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Le Basle Y, Pinguet J, Bouattour Y, Chennell P, Sautou V, Mailhot-Jensen B. Development and application of a protocol for extractables profiling from central venous catheters in neonates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116215. [PMID: 38759319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC-lines) used in neonatology are made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) or silicone. These materials usually contain substances that may leach into drug vehicles or blood. In this extractables study, we determined the optimal extraction conditions using TPU films containing defined amounts of butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and then applied them on unused and explanted PICC-lines. Maceration and sonication tests were carried out with hexane, acetone and water as the extraction solvents. The analyses were performed using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detectors, as well as inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy to detect a wide range of extractables. We selected a limited list of substances to be sought from the usual adjuvants and monomers, related to their carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic properties and/or existence in endocrine disruptors lists. The TPU-film experiments showed that acetone was slightly better than hexane, and maceration better than sonication. When applied to PICC-lines, the extraction methods were almost similar but acetone was clearly better than hexane for TPU. From the 48 peaks initially observed in GC-MS, we ended up with 37 peaks to follow in TPU PICC-lines, among which were those of BHT and 4,4'-Methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) isomers. For silicone PICC-lines, out of 41 peaks initially observed in GC-MS, we followed 20 peaks, most of them being identified as cyclosiloxanes. Barium was the main inorganic element extracted for both PICC-lines. For TPU PICC-lines, the inter-batch variability was higher than for intra-batch, but in silicone devices both were similar. When compared to new PICC-lines, explanted TPU PICC-lines extracted peaks had a lower area under the curve (AUC), while the AUCs of the peaks were higher for the majority of silicone PICC-lines extract compounds. No identified substances were detected above their toxicological threshold, but isocyanates and cyclosiloxanes toxicity was mostly studied for other exposition routes than intravenous. The methods defined in this study were efficient in producing extractable profiles from both PICC-lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Le Basle
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Jérémy Pinguet
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Yassine Bouattour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Philip Chennell
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Valérie Sautou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
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2
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Bello W, Pezzatti J, Rudaz S, Sadeghipour F. Development of a generic sample preparation method using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the monitoring of leachable compounds in hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled drug products. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1697-1707. [PMID: 38421023 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02234j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Performant sample preparation is mandatory in any leachable study to clean and preconcentrate analytes within the sample to offer the best possible extraction recovery as well the best precision for any given substance. The aim consists in developing a sample preparation method for hospital pharmacy-prepared drug products such as long-term storage prefilled syringes, vials and IV bags for the screening of leachable compounds. The Quality Control Laboratory of the Pharmacy of the Lausanne University Hospital (Switzerland) has developed a time- and cost-effective, highly sensitive, robust, and fast method using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for the analysis of 205 plastic additives. An innovative setup, based on postcolumn infusion (PCI) using 2% ammonium hydroxide in methanol was used to boost the signal intensity of the analytes in MS detection. A database for extractable and leachable trace assessment (DELTA) was built to assist in the screening process of 205 plastic packaging-related compounds. The development of the sample preparation was based on 33 plastic additive candidates in different hospital pharmacy compounding solutions, and their extraction recovery rates as well as their relative standard deviation were taken into consideration. In conclusion, the developed DLLME was assigned with ultrasound assistance and triple extraction, which brought about extraction recovery rates between 67% and 92%, a good RSD <10%, and a preconcentration factor of 50×. Therefore, DLLME could be considered suitable for the semiquantitative screening of leachable additives in simple hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bello
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
- Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julian Pezzatti
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Center of Applied Human Toxicology (SCATH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Farshid Sadeghipour
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
- Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Masuda-Herrera M, Rosen HT, Burild A, Broschard T, Bell T, Graham J, Griffin T, Hillegass J, Leavitt P, Huta B, Parris P, Bruen U, Cruz M, Bercu J. Harmonisation of read-across methodology for drug substance extractables and leachables (E&Ls). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105494. [PMID: 37748702 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Health-based exposure limits (HBELs) are derived for leachables from polymeric components that interact with the drug substance which exceed a safety concern threshold (SCT). However, given the nature of leachables, there is not always chemical-specific toxicology data. Read-across methodology specific to extractables and leachables (E&Ls) was developed based on survey data collected from 11 pharmaceutical companies and methodology used in other industries. One additional challenge for E&L read-across is most toxicology data is from the oral route of administration, whereas the parenteral route is very common for the leachable HBEL derivation. A conservative framework was developed to estimate oral bioavailability and the corresponding oral to parenteral extrapolation factor using physical chemical data. When this conservative framework was tested against 73 compounds with oral bioavailability data, it was found that the predicted bioavailability based on physico-chemical properties was conservatively greater than or equal to the experimental bioavailability 79% of the time. In conclusion, an E&L read-across methodology has been developed to provide a consistent, health protective framework for deriving HBELs when toxicology data is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Masuda-Herrera
