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Li MY, Shen HH, Cao XY, Gao XX, Xu FY, Ha SY, Sun JS, Liu SP, Xie F, Li MQ. Targeting a mTOR/autophagy axis: a double-edged sword of rapamycin in spontaneous miscarriage. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116976. [PMID: 38906022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction is a primary culprit behind spontaneous miscarriage (SM). To address this, immunosuppressive agents have emerged as a novel class of tocolytic drugs, modulating the maternal immune system's tolerance towards the embryo. Rapamycin (PubChem CID:5284616), a dual-purpose compound, functions as an immunosuppressive agent and triggers autophagy by targeting the mTOR pathway. Its efficacy in treating SM has garnered significant research interest in recent times. Autophagy, the cellular process of self-degradation and recycling, plays a pivotal role in numerous health conditions. Research indicates that autophagy is integral to endometrial decidualization, trophoblast invasion, and the proper functioning of decidual immune cells during a healthy pregnancy. Yet, in cases of SM, there is a dysregulation of the mTOR/autophagy axis in decidual stromal cells or immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the potential benefits of low-dose rapamycin in managing SM. However, given mTOR's critical role in energy metabolism, inhibiting it could potentially harm the pregnancy. Moreover, while low-dose rapamycin has been deemed safe for treating recurrent implant failure, its potential teratogenic effects remain uncertain due to insufficient data. In summary, rapamycin represents a double-edged sword in the treatment of SM, balancing its impact on autophagy and immune regulation. Further investigation is warranted to fully understand its implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ying Li
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Shen
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cao
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yuan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Si-Yao Ha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510235, China
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Ping Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Xie
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Immunology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
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Kou J, Yuan E, Yan G. Association between HIF-1α, BNIP3, and autophagy in the chorionic villi of missed abortion. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023. [PMID: 37150840 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of autophagy mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)/BNIP3 signaling pathway in villus tissues of missed abortion and HTR-8/SVneo cells and to elucidate the association of HIF-1α and BNIP3 in autophagy of missed abortion. METHODS Villus tissues from 30 healthy women with induced abortion and 35 patients with missed abortion were collected, and HTR-8/SVneo cells were cultured under hypoxia and transfected with HIF-1α-siRNA. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was utilized to measure the mRNA levels of HIF-1α and BNIP3; Western blotting was performed to determine the protein levels of HIF-1α, BNIP3, LC3 II/I, and Beclin 1 in villus tissues and HTR-8/SVneo cells. Cellular invasion activity was detected by transwell matrigel assay. The level of autophagy was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy of autophagosome formation. RESULTS The mRNA levels of HIF-1α and BNIP3 were significantly lower in the missed abortion villi than in the induced abortion samples. The protein levels of HIF-1α, BNIP3, Beclin 1, and LC3II/I were significantly decreased in villus tissues from missed abortion, and autophagosomes were significantly decreased in villus tissues from missed abortion. Under hypoxia, the mRNA expression of HIF-1α and BNIP3 was inhibited after silencing HIF-1α by RNAi, while the protein expression of HIF-1α, BNIP3, Beclin1, and LC3II/I was significantly downregulated. The number of invading cells was significantly decreased, and autophagosomes were significantly decreased after silencing HIF-1α by RNAi in HTR-8/SVneo cells. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy mediated by the HIF-1α/BNIP3 signaling pathway in villous trophoblast cells may be associated with the progression and development of missed abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Kou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Enwu Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangwei Yan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Ko G, Jeon TJ, Kim SM. Trophoblast Migration with Different Oxygen Levels in a Gel-Patterned Microfluidic System. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2216. [PMID: 36557515 PMCID: PMC9783522 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the placenta, substances such as nutrients, oxygen, and by-products are exchanged between the mother and the fetus, and the proper formation of the placenta determines the success of pregnancy, including the growth of the fetus. Preeclampsia is an obstetric disease in which the incomplete formation of the placenta occurs, which is known to occur when there is an abnormality in the invasion of trophoblast cells. The invasion of trophoblast cells is controlled by oxygen concentration, and HIF-1α changes according to oxygen concentration, showing a difference in cell mobility. MMP-2 and MMP-9 are observed to be high in the endometrium involved in trophoblast invasion, and the expression is regulated according to the oxygen concentration. In this experiment, cell culture was conducted using a gel-patterned system with a hypoxic chamber. Before the chip experiment, the difference in the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 according to the oxygen concentration was confirmed using a hypoxia chamber. After that, trophoblast cells (HTR8/SVneo) and endothelial cells (HUVECs) were separated and cultured through a physical barrier through a hydrogel on a microfluidic chip. Cells were cultured in a hypoxic chamber under controlled oxygen levels. It was confirmed that the mobility of trophoblast cells in culture on the chip was upregulated in a hypoxic environment through oxygen control. This suggests that the formation of a hypoxic environment in the endometrium where the invasion of trophoblast cells occurs plays a role in increasing cell mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Min Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Jin S, Wu C, Chen M, Sun D, Zhang H. The pathological and therapeutic roles of mesenchymal stem cells in preeclampsia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:923334. [PMID: 35966876 PMCID: PMC9370554 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.923334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have made progress in the treatment of ischemic and inflammatory diseases. Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by placenta ischemic and inflammatory injury. Our paper summarized the new role of MSCs in PE pathology and its potency in PE therapy and analyzed its current limitations. Intravenously administered MSCs dominantly distributed in perinatal tissues. There may be additional advantages to using MSCs-based therapies for reproductive disorders. It will provide new ideas for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanshan Jin
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Canrong Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Physiotherapy, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongyan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Zhang,
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Qin XY, Shen HH, Zhou WJ, Mei J, Lu H, Tan XF, Zhu R, Zhou WH, Li DJ, Zhang T, Ye JF, Li MQ. Insight of Autophagy in Spontaneous Miscarriage. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:1150-1170. [PMID: 35173545 PMCID: PMC8771834 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.68335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In some cases of spontaneous miscarriage (SM), the exact etiology cannot be determined. Autophagy, which is responsible for cellular survival under stress conditions, has also been implicated in many diseases. Recently, it is also surmised to be correlated with SM. However, the detailed mechanism remains elusive. In fact, there are several essential steps during pregnancy establishment and maintenance: trophoblasts invasion, placentation, decidualization, enrichment and infiltration of decidua immune cells (e.g., natural killer, macrophage and T cells). Accordingly, upstream molecules and downstream effects of autophagy are discussed in these processes, respectively. Of note, autophagy regulates the crosstalk between these cells at the maternal-fetal interface as well. Aberrant autophagy is found in villi, decidual stromal cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells in SM patients, although the findings are inconsistent among different studies. Furthermore, potential treatments targeting autophagy are included, during which rapamycin and vitamin D are hot-spots in recent literatures. To conclude, a moderately activated autophagy is deeply involved in pregnancy, suggesting that autophagy should be a regulator and promising target for treating SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yun Qin
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Shen
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhou
- Center of Reproductive Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Mei
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medicine School, Nanjing, 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Lu
- Departments of Assisted Reproduction, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fang Tan
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Zhou
- Medicine Centre for Human Reproduction, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Jin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Feng Ye
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
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Dysregulated Autophagy Leads to Oxidative Stress and Aberrant Expression of ABC Transporters in Women with Early Miscarriage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111742. [PMID: 34829614 PMCID: PMC8614945 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early miscarriage (EMC) is a devastating obstetrical complication. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate cholesterol transfer across the placenta and enhance cell survival by effluxing substrates from target cells in the presence of stressors. Recent evidence reports an intricate interplay between autophagy and ABC transporters. We hypothesized that dysregulated autophagy and oxidative stress (OS) in the placenta leads to abnormal expression of membrane transporters contributing to poor pregnancy survival in EMC. We determined mRNA and protein expression of autophagy genes (Beclin-1/Bcl-2/LC3I/LC3II/p62) and ABC transporters (ABCA1/ABCG1/ABCG2) in placentae from EMC patients (n = 20), term controls (n = 19), first trimester (n = 6), and term controls (n = 5) controls. Oxidative/antioxidant status and biomarkers of oxidative damage were evaluated in maternal serum and placentae from EMC and healthy controls. In EMC, placental expression of LC3II/LC3I as well as of the key autophagy regulatory proteins Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 were reduced, whereas p62 was increased. Both in the serum and placentae of EMC patients, total OS was elevated reflected by increased oxidative damage markers (8-OHdG/malondialdehyde/carbonyl formation) accompanied by diminished levels of total antioxidant status, catalase, and total glutathione. Furthermore, we found reduced ABCG1 and increased ABCG2 expression. These findings suggest that a decreased autophagy status triggers Bcl-2-dependent OS leading to macromolecule damage in EMC placentae. The decreased expression of ABCG1 contributes to reduced cholesterol export to the growing fetus. Increasing ABCG2 expression could represent a protective feedback mechanism under inhibited autophagy conditions. In conclusion, dysregulated autophagy combined with increased oxidative toxicity and aberrant expression of placental ABC transporters affects materno-fetal health in EMC.
