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Clare CI, Nichols KM, Thrower FP, Berntson EA, Hale MC. Comparative genomics of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss): Is the genetic architecture of migratory behavior conserved among populations? Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10241. [PMID: 37384247 PMCID: PMC10293719 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are a partially migratory species wherein some individuals undergo long-distance anadromous migrations, and others stay as residents in their native freshwater streams. The decision to migrate is known to be highly heritable, and yet, the underlying genes and alleles associated with migration are not fully characterized. Here we used a pooled approach of whole-genome sequence data from migratory and resident trout of two native populations-Sashin Creek, Alaska and Little Sheep Creek, Oregon-to obtain a genome-wide perspective of the genetic architecture of resident and migratory life history. We calculated estimates of genetic differentiation, genetic diversity, and selection between the two phenotypes to locate regions of interest and then compared these associations between populations. We identified numerous genes and alleles associated with life history development in the Sashin Creek population with a notable area on chromosome 8 that may play a critical role in the development of the migratory phenotype. However, very few alleles appeared to be associated with life history development in the Little Sheep Creek system, suggesting population-specific genetic effects are likely important in the development of anadromy. Our results indicate that a migratory life history is not controlled by a singular gene or region but supports the idea that there are many independent ways for a migratory phenotype to emerge in a population. Therefore, conserving and promoting genetic diversity in migratory individuals is paramount to conserving these populations. Ultimately, our data add to a growing body of literature that suggests that population-specific genetic effects, likely mediated through environmental variation, contribute to life history development in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krista M. Nichols
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Frank P. Thrower
- Ted Stevens Marine Research Institute, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAAJuneauAlaskaUSA
| | - Ewann A. Berntson
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Matthew C. Hale
- Department of BiologyTexas Christian UniversityFort WorthTexasUSA
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2
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Tsakoumis E, Ahi EP, Schmitz M. Impaired leptin signaling causes subfertility in female zebrafish. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 546:111595. [PMID: 35139421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction is an energetically costly event across vertebrates and tightly linked to nutritional status and energy reserves. In mammals, the hormone leptin is considered as a link between energy homeostasis and reproduction. However, its role in fish reproduction is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the possible role of leptin in the regulation of reproduction in zebrafish, using a loss of function leptin receptor (lepr) strain. Impaired leptin signaling resulted in severe reproductive deficiencies in female zebrafish. lepr mutant females laid significantly fewer eggs, with low fertilization rates compared to wild-type females. Folliculogenesis was not affected, but oocyte maturation and ovulation were disrupted in lepr mutants. Interestingly, the expression of luteinizing hormone beta (lhb) in the pituitary was significantly lower in mutant females. Analysis of candidate genes in the ovaries and isolated fully grown follicles revealed differential expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation and ovulation in the mutants, which are known to be regulated by LH signaling. Moreover, subfertility in lepr mutants could be partially restored by administration of human chorionic gonadotropin. In conclusion, our results show that leptin deficiency does not affect early stages of follicular development, but leptin might be essential in later steps, such as in oocyte maturation and ovulation. To our knowledge, this is the first time that leptin is associated to reproductive deficiencies in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Tsakoumis
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ehsan Pashay Ahi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Monika Schmitz
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Bao Y, Shen Y, Li X, Wu Z, Jiao L, Li J, Zhou Q, Jin M. A New Insight Into the Underlying Adaptive Strategies of Euryhaline Marine Fish to Low Salinity Environment Through Cholesterol Nutrition to Regulate Physiological Responses. Front Nutr 2022; 9:855369. [PMID: 35571938 PMCID: PMC9097951 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.855369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is an important environmental factor that can affect the metabolism of aquatic organisms, while cholesterol can influence cellular membrane fluidity which are vital in adaption to salinity changes. Hence, a 4-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of water salinity (normal 23 psu and low 5 psu) and three dietary cholesterol levels (CH0.16, 0.16%, CH1.0, 1.0% and CH1.6, 1.6%) on osmoregulation, cholesterol metabolism, fatty acid composition, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis, oxidative stress (OS), and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) of the euryhaline fish black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). The results indicated that in low salinity, fish fed with the CH1.0 diet improved ion reabsorption and osmoregulation by increased Na+ concentration in serum as well as expression levels of osmoregulation-related gene expression levels in gills. Both dietary cholesterol level and water salinity significantly affected most cholesterol metabolic parameters in the serum and tissues, and the results showed that low salinity promoted cholesterol synthesis but inhibited cholesterol catabolism. Besides, in low salinity, hepatic expression levels of LC-PUFA biosynthesis genes were upregulated by fed dietary cholesterol supplementation with contents of LC-PUFAs, including EPA and DHA being increased. