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Chung Y, Garden FL, Marks GB, Vedam H. Long-term cohort study of patients presenting with hypercapnic respiratory failure. BMJ Open Respir Res 2024; 11:e002266. [PMID: 39032938 PMCID: PMC11261675 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-002266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to describe the long-term prognosis for a population-based cohort of people with hypercapnic respiratory failure (HRF) and the associations between underlying diagnoses and the risks of death and rehospitalisation. METHODS We performed a historical cohort study of all persons with HRF in the Liverpool local government area in New South Wales, Australia, in the 3-year period from 2013 to 2015. Cohort members were identified using arterial blood gas results from Liverpool Hospital demonstrating pH ≤7.45 and PaCO2 >45 mm Hg within 24 hours of presentation. Linked health data were obtained from statewide registries with a minimum follow-up period of 6 years. The primary outcomes were time to death from any cause and the standardised mortality ratio (SMR) which compares the observed to the expected number of deaths in the same population. Secondary outcomes were time to rehospitalisation and the associations between death and/or hospitalisation and underlying diagnoses. RESULTS The cohort comprised 590 adults aged between 15 and 101 years. Overall, 415 (70.3%) participants died in the follow-up period. Among those who survived the index admission, the probability of survival at 1, 3 and 5 years was 81%, 59% and 45%, respectively. The overall SMR was 9.2 (95% CI 7.6 to 11.0), indicating a near 10-fold risk of death than otherwise expected for age. Most (91%) survivors experienced rehospitalisation, with median (IQR) time to readmission of 3.9 (1.2-10.6) months. Congestive cardiac failure and neuromuscular disease were associated with an increased risk of death, whereas chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep disordered breathing increased the risk of rehospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS HRF is associated with poor survival and high risk of rehospitalisation in the 5 years following an index event. The underlying disease appears to have some influence on overall survival and subsequent hospitalisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewon Chung
- School of Clinical Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical Campuses, Discipline of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frances L Garden
- School of Clinical Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical Campuses, Discipline of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guy B Marks
- School of Clinical Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical Campuses, Discipline of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hima Vedam
- School of Clinical Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical Campuses, Discipline of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Alakörkkö I, Törmälehto S, Leppänen T, McNicholas WT, Arnardottir ES, Sund R. The economic cost of obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 72:101854. [PMID: 37939650 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease associated with a high prevalence of costly comorbidities and accidents that add to the disease's economic impact. Although more attention has been focused on OSA in recent years, no previous systematic reviews have synthesized findings from existing studies that provide estimates of the economic cost of OSA. This study aims to summarize the findings of existing studies that provide estimates of the cost of OSA. Two bibliographic databases, PubMed and Scopus, were used to identify articles on the costs of OSA. The systematic literature review identified 5,938 publications, of which 31 met the inclusion criteria. According to the results, adjusted for inflation and converted to euros, the annual cost per patient ranged from €236 (the incremental cost of OSA) for New Zealand to €28,267 for the United States. The total annual cost per patient in Europe ranged from €1,669 to €5,186. OSA causes a significant burden on society, and OSA-related costs increase many years before the diagnosis and remain elevated for a long time after the diagnosis. Despite some well-conducted studies, the cost estimates for OSA are uncertain and specific to the context in which the study was conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Alakörkkö
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Soili Törmälehto
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Timo Leppänen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Walter T McNicholas
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital Group, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erna S Arnardottir
- Reykjavik University Sleep Institute, School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Reijo Sund
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Chhatre S, Chang YHA, Gooneratne NS, Kuna S, Strollo P, Jayadevappa R. Association between adherence to continuous positive airway pressure treatment and cost among medicare enrollees. Sleep 2020; 43:5548694. [PMID: 31403696 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the cost associated with sleep apnea and effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on costs among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS Retrospective cohort design using 5% Medicare claims between 2006 and 2010. Medicare beneficiaries with and without sleep apnea diagnosis between 2007 and 2008 were identified and followed retrospectively for 2 years pre-index-date and 2 years post-index-date. We defined CPAP fill as at least one durable medical equipment claim for CPAP in 6-month period. At least three CPAP fills was defined as "full adherence," and one or two CPAP fills was "partial adherence." We used interrupted time series and generalized linear log-link models to study the association between sleep apnea, CPAP treatment, and costs. To minimize bias, we used propensity score and instrumental variables approach. RESULTS Sleep apnea was associated with higher costs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.58, 1.63) compared to those without sleep apnea. Almost half of those with sleep apnea received CPAP treatment. Interrupted time series analysis indicated post level increase in mean monthly cost for full CPAP adherence group, partial CPAP adherence group and no-CPAP group. However, the increase was smallest for the full CPAP adherence group. Full CPAP adherence was associated with lower change in cost (OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.88, 0.97) compared to the no-CPAP group. CONCLUSIONS Medicare beneficiaries with sleep apnea experience increased cost. Full adherence to CPAP treatment for sleep apnea was associated with lower increase in cost. These findings emphasize the need to effectively identify and treat sleep apnea in Medicare patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Chhatre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yoon Hee A Chang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nalaka S Gooneratne