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A PDMS-Based Interdigitated Platform for Trophoblast Invasion Study Under Oxygen Stress Conditions. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hong L, Zhu YC, Liu S, Wu T, Li Y, Ye L, Diao L, Zeng Y. Multi-omics reveals a relationship between endometrial amino acid metabolism and autophagy in women with recurrent miscarriage†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:393-402. [PMID: 34050352 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deterioration of the endometrial environment is an essential cause of recurrent miscarriage (RM). However, current studies in terms of endometrial amino acid metabolic characterization and autophagy are still inadequate. We tried to (1) identify the alternation in metabolite profiles in the RM endometrium; (2) investigate the expression of autophagy-related proteins in RM; and (3) elucidate the association between amino acid metabolism and autophagy in RM. Our results showed that glutamine metabolites were up-regulated in the endometrium of RM women. The levels of autophagy-associated proteins, LC3B, ATG12, and Beclin-1, were significantly higher in RM. Hemostasis, autophagy and IFNα signaling were the top three differentially activated signaling pathways between women with RM and normal pregnancy. Interestingly the expression of AMPK and GCN2 was significantly up-regulated in the endometrium of women with RM, and the same expression trend was also observed in the human endometrial stromal cells cultured in glutamine deprivation medium. Furthermore, inhibition of AMPK decreased the level of GCN2, indicating a positive correlation between GCN2 and AMPK. The expression of GCN2 was consistent with the expression of ATG12 and beclin-1; however, it was opposite to that of p62. Exposure to glutamine deprivation increased the level of LC3B, GCN2, ATG12, and beclin-1. Altogether, these findings suggested significant crosstalk between amino acid metabolism and autophagy. In summary, our data suggested that aberrant crosstalk between amino acid metabolism and autophagy may contribute to the impaired endometrial microenvironment of RM. Our study may provide new insight into the diagnosis of RM due to endometrial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Chang Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Su Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tonghua Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuye Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianghui Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Carvajal L, Gutiérrez J, Morselli E, Leiva A. Autophagy Process in Trophoblast Cells Invasion and Differentiation: Similitude and Differences With Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:637594. [PMID: 33937039 PMCID: PMC8082112 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.637594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early human placental development begins with blastocyst implantation, then the trophoblast differentiates and originates the cells required for a proper fetal nutrition and placental implantation. Among them, extravillous trophoblast corresponds to a non-proliferating trophoblast highly invasive that allows the vascular remodeling which is essential for appropriate placental perfusion and to maintain the adequate fetal growth. This process involves different placental cell types as well as molecules that allow cell growth, cellular adhesion, tissular remodeling, and immune tolerance. Remarkably, some of the cellular processes required for proper placentation are common between placental and cancer cells to finally support tumor growth. Indeed, as in placentation trophoblasts invade and migrate, cancer cells invade and migrate to promote tumor metastasis. However, while these processes respond to a controlled program in trophoblasts, in cancer cells this regulation is lost. Interestingly, it has been shown that autophagy, a process responsible for the degradation of damaged proteins and organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis, is required for invasion of trophoblast cells and for vascular remodeling during placentation. In cancer cells, autophagy has a dual role, as it has been shown both as tumor promoter and inhibitor, depending on the stage and tumor considered. In this review, we summarized the similarities and differences between trophoblast cell invasion and cancer cell metastasis specifically evaluating the role of autophagy in both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Carvajal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez
- School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
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Kasture V, Sahay A, Joshi S. Cell death mechanisms and their roles in pregnancy related disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 126:195-225. [PMID: 34090615 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are catabolic pathways essential for homeostasis. They play a crucial role for normal placental and fetal development. These cell death mechanisms are exaggerated in placental disorders such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Apoptosis is widely studied, highly controlled and regulated whereas; autophagy is an orderly degradation and recycling of the cellular components. Cellular senescence may be initiated by a variety of stimuli, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, reduction in survival signals and nutrition deprivation. Apoptosis is regulated by two types of pathways intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic pathway is initiated by apoptosis inducing cells such as macrophages, natural killer cells whereas; intrinsic pathway is initiated in response to DNA damage, cell injury and lack of oxygen. In autophagy, the cell or organelles undergo lysosomal degradation. Placental apoptosis increases as the gestation progresses while autophagy plays a role in trophoblast differentiation and invasion. In pregnancy disorders like preeclampsia and IUGR, proapoptotic markers such as caspase 3, 8, BAX are higher and antiapoptotic markers like Bcl-2 are lower. In GDM, apoptotic markers are reduced resulting in increased placental mass and fetal macrosomia. Apoptosis in the pathological pregnancies is also influenced by the reduced levels of micronutrients and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids resulting in disturbed placental biology. This chapter describes the role of various key molecular events involved in cellular senescence and the various factors influencing them. This will help identify future therapeutic strategies for better management of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kasture
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Akriti Sahay
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.
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Seok J, Jun S, Cho J, Park S, Lee JO, Kim GJ. Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells induce trophoblast invasion via dynamic effects on mitochondrial function. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6678-6690. [PMID: 33624308 PMCID: PMC9135125 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The trophoblast is a critical cell for placental development and embryo implantation in the placenta. We previously reported that placenta‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD‐MSCs) increase trophoblast invasion through several signaling pathways. However, the paracrine effects of PD‐MSCs on mitochondrial function in trophoblasts are still unclear. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the mitochondrial function of trophoblasts in response to cocultivation with PD‐MSCs. The results showed that PD‐MSCs regulate the balance between cell survival and death and protect damaged mitochondria in trophoblasts from oxidative stress. Moreover, PD‐MSCs upregulate factors involved in mitochondrial autophagy in trophoblast cells. Finally, PD‐MSCs improve trophoblast invasion. Taken together, the data indicate that PD‐MSCs can regulate trophoblast invasion through dynamic effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism. These results support the fundamental role of mitochondrial energy mechanism in trophoblast invasion and suggest a new therapeutic strategy for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Jun
