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Guzenda W, Żabiński J, Plewka B, Byliniak M, Przymuszała P, Dąbrowiecki P, Michalak M, Waszyk-Nowaczyk M. Inhaler use technique course: an effective postgraduate training solution for pharmacists to enhance therapeutic outcomes as part of patient education. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:153. [PMID: 38374024 PMCID: PMC10875814 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease could benefit from education on using inhalers provided by pharmacists. However, pharmacists may have limited competencies, indicating the necessity to implement appropriate postgraduate courses. The study aimed to evaluate an inhaler use course for pharmacists, including its impact on participants' knowledge and satisfaction. METHODS The study involved 261 pharmacists from community pharmacies and was conducted between September 2019 and March 2021. A pre-post analysis of their knowledge of the topic was applied. Additionally, at the beginning of the course, participants were asked about their educational needs, and at the end, they completed a satisfaction survey. The preferred learning formats indicated by participants were interactive workshops and lectures. RESULTS As a result of the course, both their actual and self-assessed level of knowledge significantly increased. The percentage of correct answers in the test before the training was 24.4%, while after, it was 84.3% (p < 0.0001). Before the course, their average self-assessed level of knowledge was 52.0%, and after the training, it increased to 90.0% (p < 0.0001). Almost all respondents stated that the course met their expectations. They estimated their satisfaction at 94.0% and the usefulness of the provided information at 98.0%. CONCLUSIONS Improved preparation of pharmacists resulting from their participation in the course can contribute to providing more professional advice to patients, thereby positively influencing the pharmaceutical care process in community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Guzenda
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Care Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Żabiński
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Mazovian Pharmaceutical Chamber, 01-882, Żeromskiego 77/6 Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Plewka
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Care Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Przymuszała
- Department of Medical Education, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 7 Rokietnicka Street, 60- 806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Dąbrowiecki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine, 128 Szaserów Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Michalak
- Chair and Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 7 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Waszyk-Nowaczyk
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Care Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
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Hamadouk RM, Yousef BA, Albashair ED, Mohammed FM, Arbab AH. Perceptions of Community Pharmacists Towards Patient Counseling and Continuing Pharmacy Education Programs in Sudan. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 12:77-85. [PMID: 37038390 PMCID: PMC10082612 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s406219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists are uniquely positioned at the heart of communities, and their patient counseling role is the cornerstone for achieving the required therapeutic goals. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to explore the perceptions of community pharmacists regarding patient counseling, and their perception towards continuing pharmacy education programs. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional design was performed among randomly selected 238 community pharmacies in Khartoum locality (Sudan) from September 2022 to December 2022. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire adopted from a previous study with few minor modifications, which was adding three sociodemographic questions. Descriptive statistics were carried out according to the study objective to analyze the pharmacists' responses. Results The majority of the community pharmacists gave counseling and understood its importance to the patients, most of them (70.6%) took 1-5 minutes during the dispensing process. The dose was the most provided information by community pharmacists (26.7%) followed by administration (23.7%) and duration (22.4%). Few (28.2%) of the patients ask the pharmacists about the cost of the medication. Lack of patients' interest (55%) was the major barrier to effective counseling followed by lack of time (47.9%). Almost all (96.2%) pharmacists in this study were interested in continuing pharmacy education programs, and they preferred programs focusing on common diseases (36.6%), and common drugs (30.3%). Conclusion This study showed that the majority of community pharmacists in the Khartoum locality had positive perceptions toward patient counseling and they were interested in continuing pharmacy education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham M Hamadouk
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Bashir A Yousef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Esra D Albashair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Fatimah M Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed H Arbab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Correspondence: Ahmed H Arbab, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Al-Qasr Ave, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan, Tel +249 991893200, Fax +249 183780696, Email
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Khatiwada AP, Shrestha S, Sapkota B, Shakya S, Shrestha R, Roien R, Ozaki A, Mohamed Ibrahim MI. Continuing Pharmacy Education: Exploring the Status and Future Prospects in Nepal. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2022; 13:419-425. [PMID: 35509353 PMCID: PMC9060305 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s353455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Continuing pharmacy education (CPE) is an educational way for pharmacy professionals to develop competency in providing quality pharmaceutical care to patients. The CPE program helps maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills, increase the professionalism of pharmacists, and positively impact patient health outcomes. However, the concept and practice of CPE are still in their infancy in Nepal. Nepal's conventional pharmacy education system involves didactic lectures focusing more on theoretical learning than practical and experiential approaches, leading to the generation of pharmacists theoretically knowledgeable but practically non-competent to deliver pharmaceutical care services in independent practice settings. Additionally, in the absence of CPE, the professionals might miss updated information on new therapies, technologies, and approaches in patient management. The community and hospital pharmacies in Nepal are often business-oriented rather than service, and may not even be staffed by pharmacists, so the CPE programs are rarely conducted for the pharmacy professionals. Hence, the present commentary aimed to explore the status of CPE and its barriers or challenges in implementation and to suggest solutions in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Priyadarshini Khatiwada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
