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Yamamoto R, Takeshita Y, Tsujiguchi H, Kannon T, Sato T, Hosomichi K, Suzuki K, Kita Y, Tanaka T, Goto H, Nakano Y, Yamashita T, Kaneko S, Tajima A, Nakamura H, Takamura T. Nutrigenetic interaction between apolipoprotein C3 polymorphism and fat intake in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Dev Nutr 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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Li Q, Han Y, Hu H, Zhuge Y. Gamma-glutamyl transferase to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio has a non-linear association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A secondary prospective cohort study in non-obese Chinese adults. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:995749. [PMID: 36465946 PMCID: PMC9712445 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.995749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The evidence for a relationship between the ratio of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently inadequate. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the GGT/HDL-c ratio and NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is a prospective cohort study that recruited a total of 11,891 non-obese volunteers in a Chinese hospital from January 2010 to December 2014 in a non-selective manner. The Cox proportional-hazards regression model was then used to investigate the relationship between baseline GGT/HDL-c ratio and the probability of developing NAFLD. The non-linear link between the GGT/HDL-c ratio and NAFLD was identified using a Cox proportional hazards regression with cubic spline functions and smooth curve fitting (cubic spline smoothing). Furthermore, we conducted several sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Data had been uploaded to the DATADRYAD website. RESULTS The mean age of study participants was 43.29 ± 14.95 years old, and 6,502 (54.68%) were male. The median (interquartile ranges) of GGT/HDL-c ratio was 15.56 (10.73-23.84). During a median follow-up of 29.35 months, 2028 (17.05%) participants were diagnosed with NAFLD. After adjusting for covariates, the results showed that GGT/HDL-c ratio was positively associated with incident NAFLD (HR = 1.014, 95% CI 1.011-1.017). There was also a non-linear relationship between GGT/HDL-c ratio and NAFLD, and the inflection point of the GGT/HDL-c ratio was 20.35. The effect sizes (HR) on the left and right sides of the inflection point were 1.113 (95% CI 1.096, 1.130) and 1.003 (95% CI 1.000-1.007), respectively. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of our results. Subgroup analysis showed that GGT/HDL-c ratio was more strongly associated with incident NAFLD in triglyceride (TG) < 1.7 mmol/L participants. In contrast, the weaker association was probed in those with TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L. CONCLUSION The present study reveals a positive and non-linear relationship between the GGT/HDL-c ratio and NAFLD risk in a non-obese Chinese population. GGT/HDL-c ratio is strongly associated with NAFLD when GGT/HDL-c ratio is less than 20.35. Therefore, maintaining the GGT/HDL-c ratio lower than the inflection point is recommended from a treatment perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University Drum Tower Clinical Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haofei Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhuge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University Drum Tower Clinical Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Wang X, Han Y, Liu Y, Hu H. Association between serum uric acid-to-creatinine ratio and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study in Chinese non-obese people with a normal range of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:419. [PMID: 36104672 PMCID: PMC9472393 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence regarding the relationship between serum uric acid-to-creatinine (SUA/Scr) ratio and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Chinese non-obese people is still limited. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to analyze the association between the SUA/Scr ratio and NAFLD.
