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Meltzer LJ, Plog AE, Swenka D, Reeves D, Wahlstrom KL. Drowsy driving and teen motor vehicle crashes: Impact of changing school start times. J Adolesc 2022; 94:800-805. [PMID: 35652816 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor vehicle crashes (MVC) are the second leading cause of death for adolescents in the United States, with drowsy driving a major contributing factor. Early school start times have been identified as a significant factor that reduces adolescent sleep duration, which in turn contributes to drowsy driving and MVC. This paper examined the longitudinal impact of delaying secondary school start times on self-reported student drowsy driving and teen MVC. METHODS Secondary school students (10th and 11th grade, 51.7% female, 67.8% White) in the United States completed annual surveys 1 year before and 2 years after implementation of later school start times (70-min delay, n range 1642-2452 per year), reporting frequency of drowsy driving (less than once/week vs. at least once/week). Teen (16-18 years) MVC data from the Colorado Department of Transportation for the 2 years before and 2 years after later start time implementation were compared for Arapahoe County (where start times changed) and neighboring Adams County and Douglas County (where start times did not change). RESULTS With later start times, there was a significant drop in the percent of students who reported frequent drowsy driving (pre-change: 32.6%, post-change: 21.9%, follow-up: 22.8%). Weekday teen MVC rates went down in Arapahoe County (p = .04) during the school year, while no change or increases in MVC rates were seen in neighboring counties. CONCLUSIONS Healthy school start times are important for adolescent health and safety, with study findings highlighting the downstream effects of increased sleep duration following a 70-min delay in secondary school start times on adolescent drowsy driving and teen MVC rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Meltzer
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy E Plog
- Wellness Department, Cherry Creek School District, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA
| | - David Swenka
- Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - David Reeves
- Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kyla L Wahlstrom
- Department of Organizational Leadership, Policy, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Meltzer LJ, Plog AE, Wahlstrom KL, Strand MJ. Biology vs. Ecology: A Longitudinal Examination of Sleep, Development, and a Change in School Start Times. Sleep Med 2022; 90:176-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ziporyn TD, Owens JA, Wahlstrom KL, Wolfson AR, Troxel WM, Saletin JM, Rubens SL, Pelayo R, Payne PA, Hale L, Keller I, Carskadon MA. Adolescent sleep health and school start times: Setting the research agenda for California and beyond: A research summit summary: A research summit summary. Sleep Health 2021; 8:11-22. [PMID: 34991996 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In fall 2019, California passed and signed into law SB328, the first US statewide legislation explicitly designed to protect adolescent sleep health by requiring most California public school districts to start no earlier than 8:00 AM for middle schools and 8:30 AM for high schools. Recognizing the unique opportunity presented by the bill's 3-year implementation period, a group of experts in adolescent sleep and school start times held a virtual summit on January 22-23, 2021 to (1) summarize the research on adolescent sleep and school start time change; (2) develop recommendations for relevant, refined, and innovative research areas and research questions; (3) provide input regarding research design, methodology, and implementation; and (4) offer a forum for networking, exchanging ideas, and establishing interdisciplinary research collaborations. Participants represented a multidisciplinary range of academic backgrounds including sleep and circadian biology, neuroscience, education, medicine, public health, mental health, safety, public policy, economics, implementation science, criminology, diversity studies, and science communication. This paper summarizes summit presentations regarding current knowledge on adolescent sleep health and school start times and key research recommendations from small group workshops on topics including research design and tools, methodological issues, sleep health disparities, logistical challenges in conducting school-based research, public-health impact, and novel and expanded approaches to research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyla L Wahlstrom
- Department of Organizational Leadership, Policy and Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy R Wolfson
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy M Troxel
- Behavior and Policy Sciences, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jared M Saletin
- EP Bradley Hospital Sleep Research Laboratory, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sonia L Rubens
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, USA
| | - Rafael Pelayo
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Lauren Hale
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Irena Keller
- Department of Psychology, Las Positas College, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Mary A Carskadon