- Nobel College Faculty of Health Sciences, Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Province Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Binaya Sapkota
- Nobel College Faculty of Health Sciences, Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Province Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Sujyoti Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy, District Hospital Lamjung, Lamjung, Nepal
| | - Rohullah Roien
- Medical Research Centre, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
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Batista JPB, Torre C, Sousa Lobo JM, Sepodes B. A review of the continuous professional development system for pharmacists. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2022; 20:3. [PMID: 34991616 PMCID: PMC8734236 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-021-00700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society (PPS) implemented a system of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for pharmacists in 2004. This system has evolved throughout the years, and currently all active pharmacists in Portugal are required to participate in the CPD program. Each CPD cycle takes 5 years. In each cycle, pharmacists must collect 15 CPD points, through participation in educational activities. The PPS accreditation process is managed via an online platform, where education/training providers, as well as pharmacists themselves, can submit educational activities for accreditation. Pharmacists may access their CPD status and assess their development at any point. The objective of this study was to analyze and review the educational activities submitted by providers over a 11-year period (2009-2019). METHODS Data from activities were retrieved from the PPS CPD online platform. All educational activities were labeled according to the area of pharmaceutical professional focus, type of promoter, and activity type. RESULTS During the study 3685 activities were analyzed. Over the last decade, submitted activities for accreditation increased in 52.6%. A significantly high proportion (98.9%) of these activities has been accredited. Promoters of activities were mostly pharmacies sectoral associations (29.6%), consultancy/training companies (19.6%), the PPS (18.5%), pharmaceutical industry (17.7%) and wholesalers' consortia (9.0%). Academia represented only 2.3% of the total amount of educational activities. The most frequent topics were related to "pharmacology & pharmacotherapy" (9.9%), followed by "counselling" (9.8%) and "management & administration" (7.2%). The most accredited type of activities was face-to-face (68.9%) and e-learning trainings (13.1%). CONCLUSIONS This study shows increasing interest in submitting CPD activities for accreditation between 2009 and 2019, but it also demonstrates that Academia could play a more interventive role in the lifelong learning education of Portuguese pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge P B Batista
- Ordem dos Farmacêuticos (Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society), Lisboa, Portugal.
- Unidade de Saúde Pública Internacional e Bioestatística, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Carla Torre
- Ordem dos Farmacêuticos (Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society), Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science - Research Institute for Medicines of the University of Lisbon (iMED.ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Sousa Lobo
- Ordem dos Farmacêuticos (Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society), Lisboa, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sepodes
- Ordem dos Farmacêuticos (Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society), Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science - Research Institute for Medicines of the University of Lisbon (iMED.ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
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Damin Abukhalil A, Amer NM, Musallam LY, Al-Shami N. Medication error awareness among health care providers in Palestine: a questionnaire based cross-sectional observational study. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:470-477. [PMID: 35527828 PMCID: PMC9068552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased awareness among healthcare professionals regarding medication errors and the establishment of a medication error reporting system can significantly reduce the prevalence of medication errors. Unfortunately, Palestine lacks a regulatory system for the control, reporting, and education of medication errors. Objectives This study aimed to assess the awareness of medication errors and reporting of medication errors in the Palestinian medical community. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a self-administered survey involving doctors, nurses, and pharmacists in Palestine. The survey consisted of 20 questions to assess healthcare providers' awareness and course of actions related to medication errors. Data were collected from February 2020 to April 2020. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. This study was approved by the ethical committee of Birzeit University. Results A total of 394 participants were included, including 202 nurses, 114 doctors, and 78 pharmacists. 203 (51.5%) had a good awareness level of medication errors, whereas 126 (32%) and 65 (16.5%) had average awareness and poor awareness levels, respectively. In addition, 66.0% of providers did not inform the patients after recognizing the error. Fear of legal or social consequences and being too busy are significant barriers to reporting medication errors. Moreover, 35 % of all providers were not aware of the reporting system in their institutions or the reporting methodology, and only 26% of all participants confirmed that their institutions provided continuous education on medication errors. Conclusion This study revealed differences in healthcare professionals' awareness of medication errors. The study's findings emphasize the urgent need to adopt appropriate measures to raise awareness about medication errors among healthcare providers in Palestine. Furthermore, establishing a regulatory policy and a national medication error reporting system to improve medication safety.