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology (NSP), Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
| | - Hannah T Rosen
- University of California Berkeley, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anders Burild
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Safety Sciences, Imaging and Data Management, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Thomas Broschard
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tyler Bell
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Graham
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Troy Griffin
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc., West Chester, PA, 19380, USA
| | - Jedd Hillegass
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Penny Leavitt
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Brian Huta
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, UK
| | | | - Uma Bruen
- Organon, LLC., Jersey City, NJ, 07302, USA
| | - Maureen Cruz
- Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joel Bercu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology (NSP), Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
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4
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Bello W, Pezzatti J, Berger-Gryllaki M, Rudaz S, Sadeghipour F. Development of a generic approach for monitoring leachable compounds in hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled plastic packaging by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with postcolumn infusion. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115640. [PMID: 37683372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Prefilled plastic packaging is time- and cost-effective in hospital pharmacy because it prevents waste, preparation errors, dosage errors, microbial contamination and accidents. This packaging mostly includes prefilled syringes (PFS), intravenous (IV) bags and vials intended for long-term storage that can be used for immediate treatment. There is a rising availability in the market for prefilled drug products due to their practical approach. Leachable compounds could be evaluated in hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled drug solutions. The Pharmacy Department at the Lausanne University Hospital has developed an innovative, highly sensitive, and generic method by postcolumn infusion based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for the analysis of plastic additives in hospital pharmacies. The postcolumn infusion solution was developed with 2% ammonium hydroxide in methanol on a representative set of 30 candidate compounds with different physical-chemical properties, such as log P and molecular structure, to represent the most important categories of additives. The LODs obtained for all compounds ranged from 0.03 to 7.91 ng/mL with linearity up to 250 ng/mL. Through this screening method, plastic additives can be rapidly identified due to the combined use of retention time, exact mass (including isotopic pattern) and MS/MS spectra. In addition, the users can screen for vast categories of plastic additives, including plasticizers, epoxy monomers, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, and others. The screening is facilitated by assessments of a complex in-house-built database for extractable and leachable trace assessment (DELTA), containing 205 compounds for unambiguous identification. Relative response factors were established for all analytes to obtain a semiquantitation of compounds. Moreover, the database also contains valuable estimative toxicology information, which was obtained through calculating their permissible dose exposure threshold; thus, estimative toxicology assessment can be performed for identified compounds in prefilled drug products. This method and the database were applied to a hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled vancomycin syringe for paediatric use. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) was used to prepare the samples for leachable analysis. As a result, 17 plastic additives were formally identified, and their concentrations were estimated. A toxicology assessment was performed by comparing their concentrations with their theoretical PDE thresholds. In conclusion, the prefilled drug solution released a negligible amount of known leachables that appeared to be safe for use in neonates and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bello
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Centre for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julian Pezzatti
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Center of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Farshid Sadeghipour
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Centre for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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5
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Kritikos N, Bletsou A, Konstantinou C, Neofotistos AD, Kousoulos C, Dotsikas Y. Determination of Response Factors for Analytes Detected during Migration Studies, Strategy and Internal Standard Selection for Risk Minimization. Molecules 2023; 28:5772. [PMID: 37570741 PMCID: PMC10421053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration studies are one of the few domains of pharmaceutical analysis employing wide-scope screening methodologies. The studies involve the detection of contaminants within pharmaceutical products that arise from the interaction between the formulation and materials. Requiring both qualitative and quantitative data, the studies are conducted using Liquid Chromatography or Gas Chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (LC-MS and GC-MS). While mass spectrometry allows wide-scope analyte detection and identification at the very low Analytical Evaluation Threshold (AET) levels used in these studies, MS detectors are far from "universal response" detectors. Regulation brings the application of uncertainty factors into the picture to limit the risk of potential analytes detected escaping report and further evaluation; however, whether the application of a default value can cover any or all relevant applications is still debatable. The current study evaluated the response of species usually detected in migration studies, generating a suitable representative sample, analyzing said species, and creating a strategy and evaluation mechanism for acceptable classification of the detected species. Incorporating novel methodologies, i.e., Design of Experiments (DoE) for Design Space generation, the LC-MS-based methodology is also evaluated for its robustness in changes performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kritikos
- QualiMetriX S.A., 579 Mesogeion Avenue, Agia Paraskevi, 15343 Athens, Greece; (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.K.); (A.-D.N.)
| | - Anna Bletsou
- QualiMetriX S.A., 579 Mesogeion Avenue, Agia Paraskevi, 15343 Athens, Greece; (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.K.); (A.-D.N.)
| | - Christina Konstantinou
- QualiMetriX S.A., 579 Mesogeion Avenue, Agia Paraskevi, 15343 Athens, Greece; (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.K.); (A.-D.N.)
| | | | - Constantinos Kousoulos
- QualiMetriX S.A., 579 Mesogeion Avenue, Agia Paraskevi, 15343 Athens, Greece; (N.K.); (A.B.); (C.K.); (A.-D.N.)