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinki Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohea Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ok Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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12
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Colson A, Sonveaux P, Debiève F, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Adaptations of the human placenta to hypoxia: opportunities for interventions in fetal growth restriction. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:531-569. [PMID: 33377492 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placenta is the functional interface between the mother and the fetus during pregnancy, and a critical determinant of fetal growth and life-long health. In the first trimester, it develops under a low-oxygen environment, which is essential for the conceptus who has little defense against reactive oxygen species produced during oxidative metabolism. However, failure of invasive trophoblasts to sufficiently remodel uterine arteries toward dilated vessels by the end of the first trimester can lead to reduced/intermittent blood flow, persistent hypoxia and oxidative stress in the placenta with consequences for fetal growth. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is observed in ∼10% of pregnancies and is frequently seen in association with other pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia (PE). FGR is one of the main challenges for obstetricians and pediatricians, as smaller fetuses have greater perinatal risks of morbidity and mortality and postnatal risks of neurodevelopmental and cardio-metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The aim of this review was to examine the importance of placental responses to changing oxygen environments during abnormal pregnancy in terms of cellular, molecular and functional changes in order to highlight new therapeutic pathways, and to pinpoint approaches aimed at enhancing oxygen supply and/or mitigating oxidative stress in the placenta as a mean of optimizing fetal growth. SEARCH METHODS An extensive online search of peer-reviewed articles using PubMed was performed with combinations of search terms including pregnancy, placenta, trophoblast, oxygen, hypoxia, high altitude, FGR and PE (last updated in May 2020). OUTCOMES Trophoblast differentiation and placental establishment are governed by oxygen availability/hypoxia in early pregnancy. The placental response to late gestational hypoxia includes changes in syncytialization, mitochondrial functions, endoplasmic reticulum stress, hormone production, nutrient handling and angiogenic factor secretion. The nature of these changes depends on the extent of hypoxia, with some responses appearing adaptive and others appearing detrimental to the placental support of fetal growth. Emerging approaches that aim to increase placental oxygen supply and/or reduce the impacts of excessive oxidative stress are promising for their potential to prevent/treat FGR. WIDER IMPLICATIONS There are many risks and challenges of intervening during pregnancy that must be considered. The establishment of human trophoblast stem cell lines and organoids will allow further mechanistic studies of the effects of hypoxia and may lead to advanced screening of drugs for use in pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency/hypoxia. Since no treatments are currently available, a better understanding of placental adaptations to hypoxia would help to develop therapies or repurpose drugs to optimize placental function and fetal growth, with life-long benefits to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Colson
- Pole of Obstetrics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Debiève
- Pole of Obstetrics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Gu C, Park S, Seok J, Jang HY, Bang YJ, Kim GIJ. Altered expression of ADM and ADM2 by hypoxia regulates migration of trophoblast and HLA-G expression†. Biol Reprod 2020; 104:159-169. [PMID: 32997116 PMCID: PMC7786263 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a placental disorder caused by endothelial dysfunction via trophoblast inadequate invasion activity. Adrenomedullin (ADM) and ADM2 are multifunctional peptides that can support vascular activity and placental growth. However, correlation between ADMs and trophoblast functions is currently unclear. The objective of this study was to analyze changes in expression of ADMs in placenta and HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells under hypoxia and their effects on invasion activity of trophoblast cells and expression of HLA-G. In placental tissues of PE, expression levels of ADM and HLA-G were significantly increased (P < 0.05) whereas expression of ADM2 was decreased compared to that in normal term placenta. Under hypoxia, expression levels of ADM, ADM2, and HLA-G and invasion ability of trophoblast cells were increased in hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α)- dependent manner (P < 0.05). Treatment with ADMs agonists reduced HIF-1α activity whereas enhanced invasion ability under hypoxia. However, they were not changed after cotreatment of ADMs and HIF-1α inhibitor, YC-1, although expression levels of invasion-related genes MMP2, MMP9, and Rac1 were altered (P < 0.05). ADMs also increased HLA-G expression under normoxia whereasADM2 or cotreatment of ADMs under hypoxia attenuated HLA-G expression (P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that altered expression of ADMs plays a critical role in placental physiology, especially in trophoblast invasion and immune-modulation under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changdai Gu
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare (SMESH) Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohae Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yeon Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ju Bang
- Seoulin Bioscience Co., Ltd, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Autophagy regulates trophoblast invasion by targeting NF-κB activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14033. [PMID: 32820194 PMCID: PMC7441061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is one of the most serious complications of pregnancy, affecting 5-10% of parturients worldwide. Recent studies have suggested that autophagy is involved in trophoblast invasion and may be associated with defective placentation underlying preeclampsia. We thus aimed to understand the mechanistic link between autophagy and trophoblast invasion. Using the two most commonly used trophoblast cell lines, JEG-3 and HTR-8/SVneo, we inhibited autophagy by ATG5 and beclin-1 shRNA. Conversion of LC3-II was evaluated in ATG5 and beclin-1 knock-down cells in the presence of the lysosomal protease inhibitors E-64d and pepstatin A, to detect the efficiency of autophagy inhibition. Upon autophagy inhibition, we measured cell invasion, activity of NF-κB and related signaling pathways, MMP-2, MMP-9, sFlt-1, and TNF-α levels. Autophagy inhibition increased the invasiveness of these trophoblastic cell lines and increased Akt and NF-κB activity as well as p65 expression. Of note, an NF-κB inhibitor significantly attenuated the trophoblast invasion induced by autophagy inhibition. Autophagy inhibition was also associated with increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels and decreased the production of sFlt-1 and TNF-α. Collectively, our results indicate that autophagy regulates trophoblast invasiveness in which the NF-κB pathway and MMP-2, MMP-9, sFlt-1 and TNF-α levels are affected.