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Alharthi NM, Alsaeed MS, Alsharif MO, Almalki MG, Alshehri WS, Prabahar K. Assessment of pharmacists' perception toward continuing education. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:368-372. [PMID: 34820311 PMCID: PMC8588923 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.329910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuing education (CE) is a structured educational activity. Pharmacists must actively participate in CE and is an important part of developing the professional competency of pharmacists. This research focuses on measuring Saudi pharmacists' perception in CE, its impact on professional performance, and the barriers in CE. This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2020, using random sample of Saudi pharmacists working in all workplaces from different cities in Saudi Arabia using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 15 questions that assess the perception of Saudi pharmacists toward CE and barriers that prevent them from CE. A total of 409 pharmacists participated in the study. Majority of pharmacists were working in government hospitals (48.4%) and have <2 years of practice experience (44.5%). More than 70% of respondents acknowledged that CE helps to increase their knowledge. The pharmacists mentioned that getting a certificate (23.37%) was the major reason for attending a CE event. The reasons that prevent respondents from attending live CE were cost and work responsibilities (23.59% and 24.57%, respectively). This study reported a subjective assessment of pharmacists' perception toward CE, their lifelong learning experience. Saudi pharmacists showed a great desire for CE because they believed that it greatly affects their professional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf M Alharthi
- Pharm D Program, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad Sahaw Alsaeed
- Pharm D Program, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Omar Alsharif
- Director of Pharmaceutical Care Administration in Tabuk Region, Umluj General Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ghabbash Almalki
- Board Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist, Pharmacy Director and Head of DIC, Umluj General Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kousalya Prabahar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Gani MA, Nurhan AD, Maulana S, Siswodihardjo S, Shinta DW, Khotib J. Structure-based virtual screening of bioactive compounds from Indonesian medical plants against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:120-126. [PMID: 34159141 PMCID: PMC8177144 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_88_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus that causes the infectious disease coronavirus disease-2019. Currently, there is no effective drug for the prevention and treatment of this virus. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites that potentially inhibit the key proteins of SARS-CoV-2. This was an in silico molecular docking study of several secondary metabolites of Indonesian herbal plant compounds and other metabolites with antiviral testing history. Virtual screening using AutoDock Vina of 216 Lipinski rule-compliant plant metabolites was performed on 3C-like protease (3CLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and spike glycoprotein. Ligand preparation was performed using JChem and Schrödinger's software, and virtual protein elucidation was performed using AutoDockTools version 1.5.6. Virtual screening identified several RdRp, spike, and 3CLpro inhibitors. Justicidin D had binding affinities of −8.7, −8.1, and −7.6 kcal mol−1 on RdRp, 3CLpro, and spike, respectively. 10-methoxycamptothecin had binding affinities of −8.5 and −8.2 kcal mol−1 on RdRp and spike, respectively. Inoxanthone had binding affinities of −8.3 and −8.1 kcal mol−1 on RdRp and spike, respectively, while binding affinities of caribine were −9.0 and −7.5 mol−1 on 3CLpro and spike, respectively. Secondary metabolites of compounds from several plants were identified as potential agents for SARS-CoV-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apriliani Gani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Saipul Maulana
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Siswandono Siswodihardjo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Wara Shinta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Junaidi Khotib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Prabahar K, Alharthi N, Alsaeed M, Alsharif M, Almalki M, Alshehri W. Assessment of pharmacists' perception toward continuing education. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.329911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Adhikari B, Khatiwada AP, Shrestha R, Shrestha S. Assessing Pharmacy Practitioners' Perceptions of Continuing Pharmacy Education and Professional Development at an Oncology Service Hospital in Nepal: A Pilot Study. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2020; 11:911-919. [PMID: 33293884 PMCID: PMC7718868 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s271129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Continuing pharmacy education (CPE) and continuing professional development (CPD) programs have been useful for enhancing the skills and performance of pharmacists. Despite its adoption worldwide, the practice of such programs has been limited in Nepal. The current pilot study aimed to assess the perception of pharmacists regarding CPE/CPD in one of the oncology centers in Nepal. The goal of this study was to provide suggestions for developing and implementing the CPE/CPD programs. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based pilot study, whereby the pharmacists and assistant pharmacists at a single-center were provided with a structured questionnaire inquiring about their perception of CPE/CPD. A mixed-method approach was followed for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used for all the variables. RESULTS A total of 15 pharmacy professionals were enrolled in the study. Recent innovations in pharmacy practices were the most commonly desired topics (n= 11, 73.3%) for CPE/CPD. Live in-person presentations (n= 10, 66.7%) and handouts method (n= 10, 66.7%) were the most recommended practices for CPE/CPD. The most commonly cited deterrent was poor quality and method of CPE delivery (n=11, 73.3%), while the most common motivation was professional competence (n= 12, 80%). CONCLUSION This pilot study shows the benefits of developing CPE/CPD packages in future for pharmacy professionals focusing on advances in pharmacy practices and skill development, using in-person presentations and handouts, and focusing on the curiosity of the participant to improve his/her professional practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baburam Adhikari