| | - Yannis Dotsikas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
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6
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Manz KE, Feerick A, Braun JM, Feng YL, Hall A, Koelmel J, Manzano C, Newton SR, Pennell KD, Place BJ, Godri Pollitt KJ, Prasse C, Young JA. Non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA): a review of examining the chemical exposome. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:524-536. [PMID: 37380877 PMCID: PMC10403360 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA) are powerful techniques that rely on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and computational tools to detect and identify unknown or suspected chemicals in the exposome. Fully understanding the chemical exposome requires characterization of both environmental media and human specimens. As such, we conducted a review to examine the use of different NTA and SSA methods in various exposure media and human samples, including the results and chemicals detected. The literature review was conducted by searching literature databases, such as PubMed and Web of Science, for keywords, such as "non-targeted analysis", "suspect screening analysis" and the exposure media. Sources of human exposure to environmental chemicals discussed in this review include water, air, soil/sediment, dust, and food and consumer products. The use of NTA for exposure discovery in human biospecimen is also reviewed. The chemical space that has been captured using NTA varies by media analyzed and analytical platform. In each media the chemicals that were frequently detected using NTA were: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and pharmaceuticals in water, pesticides and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and sediment, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air, flame retardants in dust, plasticizers in consumer products, and plasticizers, pesticides, and halogenated compounds in human samples. Some studies reviewed herein used both liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) HRMS to increase the detected chemical space (16%); however, the majority (51%) only used LC-HRMS and fewer used GC-HRMS (32%). Finally, we identify knowledge and technology gaps that must be overcome to fully assess potential chemical exposures using NTA. Understanding the chemical space is essential to identifying and prioritizing gaps in our understanding of exposure sources and prior exposures. IMPACT STATEMENT: This review examines the results and chemicals detected by analyzing exposure media and human samples using high-resolution mass spectrometry based non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Anna Feerick
- Agricultural & Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amber Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Carlos Manzano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seth R Newton
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Benjamin J Place
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joshua A Young
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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7
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DeCollibus DP, Searcy J, Tivesten A, Akhtar N, Lindenberg C, Abarrou N, Pradhan S, Fiandaca M, Franklin J, Govindan G, Liu HY, Royle D, Soo PL, Storch K. Considerations for the Terminal Sterilization of Oligonucleotide Drug Products. Nucleic Acid Ther 2023. [PMID: 36787481 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2022.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A primary function of the parenteral drug product manufacturing process is to ensure sterility of the final product. The two most common methods for sterilizing parenteral drug products are terminal sterilization (TS), whereby the drug product is sterilized in the final container following filling and finish, and membrane sterilization, whereby the product stream is sterilized by membrane filtration and filled into presterilized containers in an aseptic processing environment. Although TS provides greater sterility assurance than membrane sterilization and aseptic processing, not all drug products are amenable to TS processes, which typically involve heat treatment or exposure to ionizing radiation. Oligonucleotides represent an emerging class of therapeutics with great potential for treating a broad range of indications, including previously undruggable targets. Owing to their size, structural complexity, and relative lack of governing regulations, several challenges in drug development are unique to oligonucleotides. This exceptionality justifies a focused assessment of traditional chemistry, manufacturing, and control strategies before their adoption. In this article, we review the current state of sterile oligonucleotide drug product processing, highlight the key aspects to consider when assessing options for product sterilization, and provide recommendations to aid in the successful evaluation and development of TS processes. We also explore current regulatory expectations and provide our interpretation as it pertains to oligonucleotide drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Searcy
- Pharmaceutical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Anna Tivesten
- CVRM CMC Projects, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nadim Akhtar
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Lindenberg
- Global Drug Development, Technical Research & Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nounja Abarrou
- Global Drug Development, Technical Research & Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sujana Pradhan
- GSK, Strategic External Development, Analytical Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maggie Fiandaca
- GSK, Strategic External Development, Analytical Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenny Franklin
- CMC Regulatory Affairs, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Geetha Govindan
- Pharmaceutical Operations & Technology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hung-Yi Liu
- Pharmaceutical Operations & Technology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Royle
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Lim Soo
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kirsten Storch
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
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8
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Liu F, Hutchinson RW. Semiquantitative sensitization safety assessment of extractable and leachables associated with parenteral pharmaceutical products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105335. [PMID: 36608924 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Extractable and leachables (E&Ls) associated with parenteral pharmaceutical products should be assessed for patient safety. One essential safety endpoint is local or systemic sensitization. However, there are no regulatory guidelines for quantitative sensitization safety assessment of E&Ls. A semiquantitative sensitization safety assessment workflow is developed to refine the sensitization safety assessment of E&Ls associated with parenteral pharmaceutical products. The workflow is composed of two sequential steps: local skin sensitization and systemic sensitization safety assessment. The local skin sensitization step has four tiers. The output from this step is the acceptable exposure level for local sensitization (AELls) and this safety threshold can be used for local sensitization safety assessment. From the derived AELls, the systemic sensitization safety assessment at step 2 proceeds in 2 tiers. The output from this workflow is the derivation of acceptable exposure level for systemic sensitization (AELss). When the estimated human daily exposure (HDE) is compared with the AELss, the margin of exposure is calculated to determine the sensitization safety of E&Ls following parenteral administration. The current work represents an initial effort to develop a scientifically robust process for sensitization safety assessment of E&Ls associated with parenteral pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Liu
- The Estée Lauder Companies, 155 Pinelawn Rd, Melville, NY, USA.
