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Liu S, Yang Y, Luo H, Pang W, Martin GB. Fat deposition and partitioning for meat production in cattle and sheep. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:376-386. [PMID: 38812494 PMCID: PMC11134559 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In markets for beef and sheep meat, an appropriate level of intramuscular fat (IMF) is highly desirable for meat-eating quality, but strategies to improve it usually lead to an undesirable excess in carcase fat, presenting a major challenge to livestock producers. To solve this problem, we need to understand the partitioning of fat among the major fat depots: IMF, subcutaneous fat (SCF) and visceral fat (VF). In most genotypes of cattle and sheep, the rate of accretion is lower for IMF than for SCF and VF, so genetic selection for a high level of IMF, or the use of an increased dietary energy supply to promote IMF deposition, will increase overall fatness and feed costs. On the other hand, feeding postnatal calves with excessive concentrates promotes IMF deposition, so a nutritional strategy is feasible. With genetic strategies, several problems arise: 1) positive genetic correlations between IMF, SCF and VF differ among genotypes in both cattle and sheep; 2) genotypes appear to have specific, characteristic rates of accretion of IMF during periods of growth and fattening; 3) most breeds of cattle and sheep naturally produce meat with relatively low levels of IMF, but IMF does vary substantially among individuals and breeds so progress is possible through accurate measurement of IMF. Therefore, an essential prerequisite for selection will be knowledge of the genetic correlations and fat accretion rates for each genotype. Currently, selection for IMF is based on existing technology that directly measures IMF in the progeny or siblings, or estimates IMF in live animals. New technology is needed to permit the simultaneous measurement of SCF and IMF in the field, thus opening up the possibility of accurate selection, particularly for fat partitioning in live animals. Specifically, there would be great value in detecting individuals with an IMF advantage at an early age so the generation interval could be shortened and genetic gain accelerated. Genetic gain would also be greatly aided if we could select for genes that control adipogenesis and lipogenesis and are also differentially expressed in the various depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Liu
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry of Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Yuquan, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Hailing Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology of China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wenjie Pang
- Resonance Health, Burswood, WA 6100, Australia
| | - Graeme B. Martin
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Huang Y, Zhao M, Zhang X, Wei H, Liu L, Zhang Z, Cheng X, Wang G, Ren C. Indoor feeding combined with restricted grazing time improves body health, slaughter performance, and meat quality in Huang-huai sheep. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1655-1665. [PMID: 37857341 PMCID: PMC10623047 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three feeding systems, i.e., indoor feeding (CON), indoor feeding with 4-h daily access to grazing artificial pasture (ITGP), and indoor feeding with 8-h daily access to grazing artificial pasture (IEGP), on the plasma antioxidant and immunological capacity, slaughter characteristics, meat quality and economic efficiency of Huang-huai lambs. METHODS Thirty-three healthy Huang-huai rams with similar body weight (approximately 5 mo of age, 28.96±1.01 kg) were assigned equally to three experimental groups. When finished fattening, six lambs from each group were collect blood samples for plasma analyses and then slaughtered to determine slaughter characteristics and obtain biceps brachii muscle for further analysis of meat quality and fatty acid profile. RESULTS Compared to CON group, animals submitted to ITGP and IEGP groups resulted in greater contents of serum glutathione peroxidase, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 PUFA, and PUFA/saturated fatty acid (FA) ratio and lower palmitic /oleic acid ratio (p<0.05). Moreover, animals in ITGP group exhibited a higher (p<0.05) loin eye area, content of meat crude protein (CP), and eicosetrienoic acid compared to CON group, while slaughter performance was superior (p<0.05) to that of the IEGP group. The economic efficiency of ITGP group was 70.12% higher than that of CON group, while the IEGP group exhibited a decrease of 92.54% in economic efficiency compared to the CON group. CONCLUSION Restricted grazing time combined with indoor feeding was more effective in conferring superior body health, carcass traits and economic efficiency in Huang-huai lambs, as well as higher CP content and healthier FA composition in the resulting meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan county, Dingyuan 233200,
China
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Yingshang 236200,
China
| | - Mengyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Huiqing Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Lumeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan county, Dingyuan 233200,
China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan county, Dingyuan 233200,
China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Yingshang 236200,
China
| | - Chunhuan Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan county, Dingyuan 233200,
China