- Department of Pharmacy, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Asmita Priyadarshini Khatiwada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ranish Shrestha
- Infection Control Unit, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Aldosari H, Alsairafi Z, Waheedi S. Continuing education in pharmacy: A cross-sectional study exploring pharmacists' attitudes and perceptions. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:803-813. [PMID: 32647481 PMCID: PMC7335716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pharmacy profession has changed enormously in the recent decades. Pharmacist role has been expanded beyond formulating and dispensing medications to include the provision of pharmaceutical care and public health services to patients. Patient-centred care requires sustained competency through improving pharmacist’s knowledge, skills, and performance. Such improvements require pharmacist’s involvement in continuing education activities although it is optional in Kuwait. Objective To explore pharmacists’ attitudes towards continuing education in Kuwait, and to investigate the perceived barriers that hinder pharmacists from being involved in continuing education activities. Setting. All governmental hospitals and polyclinics and private pharmacies in all the five health regions of Kuwait (Capital, Hawalli, Ahmadai, Farwaniyah, and Jahra). Method A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted with full licensed pharmacists working in Kuwait. Pharmacists were asked to complete an adapted validated questionnaire composed of 14 items to measure their attitudes towards continuing education. In addition, it contains open-ended questions to obtain the type of learning activity undertaken by the pharmacists, and whether they have barriers that hinder them from being involved in continuing education. Results A total of 409 pharmacists completed the questionnaire. The participants had a median score of 44 (interquartile range = 41–47); good to excellent attitudes. Attitude scores were correlated with age and years of experience. Almost 70% of the participants had attended a continuing education activity within one year. The activity undertaken most by pharmacists was attending a seminar, compared to other activities. The main barriers to continuing education were lack of personal time (n = 383), lack of scientific databases and books (n = 187) and conferences are not regularly organized locally (n = 154). Conclusion Pharmacists in Kuwait have positive attitudes towards continuing education overall. However, there are many obstacles that avert pharmacists to practice continuing education. Further studies are required to explore how to overcome the reported barriers and provide more feasible and relevant continuing education to pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailah Aldosari
- Ministry of Health, Mubarak Hospital, Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Hawalli, Kuwait
| | | | - Salah Waheedi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Hawalli, Kuwait
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Micallef R, Kayyali R. A Systematic Review of Models Used and Preferences for Continuing Education and Continuing Professional Development of Pharmacists. PHARMACY 2019; 7:pharmacy7040154. [PMID: 31744140 PMCID: PMC6958463 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuing Education (CE) or Continuing Professional Development (CPD) are used by pharmacists globally to maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills throughout their careers. The primary aim of this study was to identify the formats or models used by pharmacists for CE and CPD globally. The secondary aim was to identify preferences of pharmacists, in relation to the variety of formats or models used to fulfil mandatory requirements, in order to support future planning of lifelong learning events. A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science covering a time period from 1995 until March 2018. Searches were conducted in English, with studies on undergraduate studies being excluded. Eighteen papers from an initial search of 4561 were included from 2004 to 2014. All studies focused on pharmacists. Three studies identified face-to-face learning as a preference, with six studies identifying a positive impact of interactive learning. All four identified studies focusing on online provision were linked to CE. One study highlighted the benefits of blended learning. Two studies identified concluded that no one size fits all. A clear structure of event was highlighted in three studies. Three studies highlighted the relevance of topics to practice, and two studies showed the need for opportunities to apply knowledge. Due to the variety of formats and no consistent model, no perfect model or activity has been identified. However, CPD showed increased practice outcomes versus CE. Although an increasing amount of technology is being utilized, face-to-face learning is still preferred. Interactive, multiple-format learning should be used where possible, to reflect preferences of different learners. There is a need for a structured approach to the planning and learning event itself to support CE and CPD.