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9
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Parris P, Whelan G, Burild A, Whritenour J, Bruen U, Bercu J, Callis C, Graham J, Johann E, Griffin T, Kohan M, Martin EA, Masuda-Herrera M, Stanard B, Tien E, Cruz M, Nagao L. Framework for sensitization assessment of extractables and leachables in pharmaceuticals. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:125-138. [PMID: 35703156 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2065966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During the toxicological assessment of extractables and leachables in drug products, localized hazards such as irritation or sensitization may be identified. Typically, because of the low concentration at which leachables occur in pharmaceuticals, irritation is of minimal concern; therefore, this manuscript focuses on sensitization potential. The primary objective of performing a leachable sensitization assessment is protection against Type IV induction of sensitization, rather than prevention of an elicitation response, as it is not possible to account for the immunological state of every individual. Sensitizers have a wide range of potencies and those which induce sensitization upon exposure at a low concentration (i.e. strong, or extreme sensitizers) pose the highest risk to patients and should be the focus of the risk assessment. The Extractables and Leachables Safety Information Exchange (ELSIE) consortium has reviewed the status of dermal, respiratory, and systemic risk assessment in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, and proposes a framework to evaluate the safety of known or potential dermal sensitizers in pharmaceuticals. Due to the lack of specific regulatory guidance on this topic, the science-driven risk-based approach proposed by ELSIE encourages consistency in the toxicological assessment of extractables and leachables to maintain high product quality and ensure patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Parris
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Kent, UK
| | | | - Anders Burild
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Safety Sciences, Imaging and Data Management, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Uma Bruen
- Organon USA Inc., Jersey City, NJ, USA
| | - Joel Bercu
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Courtney Callis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Troy Griffin
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Martin Kohan
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Martin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Maureen Cruz
- Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lee Nagao
- Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, Washington, DC, USA
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10
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Evaluation of Two Cosolvency Models to Predict Solute Partitioning between Polymers (LDPE) and Water - Ethanol Simulating Solvent Mixtures. Pharm Res 2022; 39:733-751. [PMID: 35352279 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Binary water - ethanol mixtures, by mimicking a clinically relevant medium's polarity-driven extraction strength, facilitate experimental modeling of patient exposure to chemicals which can potentially leach from a plastic material for pharmaceutical applications. Estimates of patient exposure could consequently benefit from a quantitative concept for tailoring the extraction strength of the simulating solvent mixture towards the one of the clinically relevant medium. METHODS The hypothetical partition coefficient based upon the differential solubility between water-ethanol mixtures and water, [Formula: see text], has been calculated by the log-linear model from Yalkowsky and coworkers and a cosolvency model based on Abraham-type linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs). Then, by applying a thermodynamic cycle using the partition coefficient LDPE/water, [Formula: see text], partitioning between LDPE and the ethanol in water mixture was calculated and experimentally verified for a wide array of chemically diverse solutes. RESULTS The partition coefficients between LDPE and volume fractions of 0.1, 0.2, 0.35 and 0.5 of ethanol in water calculated by this approach correlated well with experimentally obtained values. The LSER based model was found slightly superior over the log-linear cosolvency model. CONCLUSIONS Solubilization strength projection by means of cosolvency models in combination with LSER predicted partition coefficients LDPE/water enable the tailored preparation of water-ethanol simulating solvent mixtures when input parameters from the clinically relevant medium are available. This approach can increase the reliability of patient exposure estimations and avoid overly complex extraction profiles, thus minimizing time and resources for chemical safety risk assessments on plastic materials used in pharmaceutical applications.
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Bouattour Y, Sautou V, Hmede R, El Ouadhi Y, Gouot D, Chennell P, Lapusta Y, Chapelle F, Lemaire JJ. A Minireview on Brain Models Simulating Geometrical, Physical, and Biochemical Properties of the Human Brain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:818201. [PMID: 35419353 PMCID: PMC8996142 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.818201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidences that brain surrogates will be of great interest for researchers and physicians in the medical field. They are currently mainly used for education and training purposes or to verify the appropriate functionality of medical devices. Depending on the purpose, a variety of materials have been used with specific and accurate mechanical and biophysical properties, More recently they have been used to assess the biocompatibility of implantable devices, but they are still not validated to study the migration of leaching components from devices. This minireview shows the large diversity of approaches and uses of brain phantoms, which converge punctually. All these phantoms are complementary to numeric models, which benefit, reciprocally, of their respective advances. It also suggests avenues of research for the analysis of leaching components from implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Bouattour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Yassine Bouattour, ; Jean-Jacques Lemaire,
| | - Valérie Sautou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rodayna Hmede
- Universite Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Youssef El Ouadhi
- Universite Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dimitri Gouot
- Universite Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philip Chennell
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yuri Lapusta
- Universite Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Chapelle
- Universite Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lemaire
- Universite Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Yassine Bouattour, ; Jean-Jacques Lemaire,
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12