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Huang Y, Liu L, Zhao M, Zhang X, Chen J, Zhang Z, Cheng X, Ren C. Feeding regimens affecting carcass and quality attributes of sheep and goat meat - A comprehensive review. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1314-1326. [PMID: 37402458 PMCID: PMC10472155 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep and goats can efficiently convert low quality forage into high-quality meat which contains specific nutrients and quality traits. Carcass traits and quality attributes of sheep and goat meat depend upon several factors and one of most effective strategies amongst these is feeding regimens. In this review, the major aspects of feeding regimens affecting growth rate, carcass traits and quality attributes of sheep and goat meat are thoroughly discussed, with a particular focus on physical-chemical composition, flavor profile, and fatty acid (FA) profile. Grazing lambs and kids receiving concentrate or under stall-feeding systems had greater average daily gain and carcass yield compared with animals reared on pasture only. However, growth rate was higher in lambs/kids grazing on pastures of improved quality. Moreover, the meat of grazing lambs receiving concentrate had more intense flavor, intramuscular fat (IMF) content, and unhealthy FA composition, but comparable color, tenderness, juiciness, and protein content compared to that of lambs grazed on grass only. In contrast, meat of concentrate-fed lambs had more intense color, greater tenderness and juiciness, IMF and protein contents, and lower flavor linked to meat. Additionally, the meat of kids grazed on concentrate supplementation had higher color coordinates, tenderness, IMF content and unhealthy FA composition, whereas juiciness and flavor protein content were similar. In contrast, kids with concentrate supplementation had superior color coordinates, juiciness, IMF content and unhealthy FA composition, but lower tenderness and flavor intensity compared to pasture-grazed kids. Thus, indoor-finished or supplemented grazing sheep/goats had higher growth rate and carcass quality, higher IMF content and unhealthy FA composition compared to animals grazed on grass only. Finally, supplementation with concentrate increased flavor intensity in lamb meat, and improved color and tenderness in kid meat, whereas indoor-fed sheep/goats had improved color and juiciness as well as reduced flavor compared to pasture-grazed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
- National Agricultural Green Development Long-term Fixed Observation Yingshang Test Station, Yingshang 236200,
China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200,
China
| | - Lumeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Mengyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200,
China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200,
China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200,
China
| | - Chunhuan Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200,
China
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Zhao M, Zhang X, Chen Y, Ren C, Sun Y, Wang P, Cheng X, Zhang Z, Chen J, Huang Y. Stall-Feeding of Sheep on Restricted Grazing: Effects on Performance and Serum Metabolites, Ruminal Fermentation, and Fecal Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2644. [PMID: 37627436 PMCID: PMC10451354 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of three feeding systems, indoor feeding (CONT), indoor feeding with time-restricted grazing artificial pasture (4 h/day, G4H), and indoor feeding with an eight-hour daily grazing artificial pasture (G8H), on the growth performance, serum metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microbiota composition of lambs. Average daily gain showed a tendency (p = 0.081) to be higher for the G4H group compared with the CONT group. Moreover, feeding systems did not have a significant effect on most of the serum biochemical indicators in lambs. Concentrations of serum glutathione peroxidase and immunoglobulins (IgA, gG, and IgM) were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in the CONT group. Additionally, a tendency towards higher levels of volatile fatty acids, acetate, and butyrate was found in animals of the G4H group compared to the CONT group. Furthermore, fecal microbiota composition was altered in G4H and G8H groups, resulting in the increased relative abundance of Firmicutes and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, as well as the decreased relative abundance of Ruminobacter compared with the CONT group. Overall, these results suggest that indoor feeding with restricted grazing time does not significantly affect fattening performance or rumen fermentation but enhances antioxidation and immune function activity and also alters fecal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.R.); (Y.S.); (P.W.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Chuzhou 233200, China
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Fuyang 236200, China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.R.); (Y.S.); (P.W.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Chuzhou 233200, China
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Fuyang 236200, China
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.R.); (Y.S.); (P.W.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Chunhuan Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.R.); (Y.S.); (P.W.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Fuyang 236200, China
| | - Yiming Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.R.); (Y.S.); (P.W.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Penghui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.R.); (Y.S.); (P.W.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Xiao Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.R.); (Y.S.); (P.W.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Fuyang 236200, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.R.); (Y.S.); (P.W.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Fuyang 236200, China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.R.); (Y.S.); (P.W.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Chuzhou 233200, China
| | - Yafeng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.R.); (Y.S.); (P.W.); (X.C.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Chuzhou 233200, China
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Fuyang 236200, China