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in low-salinity environment, whereas MDA content was decreased in fish fed with dietary CH1.0 by activating related antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression levels. A similar pattern was recorded for ERS, which stimulated the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (nf-κb), triggering inflammation. Nevertheless, fish reared in low salinity and fed with dietary CH1.0 had markedly alleviated ERS and downregulated gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Overall, these findings demonstrate that cholesterol, as an important nutrient, plays vital roles in the process of adaptation to low salinity of A. schlegelii, and provides a new insight into underlying adaptive strategies of euryhaline marine fish reared in low salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Bao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuedong Shen
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaoxun Wu
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lefei Jiao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Min Jin
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4
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Wang Y, Wang H, Hu L, Chen L. Leptin Gene Protects Against Cold Stress in Antarctic Toothfish. Front Physiol 2021; 12:740806. [PMID: 34975517 PMCID: PMC8715755 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.740806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a cytokine-like peptide, predominantly biosynthesized in adipose tissue, which plays an important role in regulating food intake, energy balance and reproduction in mammals. However, how it may have been modified to enable life in the chronic cold is unclear. Here, we identified a leptin-a gene (lepa) in the cold-adapted and neutrally buoyant Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni that encodes a polypeptide carrying four α-helices and two cysteine residues forming in-chain disulfide bonds, structures shared by most vertebrate leptins. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that mRNA levels of the leptin-a gene of D. mawsoni (DM-lepa) were highest in muscle, followed by kidney and liver; detection levels were low in the gill, brain, intestine, and ovary tissues. Compared with leptin-a genes of fishes living in warmer waters, DM-lepa underwent rapid evolution and was subjected to positive selection. Over-expression of DM-lepa in the zebrafish cell line ZFL resulted in signal accumulation in the cytoplasm and significantly increased cell proliferation both at the normal culture temperature and under cold treatment. DM-lepa over-expression also reduced apoptosis under low-temperature stress and activated the STAT3 signaling pathway, in turn upregulating the anti-apoptotic proteins bcl2l1, bcl2a, myca and mdm2 while downregulating the pro-apoptotic baxa, p53 and caspase-3. These results demonstrate that DM-lepa, through STAT3 signaling, plays a protective role in cold stress by preventing apoptotic damage. Our study reveals a new role of lepa in polar fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huamin Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Liangbiao Chen,
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5
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Blanco AM, Soengas JL. Leptin signalling in teleost fish with emphasis in food intake regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 526:111209. [PMID: 33588023 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, the product of the obese (ob or Lep) gene, was first cloned in teleost fish in 2005, more than a decade after its identification in mammals. This was because bony fish and mammalian leptins share a very low amino acid sequence identity, which suggests different functionality of the leptin system in fish compared to that of mammals. Indeed, major differences are evident between the mammalian and fish leptin system. Thus, for instance, mammalian leptin is synthesized and released by the adipose tissue in response to the amount of fat depots, while several tissues (mainly the liver) are the main sources of leptin in fish, whose determining factors of production are still unclear. In mammals, the main physiological role for leptin is its involvement in the maintenance of energy balance by decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure, although a wide variety of actions have been attributed to this hormone (e.g., regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, reproduction and immune functions). In fish, available literature also points towards a multifunctional nature for leptin, although knowledge on its functions is limited. In this review, we offer an overview of teleostean leptin structure and mechanism of action, and discuss the available knowledge on the role of this hormone in food intake regulation in teleost fish, aiming to provide a comparative overview between the functioning of the teleostean and mammalian leptin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - José Luis Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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6
