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Esatbeyoglu T, Sarikaya Aydin S, Gültekin Subasi B, Erskine E, Gök R, Ibrahim SA, Yilmaz B, Özogul F, Capanoglu E. Additional advances related to the health benefits associated with kombucha consumption. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:6102-6119. [PMID: 36660921 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2163373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Kombucha is a fermented, acidic beverage that dates back thousands of years as a remedy for various health problems in East Asia. Due to its health benefits, kombucha has gained popularity and attracted the attention of both consumers and researchers. The health benefits of kombucha are predominantly attributed to its bioactive compounds that have antioxidant, antimicrobial, probiotic, and other positive effects owing to fermentation. Many factors such as the type of the substrate used, the symbiotic culture of the bacterial yeast composition, and fermentation conditions influence the extent of these properties. This review focuses on recent developments regarding the bioactive constituents of kombucha and its potential health benefits (antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective effects) as well as its impact on multiple sclerosis, nephrotoxicity, gastric ulceration and gut microbiota. Additionally, the composition of kombucha, alternative uses of its biofilm, and potential toxicity are also discussed. Kombucha is a healthy and safe beverage with multiple health benefits that are primarily related to the presence of bacteria, yeasts, and other bioactive constituents. Moreover, kombucha has been suggested as a potential source of probiotics and eco-friendly materials (kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose) for several industries including food and textile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Food Development and Food Quality, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Secil Sarikaya Aydin
- Department of Food Development and Food Quality, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Büsra Gültekin Subasi
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hafik Kamer Ornek MYO, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Erskine
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Recep Gök
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Salam A Ibrahim
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Birsen Yilmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Özogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Anantachoke N, Duangrat R, Sutthiphatkul T, Ochaikul D, Mangmool S. Kombucha Beverages Produced from Fruits, Vegetables, and Plants: A Review on Their Pharmacological Activities and Health Benefits. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091818. [PMID: 37174355 PMCID: PMC10178031 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kombucha is a traditional health beverage produced by fermenting sweetened tea with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts. Consumption of kombucha beverages has been growing and there is kombucha commercially available worldwide as one of the most famous low-alcohol beverages. Kombucha beverages have been claimed to have beneficial effects on human health because they contain a variety of bioactive compounds that possess various functional properties. At present, several kinds of raw material (e.g., milk, fruit, vegetables, and herbs) have been fermented with kombucha consortium and consumed as kombucha beverages. Although several studies have been written regarding the biological activities of kombucha and raw materials, there is however little information available on the characterization of their components as well as the biological activities of fermented kombucha from many raw material mixtures. Several pharmacological activities were reviewed in the scientific literature, describing their potential implications for human health. In addition, the adverse effects and toxicity of kombucha consumption were also reviewed. In this study, we focused on the main and latest studies of the pharmacological effects of kombucha beverages produced from various kinds of raw materials, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic effects in in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthinee Anantachoke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Duangrat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanyarat Sutthiphatkul
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Ochaikul
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Abstract
Kombucha is a carbonated, slightly acidic beverage traditionally produced by the fermentation of sweetened tea by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). The microbial community of kombucha is a complex one, whose dynamics are still not fully understood; however, the emergence of culture-independent techniques has allowed a more comprehensive insight into kombucha microbiota. In recent times, advancements have been made towards the optimisation of the fermentation process, including the use of alternative substrates, defined starter cultures and the modification of fermentation parameters, with the aim of producing an innovative beverage that is improved in terms of its physiochemical, sensory and bioactive properties. The global kombucha market is rapidly increasing, with the rising popularity of the tea attributed in part to its purported health benefits, despite the lack of research in human subjects to substantiate such claims. Accordingly, the incidence of kombucha home-brewing has increased, meaning there is a requirement for individuals to recognise the potential hazards associated with fermentation and the relevant preventative measures to be undertaken to ensure the safe preparation of kombucha. The aim of this review is to provide an update regarding the current knowledge of kombucha production, microbiology, safety and marketing.