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Ke T, Zhao M, Zhang X, Cheng Y, Sun Y, Wang P, Ren C, Cheng X, Zhang Z, Huang Y. Review of Feeding Systems Affecting Production, Carcass Attributes, and Meat Quality of Ovine and Caprine Species. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051215. [PMID: 37240860 DOI: 10.3390/life13051215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth rate, carcass attributes, and meat quality traits of small ruminants (i.e., sheep and goats) depend on various factors, among which the feeding system is one of the most important factors. However, how feeding systems affect these parameters differ between sheep and goats. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the differences in how different feeding systems affect the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of sheep and goats. It also explored the effects of a new finishing strategy-time-limited grazing with supplements on these traits. Compared with stalled feeding, finishing lambs/kids on pasture-only feed reduced the average daily gain (ADG) and carcass yield, while supplemented-grazing lambs/kids had near-equivalent or higher ADG and carcass attributes. Pasture-grazing increased the meat flavor intensity and healthy fatty acid content (HFAC) of lamb/kid meat. Supplemental grazing lambs had comparable or superior meat sensory attributes and increased meat protein and HFAC compared to stall-fed ones. In contrast, supplemental grazing only improved the meat color of kids but had little effect on other meat qualities. Moreover, time-limited grazing with supplemental concentrates increased the carcass yield and meat quality in lamb meat. Overall, the effects of different feeding systems on growth performance and carcass traits were comparable between sheep and goats but differed in terms of the meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Ke
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mengyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Yingshang 236200, China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200, China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Yingshang 236200, China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yiming Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Penghui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunhuan Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200, China
| | - Yafeng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Yingshang Agricultural Green Development Promotion Center, Yingshang 236200, China
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200, China
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Liu Y, Li R, Ying Y, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Wu H, Lin K. Non-genetic factors affecting the meat quality and flavor of Inner Mongolian lambs: A review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1067880. [PMID: 36524229 PMCID: PMC9744951 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1067880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ranks first among the five major pastoral areas in terms of lamb breeding of China. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has a vast territory, with many famous grasslands and thousands of forage plants and multiple local high-quality lamb breeds. After hundreds of years of artificial breeding and improvement, Mongolian sheep have developed many varieties. Different diets, feeding and treatment methods have effects on the production performance, lipid deposition and flavor composition of mutton sheep. Therefore, understanding the relationship among Inner Mongolian lamb, meat quality, and flavor will improve the production of high-quality mutton. The regulation of meat quality and flavor will have a profound impact on the deep processing and income-generating capabilities of mutton. Non-genetic factors affect the quality and flavor of mutton, which are more intuitive than genetic factors. In this review, we cover the contributions made by scientists to explore and improve the quality and flavor of Inner Mongolia lambs through non-genetic means, compare the differences between grazing and drylot-feeding in detail, and summarize some feed additives. We hope that based on our review, we can provide some inspiration to improve the meat quality of Mongolian sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongxin Wu
- Laboratory of Grass Product Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Kejian Lin
- Laboratory of Grass Product Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
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Jin Y, Asad M, Zhang X, Zhang J, Shi R. Shorter Grazing Time and Supplementation Are Beneficial for Gastrointestinal Tract Development and Carcass Traits of Growing Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070878. [PMID: 35405867 PMCID: PMC8996875 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of restricted grazing durations on the gastrointestinal development and carcass quality of growing lambs are poorly understood. In this study, 32 lambs were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8, body weight = 21.86 kg) corresponding to 2, 4, 8 and 12 h of grazing per day. When off-pasture, all lambs were housed and fed concentrate and hay. When the grazing time decreased from 12 h to 2 h, the abomasum weight and large intestine length decreased (p = 0.019; p = 0.069). Compared to lambs grazed for 12 h, animals grazed for 2−4 h had a greater villus height and villus-to-crypt ratio in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum segments (p < 0.05); the 2 h lambs had superior carcass quality and a smaller diameter and area of the gluteus medium muscle fibers (p < 0.05), with no significant change after 4 h of grazing. The results indicated that shorter grazing times and supplementation were beneficial for the gastrointestinal tract development and carcass quality of growing lambs. Therefore, a better grazing management approach in Inner Mongolia could be to restrict the grazing of lambs to 4 h per day instead of grazing for more extended periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Jin
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China;
| | - Muhammad Asad
- Agrobiology and Plant Stress Physiology Lab., Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
- Institute of Practaculture Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850000, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-471-496-7572 (X.Z. & J.Z.)