Methods This study was a cross-sectional study that non-selectively and consecutively collected 182,320 non-obese individuals with a normal range of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a Chinese hospital from January 2010 to December 2014. A binary logistic regression model was used to evaluate the independent association between the SUA/Scr ratio and NAFLD. A generalized additive model (GAM) and smooth curve fitting (penalized spline method) was conducted to explore the exact shape of the curve between them. A series of sensitivity analyses were used to ensure the robustness of the results. Moreover, subgroup analyses were conducted. In addition, the diagnostic value of the SUA/Scr ratio for NAFLD was evaluated based on the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC). It was stated that the data had been uploaded to the DATADRYAD website. Results The average participants' age was 40.96 ± 14.05 years old, and 90,305 (49.5%) were male. The prevalence of NAFLD was 13.7%, and the mean SUA/Scr was 3.62 ± 0.92. After adjusting covariates, the results showed that SUA/Scr ratio was positively associated with NAFLD (OR = 1.424, 95%CI: 1.396, 1.454). There was also a non-linear relationship between SUA/Scr ratio and NAFLD in participants with normal kidney function, and the inflection point of the SUA/Scr ratio was 4.425. The effect sizes (OR) on the left and right sides of the inflection point were 1.551 (1.504, 1.599) and 1.234 (1.179, 1.291), respectively. And the sensitive analysis demonstrated the robustness of the results. Subgroup analysis showed a stronger association between SUA/Scr ratio and NAFLD in females and the population with age < 50 years, FPG ≤ 6.1 mmol/L, BMI < 24 kg/m2, and HDL-c ≥ 1 mmol/L. In contrast, the weaker association was probed in males and the population with age ≥ 50 years, BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2, FPG > 6.1 mmol/L, and HDL-c < 1 mmol/L. The SUA/Scr ratio had an AUC of 0.6624 (95% CI 0.6589, 0.6660) for diagnosing NAFLD. Based on the best cut-off value of 3.776, the negative predictive value of the SUA/Scr ratio for identifying NAFLD was 91.0%. Conclusion This study demonstrates an independent positive association between SUA/Scr ratio and NAFLD in Chinese non-obese people with a normal range of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. There is also a non-linear relationship between the SUA/Scr ratio and NAFLD in participants with normal kidney function, and the SUA/Scr ratio is strongly related to NAFLD when SUA/Scr ratio is less than 4.425. The SUA/Scr ratio has a certain reference value for determining NAFLD. When the SUA/Scr ratio is lower than 3.776, identifying NAFLD patients with low risk is a great reference. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-022-02500-w.
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Chen BF, Chien Y, Tsai PH, Perng PC, Yang YP, Hsueh KC, Liu CH, Wang YH. A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis of apolipoprotein C3 polymorphisms and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:923-929. [PMID: 34108427 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) gene polymorphisms and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk has been investigated in many studies, with inconclusive findings. This meta-analysis evaluated the effect of APOC3 promoter region polymorphisms (-455T/C and -482C/T) on NAFLD susceptibility. METHODS A comprehensive search of eligible studies up to October 2020 was performed on Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. No restriction was imposed on language, publication date, or publication status. Odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the combined effect sizes. The levels of heterogeneity, sensitivity, subgroup, and publication bias were analyzed subsequently. RESULTS This meta-analysis included eight studies, consisting of 1,511 patients with NAFLD and 1,900 controls fulfilling the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The pooled analysis showed significant associations between APOC3 -455T/C polymorphism and NAFLD risk in allelic (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.05-1.67), dominant (OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.04-1.72), and recessive (OR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.06-2.40) models. Ethnicity-based stratification showed that -455T/C polymorphism was significantly associated with NAFLD risk in the non-Asian but not in the Asian population. No association was evident between -482C/T polymorphism and NAFLD risk. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that APOC3 promoter region polymorphism -455T/C may be associated with NAFLD risk in the non-Asian but not in the Asian population. Additional studies with other functional polymorphisms are needed to discover APOC3 gene effects on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Feng Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yeuh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Medicine School, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-Hsing Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Medicine School, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pang-Chung Perng
- Department of Family Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Medicine School, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Chun Hsueh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hung Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Hung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