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Nakashima A, Shima T, Tsuda S, Aoki A, Kawaguchi M, Yoneda S, Yamaki-Ushijima A, Cheng SB, Sharma S, Saito S. Disruption of Placental Homeostasis Leads to Preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093298. [PMID: 32392703 PMCID: PMC7246800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental homeostasis is directly linked to fetal well-being and normal fetal growth. Placentas are sensitive to various environmental stressors, including hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress. Once placental homeostasis is disrupted, the placenta may rebel against the mother and fetus. Autophagy is an evolutionally conservative mechanism for the maintenance of cellular and organic homeostasis. Evidence suggests that autophagy plays a crucial role throughout pregnancy, including fertilization, placentation, and delivery in human and mouse models. This study reviews the available literature discussing the role of autophagy in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Nakashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.Y.); (A.Y.-U.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-434-7355
| | - Tomoko Shima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.Y.); (A.Y.-U.); (S.S.)
| | - Sayaka Tsuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.Y.); (A.Y.-U.); (S.S.)
| | - Aiko Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.Y.); (A.Y.-U.); (S.S.)
| | - Mihoko Kawaguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.Y.); (A.Y.-U.); (S.S.)
| | - Satoshi Yoneda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.Y.); (A.Y.-U.); (S.S.)
| | - Akemi Yamaki-Ushijima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.Y.); (A.Y.-U.); (S.S.)
| | - Shi-Bin Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (S.-B.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (S.-B.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.T.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (S.Y.); (A.Y.-U.); (S.S.)
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Pollock KE, Talton OO, Schulz LC. Morphology and gene expression in mouse placentas lacking leptin receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:336-342. [PMID: 32248977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the pregnant mouse, the hormone leptin is primarily produced by adipose tissue and does not significantly cross the placenta into fetal circulation. Nonetheless, leptin treatment during gestation affects offspring phenotypes. Leptin treatment also affects placental trophoblast cells in vitro, by altering proliferation, invasion and nutrient transport. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the absence of placental leptin receptors alters placental development and gene expression. Leprdb-3j+ mice possessing only one functional copy of the leptin receptor were mated to obtain wildtype, Leprdb-3j+ and Leprdb-3j/db-3j conceptuses, which were then transferred to wildtype recipient dams. Placentas were collected at gestational d18.5 to examine placental morphology and gene expression. Placentas lacking functional leptin receptor had reduced weights, but were otherwise morphologically indistinguishable from control placentas. Relative mRNA levels, however, were altered in Leprdb-3j/db-3j placentas, particularly transcripts related to amino acid and lipid metabolism and transport. Consistent with a previous in vitro study, leptin was found to promote expression of stathmin, a positive regulator of trophoblast invasion, and of serotonin receptors, potential mediators of offspring neurological development. Overall placental leptin receptor was found not to play a significant role in morphological development of the placenta, but to regulate placental gene expression, including in metabolic pathways that affect fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Pollock
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | | | - Laura C Schulz
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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Chen Y, Wang L, Bao J, Sha X, Cui L, Huang Q, Gu C, Li X, Liu H. Persistent hypoxia induced autophagy leading to invasiveness of trophoblasts in placenta accreta. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:1297-1303. [PMID: 31269830 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1635582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive trophoblasts erosivity is the main pathological manifestation in placenta accreta. Similar to early pregnancy, trophoblasts of placenta accreta might have a similar anoxic state in abnormal continuous invasion, in which autophagy may also have some changes causing invasive ability in accreta. METHODS Ten accreta placentas (placenta accreta group), as well as 10 non-accreta placentas (control group), were collected according to accreta criteria. The expression of hypoxia-induced autophage factors (HIF1α, Beclin 1, LC3B, and P62) and invasion-related markers (E-cadherin and MMP-9) were detected using immunohistochemical method. Comparison in scores grade was made between the two groups by Fisher's exact test and Spearman's test was used for correlation analysis. RESULTS HIF1α was mainly expressed in cytomembrane of trophoblasts, in which moderate positive 50% (5/10) and strong positive 50% (5/10) in placenta accreta group compared to 50% (5/10) or weak positive 30% (3/10) in control group, with a significant statistically difference (p < .05). The negative, weak positive, moderate positive, and strong positive rates of Beclin-1 expression were 0, 10, 30, and 60% versus 60, 40, 0, and 0% in placenta accreta group and control group, respectively, statistically different (p < .05). The expression of LC3B was also statistically significant (0, 10, 20, 70% versus 50, 20, 30, 0%) between two groups, and P62 expression was also statistically different between two groups. The positive rates of E-cadherin expression were obviously negatively correlated with Beclin-1, LC3B, and P62 expression, while positive rates of MMP-9 expression were positively correlated with autophagy-associated markers. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia state might be involved in the occurrence of placental accreta, and persistent hypoxia state induced autophage disorders could cause down-regulated E-cadherin and down-regulated MMP-9, thus leading to more invasiveness of placenta trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Bao
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sha
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congming Gu