| | - Jize Zhang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-471-496-7572 (X.Z. & J.Z.)
| | - Ruizhi Shi
- Institute of Practaculture Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850000, China;
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Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, and Volatile Compounds of Lamb Meat from Different Restricted Grazing Time and Indoor Supplementary Feeding Systems. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112822. [PMID: 34829104 PMCID: PMC8619811 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the carcass traits, meat quality, and volatile compounds of growing lambs under different restricted grazing time and indoor supplementary feeding systems. Fifty 3-month-old male Tan lambs (with similar body weight) were divided into five groups randomly according to grazing time 12 h/d (G12), 8 h/d(G8), 4 h/d(G4), 2 h/d (G2), and 0 h (G0, indoor supplementary feeding). Animals were slaughtered at the end of the experiment, and the longissimus thoracis (LT) samples were collected for further analysis. The results indicated that indoor supplementary feeding improved the percentages of carcass fat and non-carcass fat of pre-slaughter weight (PSW) and decreased the cooking loss of lamb meat. Grazing for 8 h/d or 2 h/d enhanced PSW, carcass, and meat percentages of PSW. Lambs grazing for 2 h/d with supplement and indoor supplementary feeding lambs had a higher level of intramuscular fat and lightness (L*) value and lower cooking loss in the LT muscle, but higher yellowness (b*) and fat content were found in indoor supplementary feeding lambs. More categories of volatile compounds were identified in meat from grazing lambs than from indoor supplementary feeding lambs, but lower content of aldehydes and total volatile flavor compounds was detected in grazing lambs. Overall, the results demonstrated that the feeding system is a main factor that affects lamb meat quality, and proper grazing time can improve the quantity and quality of lamb meat and provide meat with different flavors to the consumers.
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Wang B, Zhao X, Li Z, Luo H, Zhang H, Guo Y, Zhang C, Ma Q. Changes of Metabolites and Gene Expression under Different Feeding Systems Associated with Lipid Metabolism in Lamb Meat. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112612. [PMID: 34828897 PMCID: PMC8619812 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the different feeding systems, graze feeding (GSF), time-limited graze feeding (GF), and stall-feeding (SF)) on the fatty acid content, metabolites, and genes expression of the longissimus dorsi (LD) in Tan lambs were investigated in the present study. Thirty-nine 4-month-old male Tan lambs with similar body weight (24.91 ± 1.74 kg) were selected and divided into the three feeding systems (n = 13) randomly. Lambs were slaughtered after 83 days of the feeding trails, and LD muscle samples were collected for further analysis. The results indicated that different feeding systems have no significant effect on short-chain fatty acids in Tan lambs (p > 0.05). However, the total saturated fatty acids (∑SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA) in the GSF and GF groups were lower than those in the SF group (p < 0.001). The total polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA) in the GSF group were higher than those in the GF and SF groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, in the comparison of both GF vs GSF groups and SF vs GSF groups, metabolomic analysis showed that metabolites such as cis-(6,9,12)-linolenic acid, arachidic acid, acetylcarnitine, and L-carnitine with lower concentration were significantly enriched in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid pathway (p < 0.05), but metabolites such as phosphorylcholine, glycerophosphocholine, cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, and glycerol-3-phosphate with higher concentrations were enriched in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis of the results indicated that in the comparison of the GSF group with the SF group, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) such as LIPC, ERFE, FABP3, PLA2R1, LDLR, and SLC10A6, were enriched in the steroid biosynthesis and cholesterol metabolism pathways. In addition, differential metabolites and genes showed a significant correlation with the content of ∑SFA, ∑MUFA, and ∑PUFA in lamb meat (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrated that the feeding system was an important factor in regulating fatty acid content by affecting lipid-metabolism-related metabolites and gene expression in muscle, and graze-feeding system provided lamb meat with higher ∑PUFA content than time-limited-grazing and stall-feeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xingang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-010-62734597
| | - Hao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Qing Ma
- Research Center of Grass and Livestock, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan 750002, China;
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10
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Guo Y, Zhao X, Liu M, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Wang B, Luo H. Using Fecal DNA Metabarcoding to Investigate Foraging Reveals the Effects of Specific Herbage on the Improved n-3 Fatty Acid (PUFA) Composition in the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Grazing Tan Sheep. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9725-9734. [PMID: 34378390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the natural diet of grazing sheep can help fulfill their nutritional requirements and positively affect the quality of their meat. Emerging fecal DNA (fDNA) metabarcoding technology can provide more accurate estimates for the dietary composition of free-ranging animals. This study has shown that pasture feeding can promote deposition of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in Tan lambs' muscle and decrease the ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (FAs), and thus, we investigated the dietary composition of grazing lambs using fDNA metabarcoding to assess the prevalence of medicinal herbage plants in their diet. Herein, based on the full-time natural pasture grazing and 4-h natural pasture grazing with indoor feeding patterns, the herbage taxa (Bassia scoparia, Euphorbia humifusa, Arnebia euchroma, and Salsola sp.) most correlated to n-3 PUFAs were highlighted to elucidate how diversification in dietary components was associated with the muscle FA profile of lambs. Our findings provide experimental evidence for future feeding research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grasslands Management and Utilization, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Ma