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Ahuja V, Krishnappa M. Challenges in setting Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) Limits for pharmaceuticals: A review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE 2021; 33:49-64. [PMID: 34924402 DOI: 10.3233/jrs-210021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When more than one drug is manufactured at a shared facility or equipment in pharmaceutical manufacturing, the potential carry-over of the retained residue of existing drug product on product contact parts of the equipment to the next product can be a source of cross contamination. Permitted daily exposure (PDE) is derived based on the complete nonclinical and clinical data available and is a dose that is unlikely to cause adverse effects if an individual is exposed, by any route, at or below this dose every day over a lifetime. OBJECTIVE The objective was to present a comprehensive review of available scientific knowledge for derivation of PDE. METHODS PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched using keywords "PDE" and "pharmaceuticals" and all the relevant literature up to March 2021 was reviewed. We have also calculated PDEs for Tobramycin (CAS No. 32986-56-4) and Acetyl Salicylic Acid (ASA, CAS No. 50-78-2). RESULTS This research will be useful for scientists working in the PDE domain. The given examples emphasize the importance of use of human data in calculating PDE. CONCLUSION The duty of the risk assessor entrusted with setting PDEs is to derive a data driven, scientifically justified value that is safe for patients, while avoiding unjustified conservativeness that puts unnecessary burden on manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Ahuja
- Safety Assessment, Syngene International Limited, Biocon Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohan Krishnappa
- Safety Assessment, Syngene International Limited, Biocon Park, Bangalore, India
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Analytical challenges and recent advances in the identification and quantitation of extractables and leachables in pharmaceutical and medical products. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Identification of an Oxidizing Leachable from a Clinical Syringe Rubber Stopper. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3410-3417. [PMID: 34089713 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leaching of toxic or reactive chemicals from polymeric materials can adversely affect the quality and safety of biopharmaceuticals. It was therefore the aim of the present study to analyze leachables from a disposable clinical administration syringe using a polysorbate-containing surrogate solution and to assess their chemical reactivity. Analytical methods did include (headspace) GC-MS, Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy, a ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. In the syringe leachables solution, the carcinogenic 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE) was detected in concentrations above the ICH M7-derived analytical evaluation threshold. TCE was shown to be an oxidation product of dichloromethane used during sample preparation. Since TCE was only isolated from incubations with the contained rubber stopper, we hypothesized that a stopper-derived leachable acted as a reactive oxidant promoting this chemical reaction. Subsequently, the leachable was identified to be the polymerization initiator Luperox® 101. Combining different analytical approaches led to the structural elucidation of a chemical reactive oxidant, which has the potential to interact and alter drug products. We conclude that chemically reactive compounds, such as the newly identified rubber stopper leachable Luperox® 101, may be of concern and therefore should be routinely considered if a prolonged exposure of polymers with drug products can be anticipated.
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15
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Hauk A, Pahl I, Dorey S, Menzel R. Using extractables data from single-use components for extrapolation to process equipment-related leachables: The toolbox and justifications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 163:105841. [PMID: 33852970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative information on process equipment-related leachables (PERLs) is required for process qualification and within a safety assessment. Extractables data for single-use equipment are suitable and applicable if the extractables study conditions fit or are bracketing the expected conditions of use. It is necessary to extrapolate extractables data when the expected in-use conditions are not covered by the test conditions. Methods for such quantitative extrapolation of extractables data toward potential PERLs are therefore needed. They are comprehensively described in this publication and include: scaling of extractables data for devices of different sizes adjusted to process-volumes, extrapolation to temperatures different from the extraction temperature, extrapolations to different solvent compositions, extrapolation to various contact times, and the combination of extractables data from individual components to assess assemblies. These extrapolation methods yield extractables data as if an extractables study had been performed. The methods presented are consistently derived from basic physicochemical principles. The relevant, underlying physical parameters are obtained from extractables experiments and are compared with published data. The applicability and justification of the proposed calculation methods are discussed and benchmarked against experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Hauk
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August Spindler-Str. 11, 37079 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Ina Pahl
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August Spindler-Str. 11, 37079 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Samuel Dorey
- Sartorius Stedim FMT S.A.S., Avenue de Jouques, CS91051, ZI des Paluds, 13781 Aubagne CEDEX, France
| | - Roberto Menzel
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August Spindler-Str. 11, 37079 Goettingen, Germany
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16
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Ingle RG, Fang WJ. Prefilled dual chamber devices (DCDs) - Promising high-quality and convenient drug delivery system. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120314. [PMID: 33540011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prefilled dual chamber devices (DCDs) are combination products containing freeze-dried drug and diluent in two separate chambers of the device. DCDs provide high stability and convenience to patients and doctors, thus significantly improving product quality, patient compliance and market competitiveness. DCDs should also provide seal integrity, sterility and compatibility with biopharmaceuticals and avoid leachability and needle stick injuries. DCDs are promising alternatives to traditional containers or devices for biopharmaceuticals. The regulatory and medical practice to choose plastic DCDs as better alternatives over well-established glass syringes will be addressed here. The impact and major issues during processing, manufacturing, and storage of DCDs are also highlighted. Further discussion clears its business potential, composition, stability testing, and quality standard requirements to deal with market competition. It also covers major role of extractables and leachables in storage stability of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Ingle
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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17