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Collins EE, Hargrove JS, Delomas TA, Narum SR. Distribution of genetic variation underlying adult migration timing in steelhead of the Columbia River basin. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9486-9502. [PMID: 32953077 PMCID: PMC7487220 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish migrations are energetically costly, especially when moving between freshwater and saltwater, but are a viable strategy for Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) due to the advantageous resources available at various life stages. Anadromous steelhead (O. mykiss) migrate vast distances and exhibit variation for adult migration phenotypes that have a genetic basis at candidate genes known as greb1L and rock1. We examined the distribution of genetic variation at 13 candidate markers spanning greb1L, intergenic, and rock1 regions versus 226 neutral markers for 113 populations (n = 9,471) of steelhead from inland and coastal lineages in the Columbia River. Patterns of population structure with neutral markers reflected genetic similarity by geographic region as demonstrated in previous studies, but candidate markers clustered populations by genetic variation associated with adult migration timing. Mature alleles for late migration had the highest frequency overall in steelhead populations throughout the Columbia River, with only 9 of 113 populations that had a higher frequency of premature alleles for early migration. While a single haplotype block was evident for the coastal lineage, we identified multiple haplotype blocks for the inland lineage. The inland lineage had one haplotype block that corresponded to candidate markers within the greb1L gene and immediately upstream in the intergenic region, and the second block only contained candidate markers from the intergenic region. Haplotype frequencies had similar patterns of geographic distribution as single markers, but there were distinct differences in frequency between the two haplotype blocks for the inland lineage. This may represent multiple recombination events that differed between lineages where phenotypic differences exist between freshwater entry versus arrival timing as indicated by Micheletti et al. (2018a). Redundancy analyses were used to model environmental effects on allelic frequencies of candidate markers, and significant variables were migration distance, temperature, isothermality, and annual precipitation. This study improves our understanding of the spatial distribution of genetic variation underlying adult migration timing in steelhead as well as associated environmental factors and has direct conservation and management implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John S. Hargrove
- Eagle Fish Genetics LabPacific States Marine Fisheries CommissionEagleIDUSA
| | - Thomas A. Delomas
- Eagle Fish Genetics LabPacific States Marine Fisheries CommissionEagleIDUSA
| | - Shawn R. Narum
- Columbia River Inter‐Tribal Fish CommissionHagermanIDUSA
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7
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Parker CG, Cheung E. Metabolic control of teleost reproduction by leptin and its complements: Understanding current insights from mammals. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 292:113467. [PMID: 32201232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction is expensive. Hence, reproductive physiology is sensitive to an array of endogenous signals that provide information on metabolic and nutritional sufficiency. Although metabolic gating of reproductive function in mammals, as evidenced by studies demonstrating delayed puberty and perturbed fertility, has long been understood to be a function of energy sufficiency, an understanding of the endocrine regulators of this relationship have emerged only within recent decades. Peripheral signals including leptin and cortisol have long been implicated in the physiological integration of metabolism and reproduction. Recent studies have begun to explore possible roles for these two hormones in the regulation of reproduction in teleost fishes, as well as a role for leptin as a catabolic stress hormone. In this review, we briefly explore the reproductive actions of leptin and cortisol in mammals and teleost fishes and possible role of both hormones as putative modulators of the reproductive axis during stress events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coltan G Parker
- Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Eugene Cheung
- Department of Biological Sciences, David Clark Labs, 100 Brooks Avenue, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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8
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Colvin KA, Lewis C, Galloway TS. Current issues confounding the rapid toxicological assessment of oil spills. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125585. [PMID: 31855760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oil spills of varying magnitude occur every year, each presenting a unique challenge to the local ecosystem. The complex, changeable nature of oil makes standardised risk assessment difficult. Our review of the state of science regarding oil's unique complexity; biological impact of oil spills and use of rapid assessment tools, including commercial toxicity kits and bioassays, allows us to explore the current issues preventing effective, rapid risk assessment of oils. We found that despite the advantages to monitoring programmes of using well validated standardised tests, which investigate impacts across trophic levels at environmentally relevant concentrations, only a small percentage of the available tests are specialised for use within the marine environment, or validated for the assessment of crude oil toxicity. We discuss the use of rapid tests at low trophic levels in addition to relevant sublethal toxicity assays to allow the characterisation of oil, dispersant and oil and dispersant mixture toxicity. We identify novel, passive dosing techniques as a practical and reproducible means of improving the accuracy and maintenance of nominal concentrations. Future work should explore the possibility of linking this tiered testing system with ecosystem models to allow the prediction and risk assessment of the entire ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Colvin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Ceri Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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9