- Research Center of Grass and Livestock, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Wang B, Wang Y, Zuo S, Peng S, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Luo H. Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics Profiling of Muscle Reveals Enhanced Meat Quality in Artificial Pasture Grazing Tan Lambs via Rescheduling the Rumen Bacterial Community. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:846-858. [PMID: 33405917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tan is a local fat-tail sheep that is famous for its great eating quality but with little attention to its meat metabolome. The aim of this study was to investigate Tan-lamb meat metabolome as well as the key rumen bacteria related to the beneficial compound deposition in the muscle using untargeted and targeted metabolomics under different feeding regimes: indoor feeding (F), artificial pasture grazing with indoor feeding (GF), and pure artificial pasture grazing (G). The untargeted metabolome was detected by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ruminal bacterial communities were detected by 16S rRNA sequencing. Using untargeted metabolomics, the main three altered metabolic pathways in the lamb, including amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide metabolisms, were found in the G group compared to the GF and F groups. Increased N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, acetylcarnitine, and l-carnitine, but decreased carnosine and creatinine, were the main newly found G group-associated metabolites, which might contribute to the improved lamb meat functional quality. Compared to the F group, the G group feeding increased the contents of sweet amino acids (e.g., glycine, alanine, serine, and threonine) and umami amino acids (e.g., glutamic acid and aspartic acid) in the muscle, and G and GF groups increased the level of meat polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), especially the concentration of n3 PUFA, and reduced n6/n3 in the muscle by targeted metabolomics. The abundance of ruminal Moryella was decreased, and Schwartzia and Anaeroplasma were increased in the G group, which were both strongly correlated with the n3 PUFA and other functional compounds in the muscle of lambs. In conclusion, artificial pasture grazing modified the meat amino acid and fatty acid composition as well as the related biological pathways through rescheduling the rumen bacterial community, which would be a better selection for production of healthier lamb meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yuejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sijia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhanjun Wang
- Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, P. R. China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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12
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Zhang C, Zhang H, Liu M, Zhao X, Luo H. Effect of Breed on the Volatile Compound Precursors and Odor Profile Attributes of Lamb Meat. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091178. [PMID: 32858830 PMCID: PMC7555795 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to characterize the effect of breed on the volatile compound precursors and odor profile attributes and to provide an insight into improving the lamb production and meat flavor. Three-month-old Tan (n = 10), Hu (n = 10) and Dorper lambs (n = 10) were raised for 90 days in single barns. Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of all lambs were collected for analysis of intramuscular fat, fatty acids, amino acids, and volatile compounds. The results showed Tan and Hu accumulated more intramuscular fat and saturated fatty acid than Dorper. However, Tan had lower linoleic acid, alpha linolenic acid and total polyunsaturated fatty acid proportion than Dorper. Amino acid in Dorper was significantly higher than Tan and Hu. Furthermore, (E)-2-hexenal was only found in Tan lambs, while (E)-2-nonenal and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal were only found in Dorper lambs. Hu had the fewest volatile compounds. The results of this study demonstrated that Dorper had larger proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), amino acid and volatile compounds than Tan and Hu. However, the specific PUFA derivates of Dorper had a negative impact on the odor profile. Hence, we suggest that further works should be focused on crossbreed lambs by Dorper and Tan, to enhance the lamb production and improve meat flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xin’gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Madruga MS, Kênia Alves Bezerra T, Conceição Dantas Guerra I, Batista ASM, Marcos de Azevedo Silva A, Fernandes RDPP. The effect of feed restriction on the fat profile of Santa Inês lamb meat. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.48229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumers today are increasingly more demanding regarding their food, seeking healthier and better quality products, and in this context animal nutrition plays a key role. The meat composition can be altered by animal feed itself, being that lipid profile may directly contribute to consumer health, reducing the predisposition of developing cardiovascular diseases, main cause of mortality in the world. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary feed restriction in Santa Inês lambs on their intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous fat profile, fat profile of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle, and the total meat lipids and cholesterol. Three groups of lambs were subjected to diets: without restriction (WR), and 30 and 60% feed restriction. Overall, stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids were the predominant and the lowest lipid and cholesterol levels were observed at the highest restriction level, presenting higher polyunsaturated:saturated (PUFA:SFA) and desirable (DFA) fatty acid ratios (p < 0.05). Lambs subjected to 60% dietary feed restriction had a better quality meat with lower lipid and cholesterol contents, and profile favorable for human health due the presence of unsaturated fatty acids, that is important parameter the market demands to meet the consumers’ expectations.