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huishu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Nakashima A, Tsuda S, Kusabiraki T, Aoki A, Ushijima A, Shima T, Cheng SB, Sharma S, Saito S. Current Understanding of Autophagy in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092342. [PMID: 31083536 PMCID: PMC6539256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in eukaryotes to maintain cellular homeostasis under environmental stress. Intracellular control is exerted to produce energy or maintain intracellular protein quality controls. Autophagy plays an important role in embryogenesis, implantation, and maintenance of pregnancy. This role includes supporting extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) that invade the decidua (endometrium) until the first third of uterine myometrium and migrate along the lumina of spiral arterioles under hypoxic and low-nutrient conditions in early pregnancy. In addition, autophagy inhibition has been linked to poor placentation—a feature of preeclamptic placentas—in a placenta-specific autophagy knockout mouse model. Studies of autophagy in human placentas have revealed controversial results, especially with regard to preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Without precise estimation of autophagy flux, wrong interpretation would lead to fixed tissues. This paper presents a review of the role of autophagy in pregnancy and elaborates on the interpretation of autophagy in human placental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Nakashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Tsuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Tae Kusabiraki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Aiko Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Akemi Ushijima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Shima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Shi-Bin Cheng
- Departments of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Departments of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Bagheri D, Kazemi P, Sarmadi F, Shamsara M, Hashemi E, Daliri Joupari M, Dashtizad M. Low oxygen tension promotes invasive ability and embryo implantation rate. Reprod Biol 2018; 18:295-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hypoxia-induced TET1 facilitates trophoblast cell migration and invasion through HIF1α signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8077. [PMID: 28808304 PMCID: PMC5556046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen is a typical extrinsic factor for the regulation of trophoblast biological function, including cell migration, invasion and proliferation. Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1), an enzyme converting 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), is transcriptionally activated by hypoxia in cancer cells. Therefore, we focus on the role of TET1 on trophoblast function in a physiologically hypoxic environment (3% oxygen), which is related to early placentation. Here, we found that TET1 was highly expressed in first trimester villi compared with normal term placentas. In vitro, both TET1 mRNA and protein expression levels in JEG3 cells were increased following exposure to 3% oxygen, and the migration and invasion capacities of JEG3 cells were up-regulated. Furthermore, TET1 knockdown decreased the migration, invasion and proliferation of JEG3 cells exposed to 3% oxygen, and the expression of HIF1α and its downstream target genes was also decreased, which was related to hyper-methylation of the HIF1α promoter. Finally, increased HIF1α protein expression reversed the inhibitory effect of TET1 knockdown on the migration and invasion of JEG3 cells exposed to 3% oxygen. These data show that hypoxia-induced TET1 expression facilitates trophoblast cell migration and invasion through the HIF1α signaling pathway, which plays an important role during placentation.
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Nakashima A, Aoki A, Kusabiraki T, Shima T, Yoshino O, Cheng SB, Sharma S, Saito S. Role of autophagy in oocytogenesis, embryogenesis, implantation, and pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43:633-643. [PMID: 28418212 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a well-conserved mechanism in cells from yeast to mammals, and autophagy maintains homeostasis against stress. The role of autophagy was originally shown to be a mechanism of energy production under starvation. In fact, multiple lines of evidence reveal that autophagy has numerous functions, such as protection from stress, energy regulation, immune regulation, differentiation, proliferation, and cell death. In the field of reproduction, the role of autophagy in implantation, embryogenesis, placentation, and delivery has become clearer. In addition, recent study has elucidated that the placenta has the ability to protect extraplacental cells from virus infection by activating autophagy. During resent research into autophagy, several issues have occurred in the interpretation of the autophagy status. In this review, we discuss the relation between autophagy and reproductive events, and show the importance of autophagy for placentation and pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Nakashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Aiko Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tae Kusabiraki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shi-Bin Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Bastida-Ruiz D, Aguilar E, Ditisheim A, Yart L, Cohen M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in placentation - A true balancing act. Placenta 2017; 57:163-169. [PMID: 28864006 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is recognized as a key mechanism to promote protein folding and processing in eukaryotes when endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) occurs. Some conditions such as hypoxia or glucose deprivation are factors that may elicit ERS response. Recent literature collectively proposes that ERS response is crucial for mammalian reproduction by allowing decidualization and placentation to occur. However, prolonged ERS and activation of UPR pathways can lead to apoptosis and autophagy, which in turn could pose adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes and placentation. ERS associated pregnancy pathologies include intrauterine growth restriction and early-onset preeclampsia. Given these findings, evidence suggests that overactivation of UPR may lead to harmful reproductive circumstances, whereas physiological regulation of ERS response is essential for mammalian reproduction and placental function. In this review, we discuss the dual role of UPR activation with respect to its contribution to placental development as well as pathologies caused by pathway overactivation. In addition, we suggest potential protein markers associated with the UPR, as circulating C-terminal GRP78 or anti-GRP78 autoantibodies which may prove to be of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bastida-Ruiz
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Aguilar
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Agnès Ditisheim
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialities, HUG, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucile Yart
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Marie Cohen
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catalytic process by which cytoplasmic components including damaged macromolecules and organelles are degraded. The role of autophagy includes adaptive responses to nutrition deprivation or intracellular stimuli. Although autophagosomes were first observed in early 1960s, it was 1990s that autophagy-related genes in yeast were identified and studied. Nowadays, the molecular machinery of autophagy and signaling pathway to various stimuli are almost outlined. Dysregulation of autophagic activity has been implicated in many human diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, infection and inflammation, and malignancies. However, since current understanding of autophagy in placenta is just at the beginning, this paper aims to provide general information on autophagy (part I) and to summarize articles on autophagy in human placenta (part II). This review article will serve as a basis for further researches on autophagy in relation to human pregnancy and its complications.