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Paolucci M, Coccia E, Imperatore R, Varricchio E. A cross-talk between leptin and 17β-estradiol in vitellogenin synthesis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss liver. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:331-344. [PMID: 31713703 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The existence of nutritional and energy reserves is fundamental for fish female fertility, so that the existence of a correlation between metabolic reserves and reproductive capacity is suggested. Leptin regulates body weight and energy homeostasis. Estradiol induces the synthesis of vitellogenin, a phospholipoglycoprotein produced by the liver and taken up by the growing oocytes. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible existence of a crosstalk between 17β-estradiol (E2) and leptin in the modulation of E2-induced vtg in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Liver slices were incubated with recombinant trout leptin (rt-lep) at three different concentrations (1-10-100 ng/ml). rt-lep brought about the decrease of E2-induced vtg secretion in the medium and the down-regulation of vtg mRNA expression. Moreover, rt-lep stimulated the lipase activity and diminished the liver fatty acid content. The combined employment of signal transduction inhibitors and the analysis of signal transduction phosphorylated factors revealed that rt-lep effect on E2-induced vtg occurred through the activation of phosphodiesterase, protein kinase C, MAP kinases, and protein kinase A. In conclusion, our study suggests that leptin influences E2-induced vtg synthesis in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by modifying both the protein and the lipid components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Paolucci
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy.
| | - Elena Coccia
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Roberta Imperatore
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Ettore Varricchio
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
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10
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Hatef A, Unniappan S. Metabolic hormones and the regulation of spermatogenesis in fishes. Theriogenology 2019; 134:121-128. [PMID: 31167155 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic hormones play essential regulatory roles in many biological processes, including morphogenesis, growth, and reproduction through the maintenance of energy balance. Various metabolic hormones originally discovered in mammals, including ghrelin, leptin, and nesfatin-1 have been identified and characterized in fish. However, physiological roles of these metabolic hormones in regulating reproduction are largely unknown in fishes, especially in males. While the information available is restricted, this review attempts to summarize the main findings on the roles of metabolic peptides on the reproductive system in male fishes with an emphasis on testicular development and spermatogenesis. Specifically, the primary goal is to review the physiological interactions between hormones that regulate reproduction and hormones that regulate metabolism as a critical determinant of testicular function. A brief introduction to the localization of metabolic hormones in fish testis is also provided. Besides, the consequences of fasting and food deprivation on testicular development and sperm quality will be discussed with a focus on interactions between metabolic and reproductive hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Hatef
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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11
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Merlin C, Liedvogel M. The genetics and epigenetics of animal migration and orientation: birds, butterflies and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/Suppl_1/jeb191890. [PMID: 30728238 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.191890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Migration is a complex behavioural adaptation for survival that has evolved across the animal kingdom from invertebrates to mammals. In some taxa, closely related migratory species, or even populations of the same species, exhibit different migratory phenotypes, including timing and orientation of migration. In these species, a significant proportion of the phenotypic variance in migratory traits is genetic. In others, the migratory phenotype and direction is triggered by seasonal changes in the environment, suggesting an epigenetic control of their migration. The genes and epigenetic changes underpinning migratory behaviour remain largely unknown. The revolution in (epi)genomics and functional genomic tools holds great promise to rapidly move the field of migration genetics forward. Here, we review our current understanding of the genetic and epigenetic architecture of migratory traits, focusing on two emerging models: the European blackcap and the North American monarch butterfly. We also outline a vision of how technical advances and integrative approaches could be employed to identify and functionally validate candidate genes and cis-regulatory elements on these and other migratory species across both small and broad phylogenetic scales to significantly advance the field of genetics of animal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clock Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Miriam Liedvogel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Research Group (MPRG) Behavioural Genomics, 24306 Plön, Germany
