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Nguyen MD, Stocks AM, Anksorus HN, Harris SC. Assessing the mental health, physical health, and well-being of doctor of pharmacy students. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:170-177. [PMID: 36922330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Student well-being is a growing area of interest, though existing literature assessing multiple areas of well-being is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the well-being of pharmacy students corresponding to three well-being domains (physical health, mental health, personal well-being and burnout) and identify characteristics associated with these domains. METHODS An online survey adapted from various instruments was disseminated to pharmacy students from 11 pharmacy programs. Survey responses were compared using basic descriptive statistics, and Pearson's chi-Square was used for association analyses. RESULTS Eight hundred thirty-six students from responded to the survey (24.3% response rate). For physical health, 59.3% of students reported sleeping <7 hours per night and 60.4% reported exercising 1 to 5 hours per week. For mental health, 24.8% of students screened positive for depression and 42% screened positive for anxiety. Lastly, 65.9% of students were at risk for decreased well-being and 63.7% for burnout. Based on association analyses, gender and pharmacy year were associated with screening positive for anxiety and burnout, gender was associated with decreased well-being, and relationship status was associated with screening positive for depression. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed pharmacy students are at risk for lack of sleep and exercise, depression or anxiety, decreased well-being, and burnout. Also, several characteristics were found to be associated with these negative well-being outcomes. Although response rate and participant demographics could impact the generalizability of these findings, findings further increase awareness about student well-being and inform pharmacy programs supporting well-being by better understanding student risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi D Nguyen
- PGY1 Pharmacy Resident, Inova Mount Vernon Hospital, 2501 Parkers Ln, Alexandria, VA 22306, United States.
| | - Abby MacCauley Stocks
- University of Kentucky Good Samaritan Hospital, 310 S Limestone, Lexington, KY 40508, United States.
| | - Heidi N Anksorus
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Suzanne C Harris
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Chebabo-Weiner S, Williams SN, Parikh M, Wharton S, Patel T. Development of a survey to assess the impact of substance use disorder education on student pharmacists' perspective. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:462-467. [PMID: 35483812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this manuscript is to outline the process involved in the development and validation of a survey that is optimal for assessing the impact of a substance use disorder (SUD) elective course. METHODS Face validation was performed once the initial survey was developed. Additionally, field validation was performed by surveying a small population of pharmacy students enrolled in the elective course. Non-parametric chi-square test and factor analysis were performed to analyze survey results and measure survey validity, while Cronbach alpha (CA) was performed to measure reliability. RESULTS Student survey responses showed a significance of P < .05 using one sample chi-square test for statements 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 15. Factor analysis identified five factors; however, only three factors were identified as having good correlation. Factor 1 related to students' beliefs about patients with SUD, factor 2 related to attitudes about patients with SUD, and factor 3 related to beliefs about SUD. Factors 1, 2, and 3 have a calculated CA > 0.7, indicating strong internal consistency and reliability. CONCLUSIONS Some of the original statements loaded as expected and assessed the impact of the course in shaping students' beliefs and attitudes regarding SUD. However, some statements did not load as expected, and the survey was modified in order to better assess the desired endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Chebabo-Weiner
- School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame of Maryland University, 4701 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21210, United States.
| | - Stacey N Williams
- School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame of Maryland University (currently at Center for Scientific Review), Scientific Review Officer, Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Mamta Parikh
- School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame of Maryland University (currently at Biogen Inc.), Biogen, 539 Kinglets Roots Ln, Glen Burnie, MD 21060, United States.
| | - Shayne Wharton
- School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame of Maryland University (currently at UPMC Pinnacle), UPMC Pinnacle, 647 Haralson Dr, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, United States.
| | - Tejas Patel
- Moderna Inc., One Devonshire Place Apt #3309, Boston, MA 02109, United States.
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Attitudes and Associated Demographic Factors Contributing towards the Abuse of Illicit Drugs: A Cross-Sectional Study from Health Care Students in Saudi Arabia. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020322. [PMID: 35208645 PMCID: PMC8878882 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the attitudes, views, and factors that influence drug abuse among pharmacy and nursing students at a Saudi Arabian university. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study, was conducted among pharmacy and nursing students who are currently enrolled in the respective courses at the study site. The data were collected over 4 months from August to November 2019 using structured self-administered paper-based questionnaires. Results: Among the participants, pharmacy students accounted for 184 (58.2%) while 132 (41.8%) of the students were from nursing. More than a third of the students 129, (40.8%) smoked cigarettes. The majority of pharmacy (80.4%) and nursing students (67.4%) reported having undertaken a drug misuse course in college. Among the participants, 132 (41.7%) stated that an offer from friends, followed by joy seeking 129 (40.8%), parents’ divorce 126 (39.8%), having access to drugs 125 (39.5%), family issues 110 (34.8%), 66 (20.8%) having a family member who is addicted, and 101 (31.9%) reported curiosity to be the factors regarding the use of abusive drugs. Transient euphoria (75.9%) followed by depression 197 (62.3%) was the most prevalent physical or psychological change that occurred following drug use. The family size and father’s education have significantly affected the attitudes scores of the students (F = 5.188; p = 0.0001). Conclusion: In this study, joy-seeking, access to drugs, and family issues were found to be the major factors listed as reasons for drug abuse, with some of them being controllable or reversible. Educating about the adverse outcomes of abused drugs is warranted.