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24
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Cao B, Camden AJ, Parnell LA, Mysorekar IU. Autophagy regulation of physiological and pathological processes in the female reproductive tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 77. [PMID: 28194822 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous cell recycling pathway that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome and is essential for normal cellular function. Autophagic activity is up-regulated under physiological conditions as well as stressful conditions such as nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, inflammation, and infection. Thus, it is essential to regard the functional importance of the pathway and its components in a given tissue context. Here we review what is known about the involvement of autophagy process during physiological processes in the female reproductive tract and in pregnancy from preimplantation to oocyte function to placental development, parturition, and postpartum remodeling of the uterus; as well as in pathological and adverse events during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison J Camden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsay A Parnell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Matsubara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University School of Medicine
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Hypoxia induced HIF-1/HIF-2 activity alters trophoblast transcriptional regulation and promotes invasion. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:589-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Oxidative Stress in Placenta: Health and Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:293271. [PMID: 26693479 PMCID: PMC4676991 DOI: 10.1155/2015/293271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, development of the placenta is interrelated with the oxygen concentration. Embryo development takes place in a low oxygen environment until the beginning of the second trimester when large amounts of oxygen are conveyed to meet the growth requirements. High metabolism and oxidative stress are common in the placenta. Reactive oxidative species sometimes harm placental development, but they are also reported to regulate gene transcription and downstream activities such as trophoblast proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Autophagy and apoptosis are two crucial, interconnected processes in the placenta that are often influenced by oxidative stress. The proper interactions between them play an important role in placental homeostasis. However, an imbalance between the protective and destructive mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis seems to be linked with pregnancy-related disorders such as miscarriage, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction. Thus, potential therapies to hold oxidative stress in leash, promote placentation, and avoid unwanted apoptosis are discussed.
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Avagliano L, Terraneo L, Virgili E, Martinelli C, Doi P, Samaja M, Bulfamante GP, Marconi AM. Autophagy in Normal and Abnormal Early Human Pregnancies. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:838-44. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719114565036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Avagliano
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Terraneo
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Virgili
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Martinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Doi
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pietro Bulfamante
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Marconi
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Hiyama M, Kusakabe KT, Takeshita A, Sugi S, Kuniyoshi N, Imai H, Kano K, Kiso Y. Nutrient starvation affects expression of LC3 family at the feto-maternal interface during murine placentation. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:305-11. [PMID: 25421500 PMCID: PMC4383776 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
LC3 - the mammalian homolog of Atg8 - was found as autophagosome membrane binding protein in mammals and widely used as an autophagosomal marker. LC3A, B and C show different expression patterns in each tissue. The aim of this study was to reveal the differences of expression patterns among LC3 families in mouse placenta under normal condition and nutrient starving condition. LC3A and B were highly expressed in decidual cells. LC3A and B were increased in D14 compared with D12 and D16 in mouse placenta, while LC3C was decreased. Starvation induced increase in LC3B expression specifically. Immunohistochemistry showed different expression patterns among LC3A, B and C. LC3A expression in syncytiotrophoblast was vanished by starvation. The results of real time RT-PCR suggested differences between D12 and D16 in autophagic cascade induced by starvation. Taken together, this study suggests that autophagy could play a role in placental invasion system and that nutrient starvation affects LC3B expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hiyama
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Gong JS, Kim GJ. The role of autophagy in the placenta as a regulator of cell death. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2014; 41:97-107. [PMID: 25309853 PMCID: PMC4192457 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2014.41.3.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a temporary fetomaternal organ capable of supporting fetal growth and development during pregnancy. In particular, abnormal development and dysfunction of the placenta due to cha nges in the proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and invasion of trophoblasts induce several gynecological diseases as well as abnormal fetal development. Autophagy is a catalytic process that maintains cellular structures by recycling building blocks derived from damaged microorganelles or proteins resulting from digestion in lysosomes. Additionally, autophagy is necessary to maintain homeostasis during cellular growth, development, and differentiation, and to protect cells from nutritional deficiencies or factors related to metabolism inhibition. Induced autophagy by various environmental factors has a dual role: it facilitates cellular survival in normal conditions, but the cascade of cellular death is accelerated by over-activated autophagy. Therefore, cellular death by autophagy has been known as programmed cell death type II. Autophagy causes or inhibits cellular death via the other mechanism, apoptosis, which is programmed cell death type I. Recently, it has been reported that autophagy increases in placenta-related obstetrical diseases such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation, although the mechanisms are still unclear. In particular, abnormal autophagic mechanisms prevent trophoblast invasion and inhibit trophoblast functions. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to examine the characteristics and functions of autophagy and to investigate the role of autophagy in the placenta and the trophoblast as a regulator of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Gong
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea. ; CHA Placenta Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy has been reported to be essential for pre-implantation development and embryo survival. However, its role in placental development and regulation of autophagy during pregnancy remain unclear. The aims of this study were to (1) study autophagy by characterizing changes in levels of beclin-1, DRAM, and LC3B in human placenta throughout gestation; (2) determine whether autophagy is involved in regulation of trophoblast invasion in JEG-3 cells (a choriocarcinoma cell line); (3) examine the effects of reduced oxygen and glucose on the autophagic changes; and (4) investigate the effect of reoxygenation and supplementation of glucose after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) on the autophagic changes in primary cytotrophoblasts obtained from normal term pregnancy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An analysis of 40 placental samples representing different gestational stages showed (1) no significant differences in beclin-1, DRAM, and LC3B-II levels in placentas between early and mid-gestation, and late gestation with vaginal delivery; (2) placentas from late gestation with cesarean section had lower levels of LC3B-II compared to early and mid-gestation, and late gestation with vaginal delivery; levels of DRAM were also lower compared to placentas from early and mid-gestation; and (3) using explant cultures, villous tissues from early and late gestation had similar rates of autophagic flux under physiological oxygen concentrations. Knockdown of BECN1, DRAM, and LC3B had no effects on viability and invasion activity of JEG-3 cells. On the other hand, OGD caused a significant increase in the levels of LC3B-II in primary cytotrophoblasts, while re-supplementation of oxygen and glucose reduced these changes. Furthermore, there were differential changes in levels of beclin-1, DRAM, and LC3B-II in response to changes in oxygen and glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that autophagy is involved in development of the human placenta and that changes in oxygen and glucose levels participate in regulation of autophagic changes in cytotrophoblast cells.