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Vukmanović S, Vitas J, Ranitović A, Cvetković D, Tomić A, Malbaša R. Certain production variables and antimicrobial activity of novel winery effluent based kombucha. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tran T, Grandvalet C, Verdier F, Martin A, Alexandre H, Tourdot‐Maréchal R. Microbiological and technological parameters impacting the chemical composition and sensory quality of kombucha. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2050-2070. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Tran
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté/AgroSup DijonÉquipe Vin Alimentation Micro‐organismes Stress (VAlMiS) Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot 2 rue Claude Ladrey Dijon 21000 France
| | - Cosette Grandvalet
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté/AgroSup DijonÉquipe Vin Alimentation Micro‐organismes Stress (VAlMiS) Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot 2 rue Claude Ladrey Dijon 21000 France
| | | | | | - Hervé Alexandre
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté/AgroSup DijonÉquipe Vin Alimentation Micro‐organismes Stress (VAlMiS) Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot 2 rue Claude Ladrey Dijon 21000 France
| | - Raphaëlle Tourdot‐Maréchal
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté/AgroSup DijonÉquipe Vin Alimentation Micro‐organismes Stress (VAlMiS) Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot 2 rue Claude Ladrey Dijon 21000 France
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Kapp JM, Sumner W. Kombucha: a systematic review of the empirical evidence of human health benefit. Ann Epidemiol 2019; 30:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
A 54-year-old asthmatic woman presented to hospital with a 10-day history of breathlessness. On examination, she was tachypnoeic with mild wheeze. She had preserved peak flows and was saturating at 100% on room air. Investigations revealed severe metabolic lactic acidosis. On further questioning, it transpired that she drank kombucha tea, which has been linked to lactic acidosis. She made a full recovery with supportive management and cessation of the tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa Holbourn
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Judith Hurdman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
Toxic neuropathy, although rare, is an important consideration in the setting of a known or suspected toxic exposure in the workplace or other environment. This chapter discusses the clinical and electrodiagnostic evaluation of peripheral neuropathies, highlighting findings that direct further workup and may point to specific toxins as etiology. The difficulty of establishing causality of a toxin in relation to peripheral neuropathy is discussed; guidelines for establishing causality are presented. Examples of common industrial toxins are listed, including their typical industrial uses and their mechanisms of action in producing neuropathy. Characteristic clinical presentations of specific toxic neuropathies are highlighted with selected case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann A Little
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James W Albers
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Abstract
Functional foods have been identified as whole foods and fortified, enriched, or enhanced products which have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis, at effective levels. As consumer awareness on functional food escalates, the interest towards conducting scientific studies in this field has also proportionately increased. Many of the traditional food products are known to possess bioactive components, thus qualifying as functional food. Kombucha tea is produced by fermenting sugared black tea with a mixed culture of yeast and bacteria. Kombucha tea has gained immense popularity in recent times due to many associated health benefits. The therapeutic effects of this beverage are thought to be derived from the chemical composition of this beverage, mainly the polyphenols and secondary metabolites which are produced during fermentation. However, the safety aspects of the beverage also need to be taken into account when qualifying the beverage as a functional food. Nevertheless, Kombucha tea could be easily recognized as a beverage which is able to replace the consumption of carbonated beverages due to its possession of health benefits and therapeutic properties.
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Jayabalan R, Malbaša RV, Lončar ES, Vitas JS, Sathishkumar M. A Review on Kombucha Tea-Microbiology, Composition, Fermentation, Beneficial Effects, Toxicity, and Tea Fungus. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:538-550. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasu Jayabalan
- Food Microbiology and Bioprocess Laboratory; Dept. of Life Science; Natl. Inst. of Technology; Rourkela 769 008 Odisha India
| | - Radomir V. Malbaša
- Univ. of Novi Sad; Faculty of Technology; Bulevar Cara Lazara 1 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Eva S. Lončar
- Univ. of Novi Sad; Faculty of Technology; Bulevar Cara Lazara 1 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Jasmina S. Vitas
- Univ. of Novi Sad; Faculty of Technology; Bulevar Cara Lazara 1 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Muthuswamy Sathishkumar
- R&D Div; Eureka Forbes Ltd; Schedule No. 42, P-3/C Haralukunte, Kudlu, Bangalore 560068 India