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Dorival-García N, Galbiati F, Kruell R, Kovasy R, Dunne SO, D'Silva K, Bones J. Identification of additives in polymers from single-use bioprocessing bags by accelerated solvent extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 219:121198. [PMID: 32887108 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-use technologies are increasingly used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Despite their advantages, these plastic assemblies draw concern because they are a potential source of contamination due to extractable and leachable compounds (E&Ls). Characterising E&Ls from such materials is a necessary step in establishing their suitability for use. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sensitive methods to identify and quantitatively assess compounds in plastic materials. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is a powerful technique that can be reliably used for this purpose. In this study, ASE followed by liquid chromatography and Orbitrap-based High Resolution Accurate Mass (HRAM) mass analysis was found to be an efficient and versatile method for the determination of additives in different multilayer polymer systems from single-use bags. ASE optimisation was performed using a design of experiments approach. The type of solvent, temperature, swelling agent addition, static time and number of cycles were the selected variables. Optimum conditions were dependent on the type of plastic film. Ethyl acetate and cyclohexane were selected individually as optimum solvents. Optimum temperatures were 90-100 °C. Pressure was set at 1500 psi and extraction time was 30 min in 2 cycles. Swelling agent addition was necessary with polar extraction solvents. More than 100 additives and degradation products were confidently identified by HRAM MS. Correlations between the type and levels of identified additives and the type of polymer system were established. In addition, degradation behaviour and pathways for some additives can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Dorival-García
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fabrizio Galbiati
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Schweiz) AG, Neuhofstrasse 11, 4153, Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kruell
- Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Im Steingrund 4 - 6, 63303, Dreieich, Germany
| | - Roman Kovasy
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Schweiz) AG, Neuhofstrasse 11, 4153, Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Simon O Dunne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 7GE, UK
| | - Kyle D'Silva
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead, HP2 7GE, UK
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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18
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Ball DJ, Beierschmitt WP. Permitted Daily Exposure Values: Application Considerations in Toxicological Risk Assessments. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:577-585. [PMID: 32794434 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820946746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Permitted daily exposure (PDE) values are used by some toxicologists to support the safety qualification of various types of impurities found in a drug substance (DS) or drug product (DP). Permitted daily exposure values are important tools for the toxicologist, but one must be aware of their limitations to ensure that they are used appropriately and effectively in the risk assessment process. First, a toxicologist must always perform a comprehensive analysis of all available animal and human safety data for an impurity, including identifying any data gaps that may exist. Second, if adequate data are available and there are no genotoxicity concerns, an appropriate well-designed repeat-dose toxicity study in animals should be chosen to calculate the PDE. It is important to note that PDE values qualify general systemic toxicity and not necessarily local toleration end points such as irritation and sensitization that are more concentration than dose dependent. In addition, a PDE value calculated from a general toxicity study in animals may not necessarily qualify for reproductive toxicology end points. Lastly, PDE values should never be thought of as analytical limits for or acceptable levels of an impurity in a DS or DP, as this ignores quality considerations. Using safety information from several chemicals as proxy impurities, this article serves as an educational primer to facilitate a better understanding of the development and use of PDE values in the risk assessment process.
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19
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Sica VP, Krivos KL, Kiehl DE, Pulliam CJ, Henry ID, Baker TR. The role of mass spectrometry and related techniques in the analysis of extractable and leachable chemicals. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:212-226. [PMID: 30921495 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In addition to degradation products, impurities, and exogenous contaminants, industries such as pharmaceutical, food, and others must concern themselves with leachables. These chemicals can derive from containers and closures or migrate from labels or secondary containers and packaging to make their way into products. Identification and quantification of extractables (potential leachables) and leachables, typically trace level analytes, is a regulatory expectation intended to ensure consumer safety and product fidelity. Mass spectrometry and related techniques have played a significant role in the analysis of extractables and leachables (E&L). This review provides an overview of how mass spectrometry is used for E&L studies, primarily in the context of the pharmaceutical industry. This review includes work flows, examples of how identification and quantification is done, and the importance of orthogonal data from several different detectors. E&L analyses are driven by the need for consumer safety. These studies are expected to expand in existing areas (e.g., food, textiles, toys, etc.) and into new, currently unregulated product areas. Thus, this topic is of interest to audiences beyond just the pharmaceutical and health care industries. Finally, the potential of universal detector approaches used in other areas is suggested as an opportunity to drive E&L research progress in this arguably understudied, under-published realm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian D Henry
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, 45040, Ohio
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20
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Detection and quantification of leached ethylene glycol in biopharmaceuticals by RP-UHPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1795-1806. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Gollapalli R, Singh G, Blinder A, Brittin J, Sengupta A, Mondal B, Patel M, Pati B, Lee J, Ghode A, Kote M. Identification of an Adduct Impurity of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient and a Leachable in an Ophthalmic Drug Product Using LC-QTOF. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3187-3193. [PMID: 31226425 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Impurity investigations are important in pharmaceutical development to ensure drug purity and safety for the patient. The impurities typically found in drug products are degradants or reaction products of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or leachable compounds from the container closure system. However, secondary reactions may also occur between API degradants, excipient impurities, residual solvents, and leachables to form adduct impurities. We hereby report an adduct-forming interaction of API (moxifloxacin) with a leachable compound (ethylene glycol monoformate) in moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution. The leachable compound originated from a low-density polyethylene bottle used in the packaging of drug products. The adduct impurity was tentatively identified as 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(1-(2-(formyloxy)ethyl) octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl)-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (C24H28FN3O6, MW = 473.19621) using accurate mass LC-QTOF analysis. The mass accuracy error between the theoretical mass and the experimental mass of an impurity was found to be 0.2 ppm. An MS/MS analysis was utilized to provide mass spectrometry fragments to support verification of the proposed structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramarao Gollapalli
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061.