- EP Bradley Hospital Sleep Research Laboratory, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Malhotra CK, Gunge D, Advani I, Boddu S, Nilaad S, Crotty Alexander LE. Assessing the potential impact of age and inhalant use on sleep in adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:2233-2239. [PMID: 34027889 PMCID: PMC8636377 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Targeted marketing has caused a recent surge in teen electronic cigarette usage. In all-age surveys, we isolated adolescent data (13-20 years) to assess age alongside electronic cigarettes, traditional tobacco, and dual usage of both with sleep quality and cough. Based on existing adult literature, we hypothesized an association between dual usage and increased sleep latency. METHODS Participants were recruited to complete surveys via social media sites. We performed 3 surveys: Survey 1 (n = 347) in 2018, Survey 2 (n = 1198) in 2019, Survey 3 (n = 554) in 2020. Surveys 1 and 2 had 3 sections: UCSD Inhalant Use Survey, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Leicester Cough Questionnaire. Survey 3 did not include the Leicester Cough Questionnaire, instead the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire were used. The adolescent data were isolated (n = 609). RESULTS Adolescents reported longer sleep duration with increasing age by one-way analysis of variance. By Tukey's multiple comparisons test, females slept more at ages 19 and 20 years than at age 14 years (P < .01). Female dual users slept more than nonsmokers, (P = .01; mean difference 43.8 minutes; confidence interval = 0.11 to 1.36). We observed an association between dual use and sleep latency vs nonsmokers (P = .0008; mean difference 6.27 minutes; confidence interval = 1.40 to 11.13). We saw no correlation between inhalant use and cough. CONCLUSIONS In females, we observed a peak in sleep hours at age 19 years. College-aged females may wake later than younger adolescent females. The data also raised concern for sleep disruption and nicotine-induced wakefulness. Further data are required to guide public health strategies. CITATION Malhotra CK, Gunge D, Advani I, Boddu S, Nilaad S, Crotty Alexander LE. Assessing the potential impact of age and inhalant use on sleep in adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(11):2233-2239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Kamini Malhotra
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Deepti Gunge
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Ira Advani
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Shreyes Boddu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Sedtavut Nilaad
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Laura E. Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California,Address correspondence to: Laura E. Crotty Alexander, MD, UCSD 9500 Gilman Dr, MC 9111J, San Diego, CA 92093;
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Meltzer LJ, Wahlstrom KL, Plog AE, McNally J. Impact of changing school start times on parent sleep. Sleep Health 2021; 8:130-134. [PMID: 34642123 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of changing school start times on sleep in parents of students in elementary, middle, and high school. METHODS Annual surveys were completed by parents of K-12 students (n = 8190-10,592 per year) before (pre-change) and for 2 years (post-change, follow-up) after implementation of new school start times (elementary school [ES]: 60 minutes earlier, middle school [MS]: 40-60 minutes later, high school [HS]: 70 minutes later), providing parent self-reported weekday bedtime and wake time, sleep quality, and feeling tired. RESULTS Significant level-by-year interactions were found for parent bedtime, wake time, and sleep duration (all p < .0001). Post hoc analyses show ES parents reporting earlier bedtimes and wake times at post-change, with no change in sleep duration, while MS and HS parents reported later post-change wake times. Post-change, more MS and HS parents reported sufficient sleep duration (p < .0001) and good sleep quality (p < .0001), with fewer HS parents reporting feeling tired (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to consider the impact of a policy change aimed at improving child sleep on parent sleep. Healthy school start times has a significantly positive downstream effect on secondary school parents' sleep and daytime functioning, with minimal impact reported by parents of elementary school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Meltzer
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
| | - Kyla L Wahlstrom
- Department of Organizational Leadership, Policy, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy E Plog
- Wellness Department, Cherry Creek School District, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA
| | - Janise McNally
- Wellness Department, Cherry Creek School District, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA
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Barlaan DR, Sinor K, Cromer LD. Delayed school start times and motor vehicle accidents: a need for further inquiry. J Clin Sleep Med 2020; 16:1627. [DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devin R. Barlaan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Kathryn Sinor
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
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August J, Rosen D. Advances and Current Issues in Adolescent Sleep. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40124-020-00224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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