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12
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Micheletti SJ, Hess JE, Zendt JS, Narum SR. Selection at a genomic region of major effect is responsible for evolution of complex life histories in anadromous steelhead. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:140. [PMID: 30219030 PMCID: PMC6139179 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparity in the timing of biological events occurs across a variety of systems, yet the understanding of genetic basis underlying diverse phenologies remains limited. Variation in maturation timing occurs in steelhead trout, which has been associated with greb1L, an oestrogen target gene. Previous techniques that identified this gene only accounted for about 0.5-2.0% of the genome and solely investigated coastal populations, leaving uncertainty on the genetic basis of this trait and its prevalence across a larger geographic scale. RESULTS We used a three-tiered approach to interrogate the genomic basis of complex phenology in anadromous steelhead. First, fine scale mapping with 5.3 million SNPs from resequencing data covering 68% of the genome confirmed a 309-kb region consisting of four genes on chromosome 28, including greb1L, to be the genomic region of major effect for maturation timing. Second, broad-scale characterization of candidate greb1L genotypes across 59 populations revealed unexpected patterns in maturation phenology for inland fish migrating long distances relative to those in coastal streams. Finally, genotypes from 890 PIT-tag tracked steelhead determined associations with early versus late arrival to spawning grounds that were previously unknown. CONCLUSIONS This study clarifies the genetic bases for disparity in phenology observed in steelhead, determining an unanticipated trait association with premature versus mature arrival to spawning grounds and identifying multiple candidate genes potentially contributing to this variation from a single genomic region of major effect. This illustrates how dense genome mapping and detailed phenotypic characterization can clarify genotype to phenotype associations across geographic ranges of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Micheletti
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 3059F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA
| | - Jon E. Hess
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Portland, OR 97232 USA
| | | | - Shawn R. Narum
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 3059F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, ID 83332 USA
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13
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Trombley S, Rocha A, Björnsson BT, Borg B, Schmitz M. Effects of androgens on the leptin system in immature male Atlantic salmon parr. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:122-129. [PMID: 28830748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leptin modulates all levels of the reproductive endocrine axis in mammals, and in turn, both leptin and the leptin receptor are regulated by sex steroids. The aim of this study was to investigate if sex steroids regulate the leptin system also in fish. Immature one-year old male Atlantic salmon parr were implanted with Silclear capsules that were either empty or filled with 11-ketoandrostenedione (11KA) or testosterone (T) and the effects of 35-days treatment were investigated on measures of maturation, gene expression of leptin (lepa1, lepa2), leptin receptor (lepra1) and circulating plasma leptin. Both 11-KA and T stimulated the reproductive axis by increasing testes weight and up-regulated pituitary lh-β mRNA levels and for T also fsh-β. T up-regulated transcription levels of lepa1 and lepra1 in the pituitary, while 11-KA had no effect. Leptin receptor expression in the testis was unaltered by either androgen. T up-regulated lepa1 mRNA levels significantly also in the liver, but had no effect on lepa2, and 11KA did not affect hepatic gene expression of either lepa1 or lepa2. Plasma leptin levels did not differ significantly between treatments. The results indicate that androgens regulate gene expression of leptin and the leptin receptor in different tissues in fish and that the effects of leptin might be tissue specific considering plasma levels remained unaltered. Overall, the results suggest a role for leptin in fish reproduction, where sex steroids are able to regulate components of the leptin system differentially in liver and important tissues of the reproductive axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trombley
- Department of Organismal Biology, Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Rocha
- Department of Organismal Biology, Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Th Björnsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Borg
- Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Organismal Biology, Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Hess JE, Zendt JS, Matala AR, Narum SR. Genetic basis of adult migration timing in anadromous steelhead discovered through multivariate association testing. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2015.3064. [PMID: 27170720 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration traits are presumed to be complex and to involve interaction among multiple genes. We used both univariate analyses and a multivariate random forest (RF) machine learning algorithm to conduct association mapping of 15 239 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for adult migration-timing phenotype in steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Our study focused on a model natural population of steelhead that exhibits two distinct migration-timing life histories with high levels of admixture in nature. Neutral divergence was limited between fish exhibiting summer- and winter-run migration owing to high levels of interbreeding, but a univariate mixed linear model found three SNPs from a major effect gene to be significantly associated with migration timing (p < 0.000005) that explained 46% of trait variation. Alignment to the annotated Salmo salar genome provided evidence that all three SNPs localize within a 46 kb region overlapping GREB1-like (an oestrogen target gene) on chromosome Ssa03. Additionally, multivariate analyses with RF identified that these three SNPs plus 15 additional SNPs explained up to 60% of trait variation. These candidate SNPs may provide the ability to predict adult migration timing of steelhead to facilitate conservation management of this species, and this study demonstrates the benefit of multivariate analyses for association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon E Hess
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 3059-F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA
| | - Joseph S Zendt
- Yakama Nation Fisheries Program, Yakima/Klickitat Fisheries Project, PO Box 151, Toppenish, WA 98948, USA
| | - Amanda R Matala
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 3059-F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA
| | - Shawn R Narum
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 3059-F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA
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15
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Kim NN, Choi YJ, Lim SG, Jeong M, Jin DH, Choi CY. Effect of salinity changes on olfactory memory-related genes and hormones in adult chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 187:40-7. [PMID: 25933936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of memory formation have recently concentrated on the possible role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NRs). We examined changes in the expression of three NRs (NR1, NR2B, and NR2C), olfactory receptor (OR), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) during salinity change (seawater→50% seawater→freshwater). NRs were significantly detected in the diencephalon and telencephalon and OR was significantly detected in the olfactory epithelium. The expression of NRs, OR, and ACTH increased after the transition to freshwater. We also determined that treatment with MK-801, an antagonist of NRs, decreased NRs in telencephalon cells. In addition, a reduction in salinity was associated with increased levels of dopamine, ACTH, and cortisol (in vivo). Reductions in salinity evidently caused NRs and OR to increase the expression of cortisol and dopamine. We concluded that memory capacity and olfactory imprinting of salmon is related to the salinity of the environment during the migration to spawning sites. Furthermore, salinity affects the memory/imprinting and olfactory abilities, and cortisol and dopamine is also related with olfactory-related memories during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Na Kim
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 606-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 606-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Lim
- Future Aquaculture Research Institute, NFRDI, Jeju 699-804, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhwan Jeong
- Future Aquaculture Research Institute, NFRDI, Jeju 699-804, Republic of Korea
| | - Deuk-Hee Jin
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 606-791, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Köprücü S, Algül S. Investigation of the leptin levels in the blood serum of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) and Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:430-5. [PMID: 25440001 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissues in the various teleost fish and vertebrates. Leptin has been suggested to have an important role in a range physiological function, including regulation of food intake, reproduction, immune function, energy expenditure, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. In this study, leptin levels in the blood serum of Cyprinus carpio and Capoeta trutta were determined. Then the results were compared between two species and between sexes of each species. In addition, leptin levels were also compared with the body weight and length of both C. carpio and C. trutta. Leptin level was analysed using available enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kit (Rat leptin ELISA kit, catalog no: SK00050-08). Leptin levels showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) that in relation to between two species and between sexes of each species. It has been shown that not significantly correlated when examined correlations between the leptin level in blood serum and body weight (r = 0.192, p = 0.380) or length (r = 0.102, p = 0.644) of C. carpio. Similarly, the correlations between leptin level in blood serum and body weight (r = 0.021, p = 0.959) or length (r = 0.123, p = 0.595) of C. trutta were also not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Köprücü
- Fisheries Faculty, Fırat University, Elazig, Turkey
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