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Gottlieb M, O'Brien JR, Patel D. SONO case series: point-of-care ultrasound for intubation confirmation. Emerg Med J 2024; 41:379-381. [PMID: 38806198 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2023-213817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gottlieb
- Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James R O'Brien
- Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daven Patel
- Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Gottlieb M, O’Brien JR, Ferrigno N, Sundaram T. Point-of-care ultrasound for airway management in the emergency and critical care setting. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2024; 11:22-32. [PMID: 37620036 PMCID: PMC11009714 DOI: 10.15441/ceem.23.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway management is a common procedure within emergency and critical care medicine. Traditional techniques for predicting and managing a difficult airway each have important limitations. As the field has evolved, point-of-care ultrasound has been increasingly utilized for this application. Several measures can be used to sonographically predict a difficult airway, including skin to epiglottis, hyomental distance, and tongue thickness. Ultrasound can also be used to confirm endotracheal tube intubation and assess endotracheal tube depth. Ultrasound is superior to the landmark-based approach for locating the cricothyroid membrane, particularly in patients with difficult anatomy. Finally, we provide an algorithm for using ultrasound to manage the crashing patient on mechanical ventilation. After reading this article, readers will have an enhanced understanding of the role of ultrasound in airway management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James R. O’Brien
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Ferrigno
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tina Sundaram
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Eun S, Yoon H, Kang SY, Jo IJ, Heo S, Chang H, Lee G, Park JE, Kim T, Lee SU, Hwang SY, Baek SY. Real-Time Tracheal Ultrasound vs. Capnography for Intubation Confirmation during CPR Wearing a Powered Air-Purifying Respirator in COVID-19 Era. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:225. [PMID: 38275472 PMCID: PMC10813934 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the accuracy of real-time trans-tracheal ultrasound (TTUS) with capnography to confirm intubation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while wearing a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR). This setting reflects increased caution due to contagious diseases. This single-center, prospective, comparative study enrolled patients requiring CPR while wearing a PAPR who visited the emergency department of a tertiary medical center from December 2020 to August 2022. A physician performed the TTUS in real time and recorded the tube placement assessment. Another healthcare provider attached waveform capnography to the tube and recorded end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) after five ventilations. The accuracy and agreement of both methods compared with direct laryngoscopic visualization of tube placement, and the time taken by both methods was evaluated. Thirty-three patients with cardiac arrest were analyzed. TTUS confirmed tube placement with 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, whereas capnography demonstrated 97% accuracy, 96.8% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. The Kappa values for TTUS and capnography compared to direct visualization were 1.0 and 0.7843, respectively. EtCO2 was measured in 45 (37-59) seconds (median (interquartile range)), whereas TTUS required only 12 (8-23) seconds, indicating that TTUS was significantly faster (p < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between the physician's TTUS proficiency and image acquisition time. This study demonstrated that TTUS is more accurate and faster than EtCO2 measurement for confirming endotracheal tube placement during CPR, particularly in the context of PAPR usage in pandemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwan Eun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea (I.J.J.); (S.H.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (J.E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Hee Yoon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea (I.J.J.); (S.H.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (J.E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Soo Yeon Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Gwangmyeong-si 14353, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ik Joon Jo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea (I.J.J.); (S.H.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (J.E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Sejin Heo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea (I.J.J.); (S.H.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (J.E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Hansol Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea (I.J.J.); (S.H.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (J.E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Guntak Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea (I.J.J.); (S.H.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (J.E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Jong Eun Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea (I.J.J.); (S.H.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (J.E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Taerim Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea (I.J.J.); (S.H.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (J.E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Se Uk Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea (I.J.J.); (S.H.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (J.E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea (I.J.J.); (S.H.); (H.C.); (G.L.); (J.E.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Sun-Young Baek
- Biomedical Statistics Center, Data Science Research Institute, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea;
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Rezende BADS, Bottoni NG, Cunha LA, de Oliveira ÂGN, Motta LB, Sartori F, de Carvalho EB. Cervical ultrasound for endotracheal intubation confirmation in dogs by veterinary students: a cadaveric study. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2023; 45:e002623. [PMID: 37705937 PMCID: PMC10497175 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm002623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although endotracheal intubation is usually a simple and fast procedure in dogs, some situations can be challenging and lead to the risk of tube misplacement in the esophagus-a life-threatening complication. Hence, confirming intubation is a cornerstone whenever this procedure is performed. Methods such as direct visualization or capnography present limitations insofar as they may be unreliable or unavailable under some circumstances. Ultrasound has emerged as a promising tool to confirm intubation in medicine. However, so far little research has been done on the subject in veterinary medicine. This study's main goal was to investigate ultrasound performed by veterinary students as a confirmation method for intubation in canine cadavers after a brief training session (25 minutes). A total of 160 exams were performed with a microconvex probe by 20 students in 11 different cadavers on left and right recumbencies. Overall accuracy was 70.6% with a median success rate of 75% and a median time to diagnosis of 25 seconds. The number of correct diagnoses was statistically higher than the wrong ones (p<0.05) without difference between recumbencies. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 72.5%, 68.8%, 69.9%, and 71.4%, respectively. The fastest diagnosis was performed in just 4 seconds, and among the top-performers, one student had 100% accuracy with a mean time to diagnosis of 16.8 seconds, and four students had approximately 88% accuracy. This study showed for the first time that even inexperienced veterinary students can have acceptable accuracy in confirming endotracheal intubation in dogs after a brief training session.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolle Gouvêa Bottoni
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Vassouras. Vassouras, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Loíse Almeida Cunha
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Vassouras. Vassouras, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Lucas Baptista Motta
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Vassouras. Vassouras, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Sartori
- Veterinarian, MSc. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Vassouras. Vassouras, RJ, Brazil.
