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Young KN, Yeates EO, Grigorian A, Schellenberg M, Owattanapanich N, Barmparas G, Margulies D, Juillard C, Garber K, Cryer H, Tillou A, Burruss S, Penaloza-Villalobos L, Lin A, Figueras RA, Brenner M, Firek C, Costantini T, Santorelli J, Curry T, Wintz D, Biffl WL, Schaffer KB, Duncan TK, Barbaro C, Diaz G, Johnson A, Chinn J, Naaseh A, Leung A, Grabar C, Nahmias J. Drug and alcohol positivity of traumatically injured patients related to COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2021; 47:605-611. [PMID: 34087086 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2021.1904967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 related stay-at-home (SAH) orders created many economic and social stressors, possibly increasing the risk of drug/alcohol abuse in the community and trauma population.Objectives: Describe changes in alcohol/drug use in traumatically injured patients after SAH orders in California and evaluate demographic or injury pattern changes in alcohol or drug-positive patients.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 11 trauma centers in Southern California (1/1/2020-6/30/2020) was performed. Blood alcohol concentration, urine toxicology results, demographics, and injury characteristics were collected. Patients were grouped based on injury date - before SAH (PRE-SAH), immediately after SAH (POST-SAH), and a historical comparison (3/19/2019-6/30/2019) (CONTROL) - and compared in separate analyses. Groups were compared using chi-square tests for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables.Results: 20,448 trauma patients (13,634 male, 6,814 female) were identified across three time-periods. The POST-SAH group had higher rates of any drug (26.2% vs. 21.6% and 24.7%, OR = 1.26 and 1.08, p < .001 and p = .035), amphetamine (10.4% vs. 7.5% and 9.3%, OR = 1.43 and 1.14, p < .001 and p = .023), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (13.8% vs. 11.0% and 11.4%, OR = 1.30 and 1.25, p < .001 and p < .001), and 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA) (0.8% vs. 0.4% and 0.2%, OR = 2.02 and 4.97, p = .003 and p < .001) positivity compared to PRE-SAH and CONTROL groups. Alcohol concentration and positivity were similar between groups (p > .05).Conclusion: This Southern California multicenter study demonstrated increased amphetamine, MDMA, and THC positivity in trauma patients after SAH, but no difference in alcohol positivity or blood concentration. Drug prevention strategies should continue to be adapted within and outside of hospitals during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten N Young
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric O Yeates
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Areg Grigorian
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Schellenberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Galinos Barmparas
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Margulies
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Kent Garber
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henry Cryer
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Areti Tillou
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sigrid Burruss
- Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | | | - Ann Lin
- Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | | | - Megan Brenner
- Riverside/Riverside University Health System Department of Surgery, University of California, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Firek
- Riverside University Health System, Comparative Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Research Center (CECORC), Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | - Todd Costantini
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Terry Curry
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Diane Wintz
- Department of Surgery, Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Walter L Biffl
- Trauma Department, Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn B Schaffer
- Trauma Department, Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas K Duncan
- Department of Surgery, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura, CA, USA
| | - Casey Barbaro
- Department of Surgery, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura, CA, USA
| | - Graal Diaz
- Department of Surgery, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura, CA, USA
| | - Arianne Johnson
- Department of Trauma, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Cottage Health Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Justine Chinn
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ariana Naaseh
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Leung
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christina Grabar
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeffry Nahmias
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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