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14
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Wang X, Yan S, Shi B, Zhang Y, Guo X. Effects of concentrate supplementation on fatty acid composition and expression of lipogenic genes of meat and adipose tissues in grazing lambs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1547666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sumei Yan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Binlin Shi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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15
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Zhang XQ, Jin YM, Badgery WB, Tana. Diet selection and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deposition in lambs as affected by restricted time at pasture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15641. [PMID: 29142278 PMCID: PMC5688176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of restricted grazing time on forage selectivity and meat fatty acid deposition of lambs compared to a traditional grazing system. Results showed that the animals preferred to graze pasture species that were more palatable and lower in fibre, while demonstrating a partial preference for species with high protein levels. Leymus chinensis was more preferentially selected by lambs grazing pasture for shorter periods than longer periods. Lambs that grazed for 4 h per day had a high LNA (α-linolenic acid) intake. The accumulation of LNA and its elongation products in tissue was closely related to the LNA level in diet. Therefore, allowing lambs to graze for at least 4 h per day resulted in a meat fatty acid profile that is richer in health-promoting fatty acids. In particular, the highest DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) was observed in meat from lambs which grazed pasture for 4-h versus 8- and 12-h. It can be concluded that, in grassland systems, a healthier meat fatty acid profile for humans and the potential for better pasture management is achieved by limiting the grazing of lambs to 4 h per day rather than grazing over longer time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Zhang
- Institute of Grassland Research, CAAS, Hohhot, 010010, China.
| | - Y M Jin
- Marine college, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - W B Badgery
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Tana
- Institute of Grassland Research, CAAS, Hohhot, 010010, China
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16
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Chikwanha OC, Vahmani P, Muchenje V, Dugan MER, Mapiye C. Nutritional enhancement of sheep meat fatty acid profile for human health and wellbeing. Food Res Int 2017; 104:25-38. [PMID: 29433780 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids (FA) consumed by sheep, like other ruminants, can undergo biohydrogenation resulting in high proportions of saturated FA (SFA) in meat. Biohydrogenation is typically less extensive in sheep than cattle, and consequently, sheep meat can contain higher proportions of omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), and PUFA biohydrogenation intermediates (PUFA-BHI) including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-monounsaturated FAs (t-MUFA). Sheep meat is also noted for having characteristically higher contents of branched chain FA (BCFA). From a human health and wellness perspective, some SFA and trans-MUFA have been found to negatively affect blood lipid profiles, and are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). On the other hand, n-3 PUFA, BCFA and some PUFA-BHI may have many potential beneficial effects on human health and wellbeing. In particular, vaccenic acid (VA), rumenic acid (RA) and BCFA may have potential for protecting against cancer and inflammatory disorders among other human health benefits. Several innovative strategies have been evaluated for their potential to enrich sheep meat with FA which may have human health benefits. To this end, dietary manipulation has been found to be the most effective strategy of improving the FA profile of sheep meat. However, there is a missing link between the FA profile of sheep meat, human consumption patterns of sheep FA and chronic diseases. The current review provides an overview of the nutritional strategies used to enhance the FA profile of sheep meat for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obert C Chikwanha
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Payam Vahmani
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Voster Muchenje
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Michael E R Dugan
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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