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Vergara-Luis I, Rutkoski CF, Urionabarrenetxea E, Almeida EA, Anakabe E, Olivares M, Soto M, Prieto A. Assessment of sulfamethoxazole and oxytetracycline uptake and transformation in Eisenia fetida earthworms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176397. [PMID: 39304161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The scientific community is becoming increasingly concerned about the recent detection of transformation products (TPs) of antimicrobials (AMs) and their presence in the food chain. There are growing concerns about the potential consequences on food safety and the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance. In this work, the transformation process of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and oxytetracycline (OTC) in soil was thoroughly evaluated. For that purpose, soils were homogeneously contaminated at three concentration levels of SMX and OTC, independently, and samples were analysed after 7 and 14 days by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). The results have demonstrated a remarkable transformation, particularly noteworthy for SMX, as it exhibited an 89 % - 94 % decrease in concentration within the initial 7 days of the experiment. In addition, to assess whether terrestrial organisms would be able to accumulate the AMs, Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) earthworms were exposed to the above-mentioned concentration levels of AMs in soil. Both AMs were accumulated in the organisms after 14 days, but higher bioaccumulation factor values (BCF) were determined for SMX (0.52-17.84) compared to OTC (0.02-0.21) at all tested concentrations. The analyses were extended to search for TPs in earthworms and soils using a suspect screening approach. Concretely, by means of UHPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) three TPs were identified at 2a and 2b of confidence level. To the best of our knowledge, one SMX-TP and one OTC-TP were identified in earthworms and soil, respectively, for the first time in the present work. Earthworms did not experience weight loss or mortality in the presence of these AMs at levels found in the environment, but there was a decrease in riboflavin levels, which is linked to changes in the immune system. This study represents a significant advancement in understanding the impact of AMs in soil and their subsequent entry into the food chain. It also provides valuable insights into the potential effects of AMs and their TPs on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vergara-Luis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - C F Rutkoski
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduation Program, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil.
| | - E Urionabarrenetxea
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain; CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - E A Almeida
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduation Program, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil; Department of Natural Science, University of Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - E Anakabe
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - M Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - M Soto
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain; CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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Alonso LL, Podio NS, Marino DJG, Almada NS, Gange JM, Bernigaud I, Mórtola N, Wunderlin DA. Evaluating antibiotic occurrence, degradation, and environmental risks in poultry litter within Argentina's agricultural hub. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170993. [PMID: 38369140 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between poultry farming's antibiotic administration practices and residual antibiotic levels in the litter before its application onto agricultural soils. Twenty-three antibiotics were performed across 19 Argentinean farms representing diverse antibiotic management practices. Analysis revealed up to 20 antibiotics from eight chemical classes in poultry litter samples, with tylosin, enrofloxacin, and salinomycin being the most relevant drugs. Farms with restricted antibiotic use in feed exhibited lower residual concentrations. A self-heating treatment was tested to reduce litter antibiotic levels. Although a 60 % reduction of antibiotics was found after treatment, prevalent compounds persisted at residual levels. Regulatory measures and comprehensive litter treatments pre-application are crucial to mitigate environmental risks. This is the first study that provides insight on the occurrence of >20 drugs in real poultry production scenarios from Latin America and demonstrates how relatively simple treatments can be readily applied to decrease the associated environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L Alonso
- CONICET, ICYTAC and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Catalunya, Spain; Universitat de Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain.
| | - Natalia S Podio
- CONICET, ICYTAC and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Damián J G Marino
- CONICET, CIM and Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Dpto. Química, Calle 47 y 115 s/n, 1900 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Almada
- INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay, R. P. 39, Km, CC 6, 3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Juan M Gange
- INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay, R. P. 39, Km, CC 6, 3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Irma Bernigaud
- INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay, R. P. 39, Km, CC 6, 3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Natalia Mórtola
- INTA, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay, R. P. 39, Km, CC 6, 3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Wunderlin
- CONICET, ICYTAC and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Lacroix MZ, Ramon-Portugal F, Huesca A, Angastiniotis K, Simitopoulou M, Kefalas G, Ferrari P, Levallois P, Fourichon C, Wolthuis-Fillerup M, De Roest K, Bousquet-Mélou A. Residues of veterinary antibiotics in manures from pig and chicken farms in a context of antimicrobial use reduction by implementation of health and welfare plans. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117242. [PMID: 37769831 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals can induce the presence of residual substances in manure, which are then released into the environment and may contribute to soil and groundwater contamination. During the on-farm implementation of strategies to improve animal health and welfare in chicken and pig farms, the consequences of antibiotic use were evaluated in terms of the occurrence and levels of antibiotic residues in manure. A set of 35 broiler farms from Cyprus, Greece, the Netherlands and 40 pig farms from France and Italy provided a total of 350 manure samples. The primary objective was to develop a specific LC/MS/MS method capable of quantifying antibiotic residues in both types of manure. The method was able to detect fifteen antibiotics belonging to nine classes, with validated limits of quantification of 10-20 μg/kg, and accuracies ranging from 81% to 138%. With the exception of amoxicillin, which was never detected in any manure, all antibiotics used were detected in manure from treated animals with typical concentrations ranging from 10 to 99198 μg/kg for both chickens and pigs. The occurrence of residual antibiotics was higher in chicken than in pig manure, especially for fluoroquinolones and doxycycline which were detected in 89% and 100% of the chicken manure, respectively, and in 28% of the pig manure. The impact of the health plans on the antibiotic load manure was assessed by measuring for each farm the ratio of the sum of all antibiotic concentrations measured after and before the implementation of the plan. The results showed that, in addition to the frequency of treatments, the class of antibiotic used is an important factor to consider as it strongly influences the stability/instability of the compounds, i.e. their ability to persist in the manure of food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alicia Huesca
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Kyriacos Angastiniotis
- Vitatrace Nutrition Ltd., 18 Propylaion Street, Strovolos Industrial Estate, 2033, Strovolos, Cyprus
| | - Maro Simitopoulou
- Vitatrace Nutrition Ltd., 18 Propylaion Street, Strovolos Industrial Estate, 2033, Strovolos, Cyprus
| | | | - Paolo Ferrari
- Research Center for Animal Production, Viale Timavo 43/2, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Maaike Wolthuis-Fillerup
- Animal Health & Welfare Group, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Kees De Roest
- Research Center for Animal Production, Viale Timavo 43/2, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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