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Alejandro Blinder
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Jeremiah Brittin
- Mund-Lagowski Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois 61625
| | - Arijit Sengupta
- Mund-Lagowski Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois 61625
| | - Bikash Mondal
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Milan Patel
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Biswajit Pati
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - James Lee
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Amit Ghode
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Mahesh Kote
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
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Singh G, Gollapalli R, Blinder A, Gallo F, Patel M. A case study demonstrating the migration of diethyl phthalate from an ancillary component to the drug product. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:574-580. [PMID: 30466025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are chemical compounds employed as plasticizers in the plastic industry and have been reported to migrate into drug products. The extent of their migration into the drug product depends upon various factors including the chemical nature of the migrant and the permeability of its packaging container. Migration of semi-volatile phthalates such as Diethyl phthalate (DEP) into drug products is often related to the primary and secondary packaging but due to its chemical nature, it could also migrate from an ancillary component. Therefore, it is not only important to screen the primary and secondary components, but also the ancillary materials that are used during the handling of drug products. In our study, we discovered an ancillary material (scotch tape) to be the source of DEP found in an ophthalmic drug product using orthogonal mass spectroscopy techniques (GC-MS and LC-MS). It is evident from our data that DEP migrated from the scotch tape into the drug product crossing the physical barriers provided by the primary (LDPE container closure system) and secondary packaging (carton and label). The tape was used as an ancillary material to wrap the packaged drug product units together for storage in the stability chamber. The primary and the secondary packaging of the drug product did not exhibit any traces of DEP. The aim of this report is to demonstrate how a chemical compound can migrate into the drug product from an ancillary source (which is not a part of its packaging) and adulterate a drug product. The impact of ancillary materials on drug products should be evaluated appropriately prior to their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA.
| | - Ramarao Gollapalli
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA
| | - Alejandro Blinder
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA
| | - Felix Gallo
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA
| | - Milan Patel
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA
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Expanding Bedside Filtration-A Powerful Tool to Protect Patients From Protein Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2775-2788. [PMID: 30059660 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein immunogenicity is intensively researched by academics, biopharmaceutical companies, and authorities as it can compromise the safety and efficacy of a biopharmaceutical drug. So far, the exact protein aggregate properties inducing immune responses are not known. Possible protein-related factors could be size, chemical modifications, or higher order structures. It is impossible to achieve an absolute absence of protein aggregates even for very stable formulations. The application of "bedside filtration," meaning filtration during the preparation or administration of the drug product immediately before injection, has the potential to increase the safety of every drug container and could prevent the undesired injection of particulate matter into the patient. In this study, the high efficiency of filtration for reducing the amount of protein particles was demonstrated with more than 19 stressed and nonstressed biopharmaceutical products which covered a broad concentration and molecular weight range. Furthermore, critical aspects regarding the usage of filters such as particle shedding from filters, protein loss as a result of protein adsorption, or the hold-up volume of the filters were assessed. Although differences between the filters were observed, no negative impact by the investigated filters could be found. A broader application of bedside filtration is therefore proposed.
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Dorival-García N, Carillo S, Ta C, Roberts D, Comstock K, Lofthouse S, Ciceri E, D'Silva K, Kierans G, Kaisermayer C, Lindeberg A, Bones J. Large-Scale Assessment of Extractables and Leachables in Single-Use Bags for Biomanufacturing. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9006-9015. [PMID: 29943976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-use technologies (SUTs) are widely used during biopharmaceutical manufacture as disposable bioreactors or media and buffer storage bags. Despite their advantages, the risk of release of extractable and leachable (E&Ls) substances is considered an important drawback in adopting disposables in the biomanufacturing process. E&Ls may detrimentally affect cell viability or productivity or may persist during purification and present a risk to the patient if remaining in the final drug product. In this study, 34 plastic films from single-use bags (SUBs) for cell cultivation were extracted with selected solvents that represent reasonable worst-case conditions for most typical biomanufacturing applications. SUBs were incubated at small-scale under accelerated-aging conditions that represented standard operational conditions of use. Leachables analysis was performed following dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for analyte preconcentration and removal of matrix interference. Resulting extracts were characterized by GC-headspace for volatiles, high resolution GC-Orbitrap-MS/MS for semivolatiles, high resolution LC-Orbitrap-MS/MS for nonvolatiles, and ICP-MS for trace elemental analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis of the analytical data revealed significant correlations between the type and concentration of compounds and bags features including brand, manufacturing date and polymer type. The analytical data demonstrates that, over recent years, the nature of E&Ls has been altered due to the implementation of manufacturing changes and new types of polymers and may change further with the future advent of regulations that will limit or ban the use of certain raw materials and additives. The broad E&L database generated herein facilitates toxicological assessments from a biomanufacturing standpoint and provides practical guidelines for confident determination of E&Ls to enable screening and elimination of nonsatisfactory films for single use bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Dorival-García
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Christine Ta
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Dominic Roberts
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Manor Park, Tudor Rd , Cheshire , Runcorn WA7 1TA , United Kingdom
| | - Kate Comstock
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , 355 River Oaks Pkwy , San Jose , California 95134 , United States
