibrium. A Mantel test demonstrated a relationship between physical and genetic distance between populations (Z = 11.9, r = 0.559, P = 0.001). None of the populations were at mutation-drift equilibrium. All but 3 of the 11 populations had a deficiency of gene diversity compared with that expected at mutation-drift equilibrium (indicating population expansion); the remaining populations had an excess of gene diversity compared with that expected at mutation-drift equilibrium (indicating a recent bottleneck). These observations are consistent with the known history of pecan and pecan scab, which is that V. effusa became an issue on cultivated pecan in the last approximately 120 years (recent population expansion). Recently reported mating type genes and the sexual stage of this fungus may help explain the observed population characteristics, which bear a strong resemblance to those of other well-characterized sexually reproducing ascomycete pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive H Bock
- First, second, and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; third, fourth, and fifth authors: The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Michael W Hotchkiss
- First, second, and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; third, fourth, and fifth authors: The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Carolyn A Young
- First, second, and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; third, fourth, and fifth authors: The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Nikki D Charlton
- First, second, and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; third, fourth, and fifth authors: The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Mattupalli Chakradhar
- First, second, and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; third, fourth, and fifth authors: The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Katherine L Stevenson
- First, second, and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; third, fourth, and fifth authors: The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Bruce W Wood
- First, second, and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008; third, fourth, and fifth authors: The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
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