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Unni E, Le MT, Whittaker A. Implementation of a Continuing Professional Development Course in a Longitudinal Didactic Curriculum for Pharmacy Students. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:7013. [PMID: 31831893 PMCID: PMC6900810 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To implement a continuous professional development (CPD) program in the didactic curriculum of a three-year Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) program, and evaluate associated outcomes. Methods. The initial CPD program was implemented in the didactic curriculum of the PharmD program in 2014-2015. Barriers were identified and strategies adopted to overcome the barriers. A revised CPD curriculum was implemented in the 2015-2016 academic year. Student and faculty evaluations of the course were conducted, and students' perceived capabilities in the various skills related to professional development were measured. Results. The student ratings of the course were acceptable (ranging from 3.3 to 4.2 on a 5-point Likert scale). First-year students rated the course higher than second-year students did. The majority of faculty members found the CPD curriculum valuable for students. Students perceived that their skills in oral, written and interprofessional communication, leadership, and time management had significantly improved after completing the course. Conclusion. Implementation of a CPD process during the didactic curriculum for PharmD students is feasible and beneficial to students' professional development. This CPD model provided students with an opportunity to develop self-directed lifelong learning skills and prepared them to transition to practice-based learning in their final year of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Unni
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Jordan, Utah
| | - Minh Thi Le
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Jordan, Utah
| | - Alana Whittaker
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Henderson, Nevada
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Schindel TJ, Yuksel N, Breault R, Daniels J, Varnhagen S, Hughes CA. Pharmacists' learning needs in the era of expanding scopes of practice: Evolving practices and changing needs. Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 15:448-458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Poudel RS, Piryani RM, Shrestha S, Chaurasiya R, Niure BP. Opinion of hospital pharmacy practitioners toward the Continuing Pharmacy Education program: a study from a tertiary care hospital in central Nepal. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2018; 6:157-161. [PMID: 29354562 PMCID: PMC5774316 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s145026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meeting participants’ needs and matching their preferences are important prerequisites for an effective Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE) program. The objective of this pilot study was to assess the opinion of hospital pharmacy practitioners with respect to the CPE program. Methods The pretested questionnaires were distributed to 20 pharmacy practitioners working in a pharmacy at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal which asked for their opinions and suggestions with respect to the CPE program. Descriptive statistics were performed using IBM SPSS version 20. Results Topics related to skills development (75%) and recent innovations in pharmacy practice (65%) were mostly preferred. Live (in-person) presentations (80%) and small group discussion (60%) were the most suitable methods for delivery. Improving knowledge (75%), improving skills (60%) and keeping up-to-date in the latest information (60%) were major motivating factors to participate, while lack of time (75%) was a major barrier. Approximately 55% of the participants believed that face-to-face interview was a suitable method for evaluating the effectiveness. Allocation of separate time for the program, assessing baseline knowledge and skills of the participants along with delivery of quality materials in an understandable way were the top common suggestions for improving the CPE program. Conclusion Hospital pharmacy practitioners’ opinions and suggestions were assessed with respect to the CPE program and this was upgraded accordingly to meet their expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rano Mal Piryani
- Health Professionals Education and Research Centre, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Shakti Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy, Shree Medical and Technical College, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Roshan Chaurasiya
- Hospital Pharmacy, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Bed Prakash Niure
- Hospital Pharmacy, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal