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Frick A, Osae L, Ngo S, Anksorus H, Williams CR, Rodgers PT, Harris S. Establishing the role of the pharmacist in mental health: Implementing Mental Health First Aid into the doctor of pharmacy core curriculum. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:608-615. [PMID: 33867054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to assess the impact of implementing Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training in a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum on student pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and empathy towards people with mental health conditions and/or crises. METHODS Participants were third-year PharmD students enrolled in Patient Care Experience, a required communication and ethics course. A survey was administered pre- and post-intervention (i.e. MHFA training). Student pharmacist self-efficacy in assisting someone developing a mental health condition or in crisis was evaluated using confidence measures from the MHFA action plan. Knowledge was measured using Mental Health Knowledge Statements. Attitudes were assessed with the Index of Attitudes Towards Mental Illness, and stigma was evaluated using the Social Distancing Scale. Empathy was measured with the Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale. RESULTS Both pre- and post-intervention surveys were completed by 97 of 135 participants (71.9% response rate). MHFA training resulted in significantly increased self-efficacy and empathy. There were no significant differences in knowledge, attitudes, and stigma. CONCLUSIONS MHFA training was associated with increases in student pharmacist empathy and self-efficacy in providing support to individuals with mental health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Frick
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 3214 Kerr Hall, CB# 7569, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Leah Osae
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, CB# 7569, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Susan Ngo
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, CB# 7569, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Heidi Anksorus
- Practice Advancement and Clinical Education Division, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 1318 Kerr Hall, CB# 7475, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Charlene R Williams
- Practice Advancement and Clinical Education Division, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of pharmacy, One University Heights, CB# 2125, Asheville, NC 28804, United States.
| | - Philip T Rodgers
- Practice Advancement and Clinical Education Division, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 115M Beard Hall, CB# 7574, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Suzanne Harris
- Practice Advancement and Clinical Education Division, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 1310 Kerr Hall, CB# 7574, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Tran T, Ball J, Bratberg JP, DeSimone EM, Franko TS, Hill LG, Sharp CPKK, Palombi L, Ventricelli D, Farrell D, Gandhi N, Moore T. Report of the 2020 Special Committee on Substance Use and Pharmacy Education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2020; 84:8421. [PMID: 34283760 PMCID: PMC7712728 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe 2020 Special Committee on Substance Use and Pharmacy Education was charged to update the work of the 2010 Special Committee on Substance Abuse and Pharmacy Education Report (SAPER) specifically with recommendations on core curricular content and delivery processes on substance misuse and substance use disorder (SUD). This report provides information on the committee's process to address the charges, background information and resources pertaining to the charges, and rationale for SUD being a critical topic for curriculum at colleges and schools of pharmacy. This committee offers several recommendations to the Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) pertaining to the committee charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Tran
- Midwestern University Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Jennifer Ball
- South Dakota State University, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Brookings, South Dakota
| | | | - Edward M DeSimone
- Creighton University, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Lucas G Hill
- The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas
| | | | - Laura Palombi
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Duluth, Minnesota
| | | | - Dorothy Farrell
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Nidhi Gandhi
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Terri Moore
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Arlington, Virginia
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Jarvi A, Hughes P, Shepherd JG, Hedgepeth Kennedy ML, Wilson CG. Reprint of: Impact of elective on students’ perceptions of treating patients with a substance use disorder. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:S84-S87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kernan WD. Health-related impediments to learning among dental and oral surgery students. J Prev Interv Community 2020; 47:32-44. [PMID: 30806191 DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2018.1547307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dental education is a challenging experience that places significant demands on students' intellectual, financial, and psychosocial well-being. Dental students who simultaneously experience physical illness, emotional upset, or interpersonal difficulty may be at greater risk of experiencing negative academic consequences. It is well documented that stress affects student learning, however, the impact of other health concerns on academic success is less understood. The purpose of this manuscript is to document the prevalence and perceived academic impact of 24 health concerns on the academic performance of a sample of 130 undergraduate dental students as measured by the National College Health Assessment (NCHA). Health concerns that were most prevalent among dental students were generally also perceived to be most detrimental to their learning. These included upper respiratory infections (cold, flu, sore throat), interpersonal concerns (concerns about a troubled friend or family member, and relationship difficulty), and mental health issues (depression/anxiety/seasonal affective disorder, and stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Kernan
- a Department of Public Health , William Paterson University , Wayne , NJ , USA
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Jarvi A, Hughes P, Shepherd JG, Hedgepeth Kennedy ML, Wilson CG. Impact of elective on students' perceptions of treating patients with a substance use disorder. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:e43-e46. [PMID: 32107156 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of a substance use disorder (SUD) elective curriculum on students' perceptions of treating patients with SUDs using the Drug and Drug Problems Perceptions Questionnaire (DDPPQ). METHODS In 2017, a third-year pharmacy elective, conceptualizing SUD as a chronic, relapsing brain disease with psychosocial and societal influencers, was introduced. A linked pre- and postcourse assessment using the DDPPQ was carried out for the following categories: role adequacy, role support, job satisfaction, role-related self-esteem, and role legitimacy. RESULTS A total of 63 students were enrolled in the elective and 54 paired questionnaires were available for analysis. There was a statistically significant improvement in attitude across all 5 categories of the DDPPQ. CONCLUSION Students' attitudes toward working with patients with SUD improved after completing the elective. This study indicates that teaching student pharmacists about effectively recognizing and treating SUDs may result in more willingness to work with these patients in the future.