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Yamanaka-Tatematsu M, Nakashima A, Fujita N, Shima T, Yoshimori T, Saito S. Autophagy induced by HIF1α overexpression supports trophoblast invasion by supplying cellular energy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76605. [PMID: 24098539 PMCID: PMC3789701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) characterize the invasion of the maternal decidua under low oxygen and poor nutrition at the early feto-maternal interface to establish a successful pregnancy. We previously reported that autophagy in EVTs was activated under 2% O2in vitro, and autophagy activation was also observed in EVTs at the early feto-maternal interface in vivo. Here, we show that autophagy is an energy source for the invasion of EVTs. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2), which induces hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) overexpression, activated autophagy in HTR8/SVneo cells, an EVT cell line. The number of invading HTR8-ATG4BC74A cells, an autophagy-deficient EVT cell line, was markedly reduced by 81 percent with the CoCl2 treatment through the suppression of MMP9 level, although CoCl2 did not affect the cellular invasion of HTR8-mStrawberry cells, a control cell line. HTR8-ATG4BC74A cells treated with CoCl2 showed a decrease in cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and a compensatory increase in the expression of purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2RX7), which is stimulated with ATP, whereas HTR8-mStrawberry cells maintained cellular ATP levels and did not affect P2RX7 expression. Furthermore, the decreased invasiveness of HTR8-ATG4BC74A cells treated with CoCl2 was neutralized by ATP supplementation to the level of HTR8-ATG4BC74A cells treated without CoCl2. These results suggest that autophagy plays a role in maintaining homeostasis by countervailing HIF1α-mediated cellular energy consumption in EVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akitoshi Nakashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naonobu Fujita
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Li J, Yang B, Zhou Q, Wu Y, Shang D, Guo Y, Song Z, Zheng Q, Xiong J. Autophagy promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell invasion through activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1343-51. [PMID: 23430956 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells is a leading cause of intrahepatic dissemination and metastasis. Autophagy is considered to be an important mediator in the invasion of cancer cells. However, the precise contribution of autophagy to cancer cell invasion and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy was induced in HepG2 and BEL7402 cells by starvation in Hank's balanced salt solution. Induction of autophagy inhibited the expression of epithelial markers and induced expression of mesenchymal markers as well as matrix metalloproteinase-9 stimulating cell invasion. Starvation-induced autophagy promoted the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and invasion in HepG2 and BEL7402 cells through a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/Smad3 signaling-dependent manner. The small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for Atg3 or Atg7 and chloroquine inhibited autophagy of HepG2 and BEL7402 cells during starvation, resulting in suppression of EMT and diminished invasiveness of HCC cells. Administration of SIS3 also attenuated EMT and invasion of HepG2 and BEL7402 cells during starvation. Recombinant TGF-β1 was capable of rescuing EMT and invasion that was inhibited by siRNA for Atg3 and 7 in HepG2 and BEL7402 cells under starvation. These findings suggest that autophagy is critical for the invasion of HCC cells through the induction of EMT and that activation of TGF-β/Smad3-dependent signaling plays a key role in regulating autophagy-induced EMT. Inhibition of autophagy may represent a novel target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
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Saito S, Nakashima A. Review: The role of autophagy in extravillous trophoblast function under hypoxia. Placenta 2013; 34 Suppl:S79-84. [PMID: 23306070 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, a process for cellular cleaning through the removal of intracellular components in lysosomes, is a well conserved mechanism from yeast to mammalian cells, and also contributes to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and of the energetic balance, in cellular and tissue remodeling, and cellular defense against extracellular insults and pathogens. The role of autophagy in placentation has been clarified. Autophagy is induced in trophoblasts under physiological hypoxia during early pregnancy and seems to have a role in placentation. Recent findings suggest that impaired autophagy might induce poor placentation in preeclamptic cases. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy and summarize the role of autophagy-related genes in placentas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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