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Zhou Y, Zhang Z. From athletic excellence to academic influence: a study of retired Chinese athletes transitioning into the higher education sector. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1401575. [PMID: 38957888 PMCID: PMC11217518 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1401575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
While the career transition of athletes has been explored to several extents, it is often marked by complex psychosocial challenges and requires a redefined sense of identity and professional purpose. Research to date has predominately focused on the disadvantages or inequity emerging from broad social demographics without delving into specific career transition pathways, such as into higher education settings. This study specifically investigates the unique psychosocial factors underlying the career transition of retired Chinese athletes into higher education. We conducted an interview phase with retired Chinese athletes (Phase 1, n = 17) and a Delphi phase with senior human resources (HR) managers from Chinese higher education settings (Phase 2, n = 15). This approach allowed us to understand the lived experiences and challenges of these athletes within the Chinese cultural and social context, as well as HR experts' perceptions of their career transitions, respectively. The results unveil crucial psychosocial factors that motivate, and the barriers that challenge, and difficulties retired Chinese athletes in their transition, informing intervention and policy efforts to facilitate their successful integration into higher education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Zhou
- Colleges of Physical Education, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
- Hunan Research Centre for Excellence in Fitness, Health, and Performance, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Colleges of Physical Education, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
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2
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Ehnold P, Gohritz A, Lotzen L, Schlesinger T. Soccer above all? Analysis of academic and vocational education among female soccer players in the German women's Bundesliga and 2nd women's Bundesliga. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1294803. [PMID: 38410355 PMCID: PMC10895006 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1294803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Career-related (financial) reasons as well as advantages in terms of expanding social support systems, promoting a balanced lifestyle and personal development suggest that female soccer players should pursue academic or vocational education in parallel to elite sport. However, dual careers are fraught with challenges, mainly due to simultaneity in time and the associated conflicting goals. The aim of this article is to analyze the vocational or academic educational careers of professional female soccer players. Methods To generate the data, an online survey was conducted among soccer players in the German Women's Bundesliga and 2nd Women's Bundesliga. A total of n = 200 questionnaires (German: n = 191; English: n = 9) were included in the analysis, which corresponds to approx. 29.6% of the population addressed. Results 90.6% of the players are pursuing or have already completed academic or vocational education. The majority (71.2%) of female soccer players choose to study. 81.8% of players report no impact or even a positive impact of soccer on their performance in academic or vocational education. Willingness to pursue and complete academic or vocational education is influenced by membership of the A-National Team, time spent playing soccer, form of school-leaving qualification, nationality and age. Discussion This study increases the visibility of professional women's soccer as an object of analysis in sports science research, follows up on demands for a more athlete-centered approach and generates further insights for research and practice with regard to the success of dual careers in elite sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ehnold
- Department of Sport & Management, IST-University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Gohritz
- Department of Sport & Management, IST-University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena Lotzen
- Department of Sport & Management, IST-University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Schlesinger
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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Le Roux J, Anema F, Janse van Rensburg DC, Kerkhoffs G, Gouttebarge V. Health conditions among retired elite rugby players: a scoping review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001573. [PMID: 37547127 PMCID: PMC10401243 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this scoping review was to present an overview of the existing epidemiological evidence in retired male and female elite rugby players regarding the prevalence rates of musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neurocognitive, psychological and gynaecological health conditions. A systematic search was carried out across MEDLINE (via PubMed), SPORTDiscus (via EBSCOhost), PsycINFO (via EBSCOhost) and EMBASE for musculoskeletal (eg, osteoarthritis), cardiovascular (eg, hypertension), neurocognitive (eg, dementia) and psychological health (eg, disordered eating, alcohol misuse) conditions in retired elite male and female rugby players and gynaecological health conditions (menorrhagia) in retired female rugby players. Primary research studies describing the prevalence rates of health conditions in retired elite male and female rugby players written in English, Dutch or French and with full text available online were included. Five hundred and seventy-three citations were originally identified and 16 studies were ultimately included in our review. No studies on health conditions in retired elite female rugby players were found. Four individual studies showed there was a significant higher prevalence rate of osteoarthritis in retired elite male rugby players compared with control groups. Various neurocognitive health conditions were investigated and showed, among others, a prevalence rate of 57% for mild cognitive disorder. The prevalence of self-reported depression and hazardous alcohol use in retired elite male rugby players was significantly higher than in control groups matched for age and education. Our review found relatively high prevalence rates of musculoskeletal health conditions such as osteoarthritis and psychological health conditions such as depression and hazardous alcohol use in retired elite male rugby players. More research needs to be conducted to understand better the health conditions of retired elite rugby players, especially among retired elite female players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Le Roux