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Micallef R, Kayyali R. Factors affecting a face-to-face learning event. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2017; 26:183-190. [PMID: 28514043 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacy professionals have multiple opportunities to attend learning events run by a series of providers. However, there has never been a large-scale evaluation of events. Currently, formats of learning sessions differ by provider with no optimum model identified. Pharmacy Education South London was formed in April 2014 for the provision of education and training for pharmacy professionals in South London, running sessions multiple times across various locations. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work was to identify factors that influence the perceived success of a face-to-face supplementary education and training event from the perspective of attendees. METHODS Evaluation forms from 600 participants at training events followed by semi-structured individual interviews with 11 participants. KEY FINDINGS Participants over 55 years were more likely to attend lecture style events versus those aged under 25 years who attended more workshops (P < 0.001); there was no correlation with gender. About 57.3% (n = 344) of participants agreed fully that the event increased their understanding of the topics, although only 38.5% (n = 231) stated that it would change their practice. Themes influencing an event fell into three broad themes: personal reasons affecting attendance, success factors for the session and application of learning, all with related subthemes. Subthemes included commitments, convenience, awareness, topic and personal relevance, content and delivery and reference, review and action. CONCLUSIONS In publicising events, the topic, including the driver for the topic and the skills that will be obtained, the speaker and their experience plus how learning can be applied after the event should be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Micallef
- Department of Pharmacy, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, UK
| | - Reem Kayyali
- Department of Pharmacy, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, UK
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Alkhateeb FM, Attarabeen OF, Alameddine S. Assessment of Texan pharmacists' attitudes, behaviors, and preferences related to continuing pharmacy education. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2016; 14:769. [PMID: 27785162 PMCID: PMC5061518 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2016.03.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether the available Continuing Education (CE) programs meet pharmacists' continuously increasing needs and preferences is open to question. OBJECTIVES to investigate pharmacists' perceptions and attitudes concerning available CE programs, evaluate the pharmacists' choices with regard to selecting among different CE programs, and investigate the factors that are associated with preference to utilize online CE programs. METHOD A 17-question survey was developed and mailed to a random sample of 600 Texan pharmacists. In addition to collecting basic demographic information, the survey investigated pharmacists' choices with regard to delivery and content of CE programs, motivations to participation in CE programs, and pharmacists' preferences for future CE programs. RESULTS A total of 161 pharmacists completed the survey and mailed back their responses. Excluding the 75 undeliverable surveys, the response rate was 31%. Approximately 83% of respondents found that currently available CE programs met their educational needs. The most important factors influencing pharmacists' choices with regard to CE programs were the scope programs, the location where programs are held, and the cost associated with enrolling in such programs. Online CE was the most preferred mode of CE among participants. The factors that were associated with pharmacists' preferences to complete 50% or more of required CE through online programs were previous use of online CE programs, preference to limit the duration of CE programs to 1 or 2 hour-long, and perceived ability to find adequate CE programs among currently available CE programs. CONCLUSION The findings suggest modalities for CE programs providers on how to improve CE programs in the future in order to meet the preferences of local pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi M Alkhateeb
- Director of Assessment & Accreditation & Associate Professor of Pharmacy Administration, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center . Kingsville, TX ( United States ).
| | - Omar F Attarabeen
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice. Marshall University College of Pharmacy . Huntington, WV ( United States ).
| | - Sarah Alameddine
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice. Nova Southeastern University . Fort Lauderdale, FL ( United States ).
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Brincat A, Azzopardi LM, Zarb Adami M, Serracino-Inglott A. Development and evaluation of a Drug Information Bulletin. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Brincat
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine and Surgery; University of Malta; Msida Malta
| | - Lilian M. Azzopardi
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine and Surgery; University of Malta; Msida Malta
| | - Maurice Zarb Adami
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine and Surgery; University of Malta; Msida Malta
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Blended Learning: Reflections on Teaching Experiences across the Pharmacy Education Continuum. PHARMACY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy1020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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