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Kreuzer P, Landgrebe M, Wittmann M, Hajak G, Schecklmann M, Poeppl TB, Langguth B. [Hypothermia under olanzapine treatment: clinical case series and review of current literature]. DER NERVENARZT 2012; 83:630-7. [PMID: 21626387 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-011-3310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotic drugs may lead to hypothermia as well as hyperthermia. Although known for decades and clinically highly relevant, the mechanisms by which antipsychotic drugs alter thermoregulatory processes in the human body are still far from being fully understood. In clinical practice, much attention is paid to antipsychotic drug-induced elevation of body core temperature as observed in the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). But also hypothermia is a clinically highly relevant adverse reaction to antipsychotic drugs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Here we report a case series of three patients who developed severe hypothermia after administration of olanzapine. A review of the current literature is given with a focus on risk factors for the development of antipsychotic drug-induced hypothermia and its pathophysiologic mechanisms. RESULTS A 51-year-old female patient suffering from catatonic schizophrenia, cachectic nutritional condition and hypothyroidism developed severe hypothermia of 30.0°C body core temperature after administration of 30 mg olanzapine per day under comedication with lorazepam and L-thyroxine. A 48-year-old female patient with catatonic schizophrenia showed hypothermia of 31.0°C (rectal measurement) after single-dose administration of olanzapine 10 mg orally and a total of 3 mg lorazepam (1-1-1 mg). The third case report describes a 69-year-old male patient with acute delusional disorder exhibiting hypothermia of 33.0°C (rectal measurement) in combination with a reversible atrioventricular block grade III without any further comedication. CONCLUSION A review of the current literature reveals that thermoregulatory disturbances as sequelae of antipsychotic drug administration depend on individual disposition as well as various independent risk factors such as environmental temperature, somatic comorbidities, endocrinological abnormalities (e.g. hypothyroidism) and structural damage of the brain. A complex interaction of dopaminergic regulatory mechanisms in the ventral hypothalamus and peripheral vaso- and sudomotor adjustments seems to be causative. Hypothermia following antipsychotic drug administration represents a serious adverse drug reaction and a potentially life-threatening event.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kreuzer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum, Universitätsstr. 84, 93053 Regensburg, Deutschland.
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Bolle F, Brian W, Petit D, Boutakhrit K, Feraille G, Van Loco J. Tea brewed in traditional metallic teapots as a significant source of lead, nickel and other chemical elements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1287-93. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.580010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Bolle
- a Department Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Juliette Wytsmanstreet 14 , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - W. Brian
- a Department Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Juliette Wytsmanstreet 14 , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - D. Petit
- a Department Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Juliette Wytsmanstreet 14 , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - K. Boutakhrit
- a Department Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Juliette Wytsmanstreet 14 , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - G. Feraille
- a Department Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Juliette Wytsmanstreet 14 , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - J. Van Loco
- a Department Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Juliette Wytsmanstreet 14 , B-1050 Brussels , Belgium
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SungHee Kole A, Jones HD, Christensen R, Gladstein J. A case of Kombucha tea toxicity. J Intensive Care Med 2009; 24:205-7. [PMID: 19460826 DOI: 10.1177/0885066609332963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kombucha "mushroom'' tea is touted to have medicinal properties. Here, we present a case of hyperthermia, lactic acidosis, and acute renal failure within 15 hours of Kombucha tea ingestion. CASE PRESENTATION A 22 year old male, newly diagnosed with HIV, became short of breath and febrile to 103.0F, within twelve hours of Kombucha tea ingestion. He subsequently became combative and confused, requiring sedation and intubation for airway control. Laboratories revealed a lactate of 12.9 mmol/L, and serum creatinine of 2.1 mg/dL. DISCUSSION Kombucha tea is black tea fermented in a yeast-bacteria medium. Several case reports exist of serious, and sometimes fatal, hepatic dysfunction and lactic acidosis within close proximity to ingestion. CONCLUSION While Kombucha tea is considered a healthy elixir, the limited evidence currently available raises considerable concern that it may pose serious health risks. Consumption of this tea should be discouraged, as it may be associated with life-threatening lactic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison SungHee Kole