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Flo Anema
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Gino Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Musculoskeletal Health, Ageing & Vitality, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Musculoskeletal Health, Ageing & Vitality, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Rodrigues AFDA, Barbosa LNF, Gomes PCDS, Nóbrega FAF. EVALUATION OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS AMONG U-20 SOCCER ATHLETES IN RECIFE-PE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012021_0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Being a soccer player is one of the dreams most present in the popular imagination of Brazilian children. However, the path to professionalization is arduous and several reasons can be pointed out for this difficulty: a very competitive environment, few chances, and poor career counseling, among others. In competitive soccer, the athlete must be ready for all the demands that will be made, as well as accept the demand for the best possible performance. Furthermore, athletes from the youth system are still adolescents and youths in development, usually up to 21 years of age, who are often forced to choose soccer and its demands, at the expense of their studies and family lives, to become professional players. In this scenario, a still little-debated topic is mental health among soccer players. Objectives To verify the frequency of anxiety and depression symptoms among soccer players of the under-20 youth categories of Pernambuco clubs and to assess its association with sociodemographic, athletic, and health data. Methods The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was applied and socio-demographic, athletic, and health data were collected. A marginal descriptive analysis was conducted, as well as categorical and numerical assessments of anxiety- and depression-related variables. Finally, a linear regression study of the anxiety and depression scores was conducted. Results A statistically significant association was found between income received and an increase in anxiety symptoms. An increase in depressive symptoms as income decreased was also identified. Conclusion Further research with larger numbers of participants is needed, as well as with a greater variety of clubs, to better understand the relationship observed. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic study – Investigation of the effect of a patient characteristic on the outcome of their illness.
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Carmody S, Anemaat K, Massey A, Kerkhoffs G, Gouttebarge V. Health conditions among retired professional footballers: a scoping review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001196. [PMID: 35528132 PMCID: PMC9036466 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To conduct a scoping review providing an overview of the health conditions occuring in retired male and female professional footballers, with an emphasis on musculoskeletal, mental, neurocognitive, cardiovascular and reproductive health conditions. Methods In January 2022, a comprehensive systematic literature search in three databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, SPORTDiscus via EBSCOhost and EMBASE) was conducted for common health conditions among retired male and female professional footballers. Primary research studies (full text available online) which described the incidence or prevalence of a health condition (musculoskeletal, mental, neurocognitive, cardiovascular, reproductive) among retired male and female professional footballers were included for review. Case reports, qualitative research and grey literature were omitted. Results In total, 917 eligible articles were identified from the databases, with 41 meeting the eligibility criteria. Osteoarthritis of the hip, knee and ankle were found to be common among retired professional footballers. Mental health symptoms (eg, anxiety, depression) are experienced by retired male and female professional footballers. The incidence of neurocognitive disease appears to be higher among retired male professional footballers than among matched controls. There is very limited evidence examining the presence of health conditions in retired female professional footballers. Conclusion Osteoarthritis of the lower limb, musculoskeletal pain and mental health symptoms are common among retired professional footballers. Knowledge about the occurrence and timing of musculoskeletal, mental health and neurocognitive conditions among retired professional footballers can be used by a wide range of stakeholders to proactively intervene during and after a player's career to mitigate risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Carmody
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Orthopedic Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Medical Department, Chelsea Football Club, London, UK
| | - Karlijn Anemaat
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Orthopedic Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Massey
- Medical Department, Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gino Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Orthopedic Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Ageing & Vitality, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Orthopedic Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO), Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
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Mental Health Profiles of Danish Youth Soccer Players: The Influence of Gender and Career Development. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2021-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was (a) to investigate gender differences in mental health among Danish youth soccer players, (b) to discover the mental health profiles of the players, and (c) to explore how career progression and mental health are related. A total of 239 Danish youth elite soccer players (M = 16.85, SD = 1.09) completed an online questionnaire assessing mental well-being, depression, anxiety, along with other background variables. Female players scored significantly lower on mental well-being and had four times higher odds of expressing symptoms of anxiety and depression than males. Athletes’ mental health profiles showed that most athletes experience low depression while having moderate mental well-being. Depression, anxiety, and stress scores generally increased when progressing in age, indicating that the junior–senior transition poses distinct challenges to players’ mental health, especially for female players. Different strategies to foster players’ mental health depending on their mental health profiles are proposed.