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Ultrasound Guidelines: Emergency, Point-of-Care, and Clinical Ultrasound Guidelines in Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 82:e115-e155. [PMID: 37596025 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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Liu Y, Ma W, Liu J. Applications of Airway Ultrasound for Endotracheal Intubation in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041477. [PMID: 36836012 PMCID: PMC9961112 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotracheal intubation is a challenging procedure for pediatric patients. Airway ultrasound as a new technology is suitable for aiding this process, but its diagnostic value remains unclear. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Chinese biomedical literature database to summarize specific applications of airway ultrasound in each step of endotracheal intubation in pediatric patients. Diagnostic accuracy and 95% confidence interval were used as outcomes. In total, 33 studies (6 randomized controlled trials and 27 diagnostic studies) with 1934 airway ultrasound examinations were included. Population included neonates, infants, and older children. Airway ultrasound could be used to determine the endotracheal tube size and confirm endotracheal intubation and intubation depth; the diagnostic accuracy for all these factors was 23.3-100%, 90.6-100%, and 66.7-100%, respectively. Furthermore, the accuracy of airway ultrasound in predicting endotracheal tube size was consistently higher than traditional methods, such as height formula, age formula, and the width of the little finger. In conclusion, airway ultrasound has unique advantages for confirming successful endotracheal intubation in pediatric patients, and it may become an effective auxiliary tool in this field. There is a need to develop a unified airway ultrasound protocol to conduct clinical trials and practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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Panda CK, Singha SK, Karim HMR, Mishra M. Practices During Intubation in COVID-19 Intensive Care Units in India: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire-Based Survey. Cureus 2023; 15:e34424. [PMID: 36874758 PMCID: PMC9981221 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare workers are committed to learning from each other's experience to safely optimize patient management of COVID-19. Acute hypoxemic failure is common in COVID-19 patients, and nearly 3.2% may require intubation. Intubation is an aerosol-generating procedure (AGP) that might predispose the performer to COVID-19 infection. This survey was intended to evaluate the practices during tracheal intubation in COVID-19 intensive care units (ICUs) and analyze them against the recommendations of the All India Difficult Airway Association (AIDAA) for safe practice. Methodology It was a web-based, multicentric cross-sectional survey. The choices in the questions were based on guidelines for airway management in COVID-19. Survey questions were divided into two parts - the first part consisted of demographics and general information, and the second part focused on safe intubation practices. Results A total of 230 responses were obtained from physicians all over India, presuming their active involvement in COVID-19 cases, of which 226 responses were taken into account. Two-thirds of responders did not receive any training before ICU posting. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guideline was followed by 89% of responders for personal protective equipment use. Intubation in COVID-19 patients was predominantly conducted by a senior anesthesiologist/intensivist in the team and a senior resident (37.2%). Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) and modified RSI were preferable among the responder's hospitals (46.5% vs. 33.6%). In most centers, responders used direct laryngoscope for intubation (62.8%), whereas video laryngoscope was used by 34%. Most responders confirmed the endotracheal tube (ETT) position by visual inspection (66.3%) over end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) concentration tracing (53.9%). Conclusions Safe intubation practices were followed in most of the centers across India. However, teaching and training, preoxygenation methods, alternative ventilation strategies, and confirmation of intubation pertinent to COVID-19 airway management need more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmaya K Panda
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, IND
| | - Subrata K Singha
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, IND
| | - Habib Md R Karim
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, IND
| | - Meghana Mishra
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care, DKS Super Specialty Hospital, Raipur, IND
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Gottlieb M, Alerhand S. Managing Cardiac Arrest Using Ultrasound. Ann Emerg Med 2022; 81:532-542. [PMID: 36334956 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chavez S, Brady WJ, Gottlieb M, Carius BM, Liang SY, Koyfman A, Long B. Clinical update on COVID-19 for the emergency clinician: Airway and resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 58:43-51. [PMID: 35636042 PMCID: PMC9106422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in millions of cases worldwide. As the pandemic has progressed, the understanding of this disease has evolved. OBJECTIVE This narrative review provides emergency clinicians with a focused update of the resuscitation and airway management of COVID-19. DISCUSSION Patients with COVID-19 and septic shock should be resuscitated with buffered/balanced crystalloids. If hypotension is present despite intravenous fluids, vasopressors including norepinephrine should be initiated. Stress dose steroids are recommended for patients with severe or refractory septic shock. Airway management is the mainstay of initial resuscitation in patients with COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 and ARDS should be managed similarly to those ARDS patients without COVID-19. Clinicians should not delay intubation if indicated. In patients who are more clinically stable, physicians can consider a step-wise approach as patients' oxygenation needs escalate. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) are recommended over elective intubation. Prone positioning, even in awake patients, has been shown to lower intubation rates and improve oxygenation. Strategies consistent with ARDSnet can be implemented in this patient population, with a goal tidal volume of 4-8 mL/kg of predicted body weight and targeted plateau pressures <30 cm H2O. Limited data support the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NBMA), recruitment maneuvers, inhaled pulmonary vasodilators, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). CONCLUSION This review presents a concise update of the resuscitation strategies and airway management techniques in patients with COVID-19 for emergency medicine clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer Chavez
- The University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 6431 Fannin, 2nd Floor JJL, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - William J. Brady
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen Y. Liang
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Alex Koyfman
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Brit Long
- SAUSHEC, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, United States of America,Corresponding author at: 3841 Roger Brooke Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, United States of America
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Long B, Chavez S, Carius BM, Brady WJ, Liang SY, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M. Clinical update on COVID-19 for the emergency and critical care clinician: Medical management. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 56:158-170. [PMID: 35397357 PMCID: PMC8956349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in millions of cases worldwide. As the pandemic has progressed, the understanding of this disease has evolved. OBJECTIVE This is the second part in a series on COVID-19 updates providing a focused overview of the medical management of COVID-19 for emergency and critical care clinicians. DISCUSSION COVID-19, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. A variety of medical therapies have been introduced for use, including steroids, antivirals, interleukin-6 antagonists, monoclonal antibodies, and kinase inhibitors. These agents have each demonstrated utility in certain patient subsets. Prophylactic anticoagulation in admitted patients demonstrates improved outcomes. Further randomized data concerning aspirin in outpatients with COVID-19 are needed. Any beneficial impact of other therapies, such as colchicine, convalescent plasma, famotidine, ivermectin, and vitamins and minerals is not present in reliable medical literature. In addition, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are not recommended. CONCLUSION This review provides a focused update of the medical management of COVID-19 for emergency and critical care clinicians to help improve care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- SAUSHEC, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Summer Chavez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Health Houston McGovern School of Medicine, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | | | - William J Brady
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Stephen Y Liang
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Alex Koyfman
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Braverman J. Bedside Ultrasound for Procedural Assistance in Pediatrics. Pediatr Ann 2021; 50:e404-e410. [PMID: 34617846 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20210914-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a noninvasive imaging tool with both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this article, the author will review the role of POCUS for vascular access, endotracheal intubation, lumbar puncture, chest tube, and diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019 lung pathology. This will include a review of the evidence, technique, and strategies for optimizing performance of these procedures. [Pediatr Ann. 2021;50(10):e404-e410.].
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Gottlieb M, Olszynski P, Atkinson P. Just the facts: point-of-care ultrasound for airway management. CAN J EMERG MED 2021; 23:277-279. [PMID: 33959928 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-020-00075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 West Harrison Street, Suite 108 Kellogg, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Paul Olszynski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Paul Atkinson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB, Canada
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Scheier E, Shapiro E, Balla U. POCUS to Confirm Intubation in a Trauma Setting. West J Emerg Med 2021; 22:398-399. [PMID: 33856330 PMCID: PMC7972366 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.9.49931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Scheier
- Kaplan Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Rehovot, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Shapiro
- Kaplan Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Balla
- Kaplan Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Rehovot, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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