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pharmacy Services, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Hellström-Lindberg E, Björklund A, Karlson-Stiber C, Harper P, Seldén AI. Lead poisoning from souvenir earthenware. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005; 79:165-8. [PMID: 16217677 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-005-0037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A case of massive lead poisoning from juice contained in a Greek earthenware jug as well as six satellite cases of high lead exposure of similar origin is reported. The intoxicated patient was successfully treated with dimercaptosuccinic acid. Ceramic producers should adhere to the longstanding European legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hellström-Lindberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Vigeh M, Yokoyama K, Mazaheri M, Beheshti S, Ghazizadeh S, Sakai T, Morita Y, Kitamura F, Araki S. Relationship between increased blood lead and pregnancy hypertension in women without occupational lead exposure in Tehran, Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 59:70-5. [PMID: 16075900 DOI: 10.3200/aeoh.59.2.70-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the relationship between blood lead levels and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Participants were 110 pregnant women, of whom 55 were hypertensive, 27 +/- 5.6 yr of age (mean +/- standard deviation) (range = 17-40 yr); the other 55 women were age- and gravidity-matched normotensive controls. Participants were selected on the basis of their medical history and the results of a questionnaire-based interview. Subjects were at gestational ages 37 +/- 2.5 wk (range = 30-41 wk) and were not occupationally exposed to lead. Blood samples were collected within 24 hr after delivery, and blood lead levels were measured. For the hypertensive cases, blood lead levels were 5.7 +/- 2 microg/dl (range = 2.2-12.6 microg/dl [0.27 +/- 0.10 micromol/l; range = 0.11-0.60 micromol/l]), which were significantly higher than those of the control group (i.e., 4.8 +/- 1.9 microg/dl; range = 1.9-10.6 microg/dl [0.23 +/- 0.09 micromol/l; range = 0.09-0.51 micromol/l]). There were no significant differences in blood lead concentrations among hypertensive subjects with proteinuria (n = 30) and those without proteinuria (n = 25). Results of this study indicated that low-level lead exposure may be a risk factor for pregnancy hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Vigeh
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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YE H, KATSUMATA M, MINAMI M. Gelatin Potentiates Lead Toxicity Due to Improper Preparation of a Chinese Tea Drug, Choreito, A Study Based on our Previously Published Case Report of Long-Term Choreito Use. Environ Health Prev Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.2000.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Huijuan Y, Katsumata M, Minami M. Gelatin potentiates lead toxicity due to improper preparation of a Chinese tea drug, choreito. A study based on our previously published case report of long-term choreito use. Environ Health Prev Med 2001; 5:167-72. [PMID: 21432407 DOI: 10.1007/bf02918294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2000] [Accepted: 09/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A woman who had used a Chinese tea drug, choreito, for treatment of chronic renal diseases over years, experienced lead poisoning with blood lead concentration over 600 μg/l on admission to the hospital. We found that one of the ingredients in choreito, kasseki, was commonly contaminated by lead (30-50 μg/g of kasseki), but this level of lead contamination in the drug had never caused poisoning previously. Our experiment indicates that another ingredient, gelatin, has lead-extracting ability and an adhesive quality on the walls of teapots. Thus, the possible causes of the toxicity seemed to be: (1) the lead in the kasseki, which was extracted by gelatin that had adhered to the wall of the pot, accumulated in large quantities for a long period of time (the patient used the same pot for more than a year without washing); and (2) a large quantity of the accumulated lead was released into the decoted drug day by day and induced the intoxication. In all, 37.2 mg of lead was extracted by 10 extractions of 4% acetic acid from the patient's pot. Repeated extraction (four times) of lead from the pot which was made by the same manufacturer in the same lot of the patient's pot with acetic acid, only totally 18.5 μg of lead was detected.Also, it is evident that the intoxication was due to an improper method of decoction, that is, the patient did not prepare the tea according to Japanese pharmsacopoedia. The patient decocted all of the ingredients at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huijuan
- Dept. Hyg. Publ. Hlth., Nippon Medical School, I-I-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, 38602, Tokyo, Japan
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Sai Ram M, Anju B, Pauline T, Dipti P, Kain AK, Mongia SS, Sharma SK, Singh B, Singh R, Ilavazhagan G, Kumar D, Selvamurthy W. Effect of Kombucha tea on chromate(VI)-induced oxidative stress in albino rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 71:235-240. [PMID: 10904168 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Kombucha tea (KT) on oxidative stress induced changes in rats subjected to chromate treatment are reported. KT feeding alone did not show any significant change in malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, but did enhance humoral response and delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) response appreciably over control animals. Chromate treatment significantly enhanced plasma and tissue MDA levels, decreased DTH response considerably, enhanced glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities; however, no change in GSH, superoxide dismutase and antibody titres was noticed. KT feeding completely reversed the chromate-induced changes. These results show that Kombucha tea has potent anti-oxidant and immunopotentiating activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sai Ram
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, 110054, Delhi, India
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