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Barth M, Güllich A, Forstinger CA, Schlesinger T, Schröder F, Emrich E. Retirement of professional soccer players - A systematic review from social sciences perspectives. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:903-914. [PMID: 33295256 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1851449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Retiring professional athletes face multifaceted changes and potential issues of adjustment, occupational development, and well-being, which raises concerns around the world. The study systematically reviewed the available research investigating professional soccer players' sport retirement from social sciences perspectives. The literature search in electronic databases and a "snowballing" procedure yielded 17 eligible studies investigating > 2,200 retired professional soccer players. The review followed the PRISMA statement. Nine studies focused on an early transition phase to retirement period; four studies investigated later periods of ten years or longer after retirement. Around half of the players reported involuntary retirement, often associated with declining performance and/or injury. Studies suggest issues of adjustment and mental health during early years after retirement, while psychological issues had apparently declined around 1-2 decades after retirement. However, available studies had notable limitations including lack of evidenced representative samples, report of measures' reliability, and control for confounders. Furthermore, while theoretical models emphasise a holistic perspective, quantitative research often took a narrow rather than holistic perspective. In summary, available knowledge is fraught with some uncertainty regarding reliability and representativeness of the population of retired professional soccer players. We offer future directions to advance the development of a theory of sport retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Barth
- Department of Sports Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Güllich
- Department of Sports Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank Schröder
- Department of Sport Management, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eike Emrich
- Department of Sports Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Rice SM, Gwyther K, Santesteban-Echarri O, Baron D, Gorczynski P, Gouttebarge V, Reardon CL, Hitchcock ME, Hainline B, Purcell R. Determinants of anxiety in elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:722-730. [PMID: 31097452 PMCID: PMC6579501 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify and quantify determinants of anxiety symptoms and disorders experienced by elite athletes. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Five online databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, PsycINFO, Scopus and Cochrane) were searched up to November 2018 to identify eligible citations. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Articles were included if they were published in English, were quantitative studies and measured a symptom-level anxiety outcome in competing or retired athletes at the professional (including professional youth), Olympic or collegiate/university levels. Results and summary We screened 1163 articles; 61 studies were included in the systematic review and 27 of them were suitable for meta-analysis. Overall risk of bias for included studies was low. Athletes and non-athletes had no differences in anxiety profiles (d=−0.11, p=0.28). Pooled effect sizes, demonstrating moderate effects, were identified for (1) career dissatisfaction (d=0.45; higher anxiety in dissatisfied athletes), (2) gender (d=0.38; higher anxiety in female athletes), (3) age (d=−0.34; higher anxiety for younger athletes) and (4) musculoskeletal injury (d=0.31; higher anxiety for injured athletes). A small pooled effect was found for recent adverse life events (d=0.26)—higher anxiety in athletes who had experienced one or more recent adverse life events. Conclusion Determinants of anxiety in elite populations broadly reflect those experienced by the general population. Clinicians should be aware of these general and athlete-specific determinants of anxiety among elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Rice
- Research and Translation, Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Gwyther
- Research and Translation, Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga Santesteban-Echarri
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Baron
- Center for Health and Sport, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Paul Gorczynski
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, The Netherlands.,AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,University Health Services, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary E Hitchcock
- Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Research and Translation, Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gouttebarge V, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Gorczynski P, Hainline B, Hitchcock ME, Kerkhoffs GM, Rice SM, Reardon CL. Occurrence of mental health symptoms and disorders in current and former elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:700-706. [PMID: 31097451 PMCID: PMC6579497 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To present an overview of the existing epidemiological evidence regarding the occurrence of mental health symptoms and disorders among current and former elite athletes. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Five electronic databases were searched from inception to November 2018: PubMed (MEDLINE), SportDiscus via EBSCO, PSycINFO via ProQuest, Scopus and Cochrane. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies We included original quantitative studies that were written in English, were conducted exclusively among current or former elite athletes, and presented incidence or prevalence rates of symptoms of mental disorders. Results Twenty-two relevant original studies about mental health symptoms and disorders among current elite athletes were included: they presented data especially on symptoms of distress, sleep disturbance, anxiety/depression and alcohol misuse. Meta-analyses comprising 2895 to 5555 current elite athletes showed that the prevalence of mental health symptoms and disorders ranged from 19% for alcohol misuse to 34% for anxiety/depression. Fifteen relevant original studies about mental health symptoms and disorders among former elite athletes were included: they similarly presented data especially about symptoms of distress, sleep disturbance, anxiety/depression and alcohol misuse. Meta-analyses comprising 1579 to 1686 former elite athletes showed that the prevalence of mental health symptoms and disorders ranged from 16% for distress to 26% for anxiety/depression. Conclusions Our meta-analyses showed that the prevalence of mental health symptoms and disorders ranged from 19% for alcohol misuse to 34% for anxiety/depression for current elite athletes, and from 16% for distress to 26% for anxiety/depression for former elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam UMC, Univ of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul Gorczynski