| | - Simon Lofthouse
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Stafford House, Boundary Park , Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE , United Kingdom
| | - Elena Ciceri
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Via Milano, 4 , 20090 Rodano , MI , Italy
| | - Kyle D'Silva
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Stafford House, Boundary Park , Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE , United Kingdom
| | - Gerald Kierans
- Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals , Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road , Clondalkin , Dublin 22 D22 V8F8 , Ireland
| | - Christian Kaisermayer
- BioMarin International Limited , Shanbally, Ringaskiddy , Co. Cork P43 R298 , Ireland
| | - Anna Lindeberg
- BioMarin International Limited , Shanbally, Ringaskiddy , Co. Cork P43 R298 , Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterization and Comparability Laboratory , NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. , Dublin , Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
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Legrand P, Desdion A, Boccadifuoco G, Dufaÿ Wojcicki A, Worsley A, Boudy V, Dufay SG. Development of an HPLC/UV method for the evaluation of extractables and leachables in plastic: Application to a plastic-packaged calcium gluconate glucoheptonate solution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 155:298-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Identification of leachable impurities in an ophthalmic drug product originating from a polymer additive Irganox 1010 using mass spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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28
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Identification of leachables observed in the size exclusion chromatograms of a low concentration product stored in prefilled syringes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:133-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Assessing safety of extractables from materials and leachables in pharmaceuticals and biologics – Current challenges and approaches. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Faria EC, Bercu JP, Dolan DG, Morinello EJ, Pecquet AM, Seaman C, Sehner C, Weideman PA. Using default methodologies to derive an acceptable daily exposure (ADE). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79 Suppl 1:S28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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31
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Chang LC, Kang JJ, Gau CS. Development of the risk-based, phased-in approach for the international harmonization of the regulation of container closure systems for drugs in Taiwan. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:252-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Zdravkovic SA. Solid phase extraction in tandem with GC/MS for the determination of semi-volatile organic substances extracted from pharmaceutical packaging/delivery systems via aqueous solvent systems. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 112:126-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Kozlovskaya L, Popilski H, Gorenbein P, Stepensky D. In vitro toxicity of infusion sets depends on their composition, storage time and storage conditions. Int J Pharm 2015; 489:285-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Feutry F, Simon N, Genay S, Lannoy D, Barthélémy C, Décaudin B, Labalette P, Odou P. Stability of 10 mg/mL cefuroxime solution for intracameral injection in commonly used polypropylene syringes and new ready-to-use cyclic olefin copolymer sterile vials using the LC-UV stability-indicating method. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:166-174. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1038273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Feutry
- Pharmacy Institute, University Hospital Center, Lille, France,
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, UFR Pharmacie, Lille, France, and
| | - Nicolas Simon
- Pharmacy Institute, University Hospital Center, Lille, France,
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, UFR Pharmacie, Lille, France, and
| | - Stéphanie Genay
- Pharmacy Institute, University Hospital Center, Lille, France,
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, UFR Pharmacie, Lille, France, and
| | - Damien Lannoy
- Pharmacy Institute, University Hospital Center, Lille, France,
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, UFR Pharmacie, Lille, France, and
| | - Christine Barthélémy
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, UFR Pharmacie, Lille, France, and
| | - Bertrand Décaudin
- Pharmacy Institute, University Hospital Center, Lille, France,
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, UFR Pharmacie, Lille, France, and
| | - Pierre Labalette
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Pascal Odou
- Pharmacy Institute, University Hospital Center, Lille, France,
- Department of Biopharmacy, Galenic and Hospital Pharmacy, EA GRITA, UFR Pharmacie, Lille, France, and
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35
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Stults CLM, Ansell JM, Shaw AJ, Nagao LM. Evaluation of extractables in processed and unprocessed polymer materials used for pharmaceutical applications. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:150-64. [PMID: 25227309 PMCID: PMC4309814 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials are often used in pharmaceutical packaging, delivery systems, and manufacturing components. There is continued concern that chemical entities from polymeric components may leach into various dosage forms, particularly those that are comprised of liquids such as parenterals, injectables, ophthalmics, and inhalation products. In some cases, polymeric components are subjected to routine extractables testing as a control measure. To reduce the risk of discovering leachables during stability studies late in the development process, or components that may fail extractables release criteria, it is proposed that extractables testing on polymer resins may be useful as a screening tool. Two studies have been performed to evaluate whether the extractables profile generated from a polymer resin is representative of the extractables profile of components made from that same resin. The ELSIE Consortium pilot program examined polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene, and another study evaluated polypropylene and a copolymer of polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. The test materials were comprised of polymer resin and processed resin or molded components. Volatile, semi-volatile, and nonvolatile chemical profiles were evaluated after headspace sampling and extraction with solvents of varying polarity and pH. The findings from these studies indicate that there may or may not be differences between extractables profiles obtained from resins and processed forms of the resin depending on the type of material, the compounds of interest, and extraction conditions used. Extractables testing of polymer resins is useful for material screening and in certain situations may replace routine component testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lee M. Nagao
- />Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, 1500 K Street, N.W., Washington, District of Columbia 20005-1209 USA
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