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Abstract
Across all care environments, pharmacists play an essential role in the care of people who use and misuse psychoactive substances, including those diagnosed with substance use disorders. To optimize, sustain, and expand these independent and collaborative roles, the Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) has developed core competencies for pharmacists to address substance use in the 21st century. Key concepts, skills, and attitudes are outlined, with links to entrustable professional activities to assist with integration into a variety of ideally interdisciplinary curricular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Bratberg
- Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Fischbein R, Bonfine N. Pharmacy and Medical Students' Mental Health Symptoms, Experiences, Attitudes and Help-Seeking Behaviors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:7558. [PMID: 32001889 PMCID: PMC6983890 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To examine and compare the prevalence of mental health problems, help-seeking attitudes, and perceptions about mental health problems among US pharmacy and medical students. Methods. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using existing, anonymous survey data collected in the Healthy Minds Study during the 2015-2016 academic year. The analysis included 482 students (159 pharmacy students and 323 medical students) from 23 institutions in the United States. Analyzed topics included demographic characteristics, mental health status and symptoms, substance abuse, stigma related to mental health, help-seeking behaviors and attitudes, and mental health treatment perceptions. Results. Pharmacy and medical students experienced similar rates of depression (18% met clinical cut-offs), but pharmacy students were more likely to meet clinical cutoffs for anxiety (21% vs 11%). Pharmacy students were less likely to seek help from student counseling services (only 11% vs 49%) and also less likely to know where to seek help on campus if needed. Pharmacy students also reported having higher levels of stigma regarding mental health treatment. Conclusion. There are differences between pharmacy and medical students with regards to their experience of mental health symptoms, willingness to seek help, and perception of stigma. Despite the small sample, this analysis of national data indicates that opportunities exist to improve campus-based mental health education and offerings for pharmacy and medical students.
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Darbishire PL, Devine PS, Proctor AJ, Horner WJ, Hoffman EM, Ott CA, Fuentes DG, Hughes J, Patel PB. National Survey Exploring Drug Screening in Pharmacy Programs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:6576. [PMID: 31065156 PMCID: PMC6498202 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To explore drug screening programs, including requirements, policies, and procedures among pharmacy programs; frequency of drug-related incidents; and types of substances misused by pharmacy students. Methods. IRB-approved web-based and paper surveys were sent to pharmacy deans, experiential education faculty, and student affairs personnel at 135 US ACPE-accredited and candidate status programs. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to analyze the data, identify relationships and draw conclusions. Results. Administrators from 98 programs responded (73% response rate). Sixty-one percent reported implementing a urine drug screen requirement for students, with a 10-panel screen as the most common required screen (72%). Ninety-three percent of programs require students to pay for the screen, with costs averaging $42 per screen. Programs reported an average of 2.2 substance-related events per 100 students annually, with alcohol, marijuana, amphetamines, opioids and benzodiazepines most commonly involved. Schools that do not screen reported twice as many incidents as those that screen. Conclusion. A drug screening program can deter pharmacy students from inappropriate substance use. The results from this study can assist pharmacy administrators in evaluating the need to institute or enhance a drug screening program at their school or college of pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Darbishire
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
| | | | | | | | | | - Carol A. Ott
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - David G. Fuentes
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
- California Health Sciences University, College of Pharmacy, Clovis, California
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- California Health Sciences University, College of Pharmacy, Clovis, California
| | - Priya B. Patel
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana
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