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mary E Hitchcock
- Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gino M Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC, Univ of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon M Rice
- Research and Translation, Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,University Health Services, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019). Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:667-699. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mental health symptoms and disorders are common among elite athletes, may have sport related manifestations within this population and impair performance. Mental health cannot be separated from physical health, as evidenced by mental health symptoms and disorders increasing the risk of physical injury and delaying subsequent recovery. There are no evidence or consensus based guidelines for diagnosis and management of mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes. Diagnosis must differentiate character traits particular to elite athletes from psychosocial maladaptations.Management strategies should address all contributors to mental health symptoms and consider biopsychosocial factors relevant to athletes to maximise benefit and minimise harm. Management must involve both treatment of affected individual athletes and optimising environments in which all elite athletes train and compete. To advance a more standardised, evidence based approach to mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes, an International Olympic Committee Consensus Work Group critically evaluated the current state of science and provided recommendations.
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11
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Gouttebarge V, Goedhart E, Kerkhoffs G. Empowering the health of retired professional footballers: the systematic development of an After Career Consultation and its feasibility. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000466. [PMID: 30774974 PMCID: PMC6350730 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This article describes (1) the systematic development of the intervention and (2) the assessment of its feasibility (in terms of relevancy, suitability, satisfaction and added value). Methods The intervention was developed based on the first four steps of the Intervention Mapping and Knowledge Transfer Scheme processes. Subsequently, a qualitative research based on a one-group post-test cross-sectional design was conducted. Eight retired professional footballers underwent the developed intervention and its feasibility (operationalised in relevancy, suitability, satisfaction and added value) was assessed by means of a questionnaire and interview. Results An After Career Consultation (ACC) was developed with a focus on five main domains: (1) detraining from professional football; (2) remission of osteoarthritis; (3) promotion of healthy lifestyle; (4) preventing mental and cognitive health problems; and (5) employment and education. The ACC relies on three components: (1) raising self-awareness about potential physical, mental and social health problems after a career in professional football; (2) medical examination (60 min) with thorough medical history and general physical examination; and (3) follow-up during 3 months (if necessary) about optimal skills and strategies to empower physical, mental and social health and quality of life. The relevancy, suitability, satisfaction and added value of the ACC were positively evaluated by the retired professional footballers. Conclusion The ACC was developed with a focus on five main health-related domains. The feasibility of the ACC was positively assessed by retired professional footballers, while the suggestion was made to repeat the ACC in the initial years after football retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gouttebarge
- World Players’ Union (FIFPro), Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Univ of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edwin Goedhart
- Royal Netherlands Football Association (KNVB), FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Gino Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC, Univ of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Mannes ZL, Waxenberg LB, Cottler LB, Perlstein WM, Burrell LE, Ferguson EG, Edwards ME, Ennis N. Prevalence and Correlates of Psychological Distress among Retired Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 12:265-294. [PMID: 31217807 PMCID: PMC6583001 DOI: 10.1080/1750984x.2018.1469162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article presents results of a systematic review of the literature (2000-2017) examining the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among retired elite athletes. Forty articles were selected and included. Our review suggests the prevalence of psychological distress among retired athletes is similar to that found in the general population. However, subgroups reporting medical comorbidities, significant pain, a greater number of concussions, less social support, and adverse psychosocial factors were at greater risk for psychological distress. Additionally, athletes experiencing psychological distress in retirement often do not seek treatment for their distress. Based on the existing literature, there is a need for greater standardization and use of reliable measures, as well as use of diagnostic interviews in order to assess the most accurate prevalence of psychological distress among these athletes. Longitudinal designs, matched control groups, more heterogeneous samples, and use of multivariate analyses would also help to more accurately determine the prevalence and risk factors of psychological distress in this population. This review suggests a number of different clinical implications and highlights directions for future research to enhance our understanding of the long-term psychological health of former elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L. Mannes
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lori B. Waxenberg
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Linda B. Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - William M. Perlstein
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Larry E. Burrell
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Erin G. Ferguson
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mary E. Edwards
- Health Science Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nicole Ennis
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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