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sam Kuna
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patrick Strollo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ravishankar Jayadevappa
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA.,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Alternative Care Provider Clinic for Severe Sleep-disordered Breathing. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16:1558-1566. [DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201901-087oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Mansukhani MP, Kolla BP, Naessens JM, Gay PC, Morgenthaler TI. Effects of Adaptive Servoventilation Therapy for Central Sleep Apnea on Health Care Utilization and Mortality: A Population-Based Study. J Clin Sleep Med 2019; 15:119-128. [PMID: 30621843 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Adaptive servoventilation (ASV) is the suggested treatment for many forms of central sleep apnea (CSA). We aimed to evaluate the impact of treating CSA with ASV on health care utilization. METHODS In this population-based study using the Rochester Epidemiology Project database, we identified patients over a 9-year period who were diagnosed with CSA (n = 1,237), commenced ASV therapy, and had ≥ 1 month of clinical data before and after ASV initiation. The rates of hospitalizations, emergency department visits (EDV), outpatient visits (OPV) and medications prescribed per year (mean ± standard deviation) in the 2 years pre-ASV and post-ASV initiation were compared. RESULTS We found 309 patients (68.0 ± 14.6 years, 80.3% male, apnea-hypopnea index 41.6 ± 26.5 events/h, 78% with cardiovascular comorbidities, 34% with heart failure) who met inclusion criteria; 65% used ASV ≥ 4 h/night on ≥ 70% nights in their first month. The overall 2-year mortality rate was 9.4% and CSA secondary to cardiac cause was a significant risk factor for mortality (hazard ratio 1.81, 95% CI 1.09-3.01, P = .02). Comparing pre-ASV and post-ASV initiation, there was no change in the rate of hospitalization (0.72 ± 1.63 versus 0.79 ± 1.44, P = .46), EDV (1.19 ± 2.18 versus 1.26 ± 2.08, P = .54), OPV (31.59 ± 112.42 versus 13.60 ± 17.36, P = .22), or number of prescribed medications (6.68 ± 2.0 versus 5.31 ± 5.86, P = .06). No differences in these outcomes emerged after accounting for adherence to ASV, CSA subtype and comorbidities via multiple regression analysis (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Our cohort of patients with CSA was quite ill and the use of ASV was not associated with a change in health care utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhanu Prakas Kolla
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota
| | - James M Naessens
- Division of Healthcare Policy and Research, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota
| | - Peter C Gay
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota
| | - Timothy I Morgenthaler
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota
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Laratta CR, Ayas NT, Povitz M, Pendharkar SR. Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. CMAJ 2018; 189:E1481-E1488. [PMID: 29203617 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.170296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl R Laratta
- Department of Medicine (Laratta, Ayas); Sleep Disorders Program (Laratta, Ayas), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Povitz); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Povitz), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Pendharkar); Department of Community Health Sciences (Pendharkar), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Najib T Ayas
- Department of Medicine (Laratta, Ayas); Sleep Disorders Program (Laratta, Ayas), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Povitz); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Povitz), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Pendharkar); Department of Community Health Sciences (Pendharkar), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Marcus Povitz
- Department of Medicine (Laratta, Ayas); Sleep Disorders Program (Laratta, Ayas), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Povitz); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Povitz), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Pendharkar); Department of Community Health Sciences (Pendharkar), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sachin R Pendharkar
- Department of Medicine (Laratta, Ayas); Sleep Disorders Program (Laratta, Ayas), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Medicine (Povitz); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Povitz), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Pendharkar); Department of Community Health Sciences (Pendharkar), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
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Campo F, Sanabria-Arenas F, Hidalgo-Martinez P. Tratamiento del síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) con presión positiva en la vía aérea (PAP). REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2017. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v65n1sup.59569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Para el tratamiento de cualquier enfermedad es necesario un adecuado manejo multidisciplinar e involucrar al paciente en la mejor opción que se requiera a largo plazo; la falta de tratamiento de los pacientes implica una enorme carga para el sistema sanitario y la sociedad. En la actualidad, existen diferentes tratamientos para los pacientes con síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS); el de mayor elección, después de descartar anomalías anatómicas susceptibles de cirugía, es el PAP (presión positiva en vía aérea). Las indicaciones para terapia con PAP incluyen pacientes con índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH) ≥15 eventos/hora o ≥5 y ≤14 eventos/hora y quejas de somnolencia diurna excesiva, deterioro cognitivo, trastorno del afecto o insomnio, hipertensión arterial documentada, enfermedad arterial coronaria o historia de evento cerebrovascular. Es importante recordar que el IAH debe basarse en sueño ≥2 horas de registro polisomnográfico. Hay diferentes modalidades de tratamiento con PAP y se debe intervenir para buscar mejorar la adherencia al dispositivo, principal limitante para alcanzar la eficacia en el tratamiento. El impacto del tratamiento del SAHOS ha sido investigado, pero la mayoría de los estudios reportados son de carácter observacional.
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