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Wang J, Ye C, Fei S. Association between APOC3 polymorphisms and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease risk: a meta-analysis. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1800-1808. [PMID: 34394242 PMCID: PMC8351815 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i4.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) polymorphism has been reported to predispose to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the results remain inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to provide insights into the association between APOC3 polymorphisms and NAFLD risk. METHODS Studies with terms "NALFD" and "APOC3" were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang databases up to August 1, 2019. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the association of APOC3 polymorphisms and NAFLD risk were calculated using fixed and random-effects models. RESULTS A total of twelve studies from eleven articles were included. Of them, eight studies (1750 cases and 2181 controls) reported the strong association of variant rs2854116 with NAFLD and six studies (1523 cases and 1568 controls) found the association of rs2854117 polymorphism with NAFLD. Overall, a statistically significant association between rs2854116 polymorphism of APOC3 gene and NAFLD risk was found only under dominant model. However, association of rs2854117 polymorphism with NAFLD risk was not detected under all four genetic models. In sub-group analysis of NAFLD subjects based on country, no association among them in China was detected. Besides, four studies analyze the association between the two polymorphisms and clinical characteristics in all subjects or NAFLD patients, and we also failed detect any association between the wild carriers and variant carriers. CONCLUSION The meta-analyses suggests that the rs2854116 polymorphism but not rs2854117 polymorphism in APOC3 gene might be a risk factor for NAFLD among Asians. That is, individuals with CT+CC genotype have higher risk of developing NAFLD. However, studies with sufficient sample size are needed for the further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuncui Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sujuan Fei
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
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D'Erasmo L, Di Costanzo A, Gallo A, Bruckert E, Arca M. ApoCIII: A multifaceted protein in cardiometabolic disease. Metabolism 2020; 113:154395. [PMID: 33058850 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ApoCIII has a well-recognized role in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins metabolism. A considerable amount of data has clearly highlighted that high levels of ApoCIII lead to hypertriglyceridemia and, thereby, may influence the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, recent findings indicate that ApoCIII might also act beyond lipid metabolism. Indeed, ApoCIII has been implicated in other physiological processes such as glucose homeostasis, monocyte adhesion, activation of inflammatory pathways, and modulation of the coagulation cascade. As the inhibition of ApoCIII is emerging as a new promising therapeutic strategy, the complete understanding of multifaceted pathophysiological role of this apoprotein may be relevant. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to review available evidences not only related to genetics and biochemistry of ApoCIII, but also highlighting the role of this apoprotein in triglyceride and glucose metabolism, in the inflammatory process and coagulation cascade as well as in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D'Erasmo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University Paris, France.
| | - Alessia Di Costanzo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University Paris, France
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Department of Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University Paris, France
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Wang L, Xu M, Jones OD, Li Z, Liang Y, Yu Q, Li J, Wu Y, Lei X, He B, Yue H, Xiao L, Zhou R, Zhang W, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Bryant JL, Ma J, Liu Y, Xu X. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease experiences accumulation of hepatic liquid crystal associated with increasing lipophagy. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:55. [PMID: 32280452 PMCID: PMC7137450 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past 30 years, incidences of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has risen by 30%. However, there is still no clear mechanism or accurate method of anticipating liver failure. Here we reveal the phase transitions of liquid crystalline qualities in hepatic lipid droplets (HLDs) as a novel method of anticipating prognosis. Methods NAFLD was induced by feeding C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat (HiF) diet. These NAFLD livers were then evaluated under polarized microscopy, X-ray diffraction and small-angle scattering, lipid component chromatography analysis and protein expression analysis. Optically active HLDs from mouse model and patient samples were both then confirmed to have liquid crystal characteristics. Liver MAP1LC3A expression was then evaluated to determine the role of autophagy in liquid crystal HLD (LC-HLD) formation. Results Unlike the normal diet cohort, HiF diet mice developed NAFLD livers containing HLDs exhibiting Maltese cross birefringence, phase transition, and fluidity signature to liquid crystals. These LC-HLDs transitioned to anisotropic crystal at 0 °C and remain crystalline. Temperature increase to 42 °C causes both liquid crystal and crystal HLDs to convert to isotropic droplet form. These isotropic HLDs successfully transition to anisotropic LC with fast temperature decrease and anisotropic crystal with slow temperature decrease. These findings were duplicated in patient liver. Patient LC-HLDs with no inner optical activity were discovered, hinting at lipid saturation as the mechanism through which HLD acquire LC characteristics. Downregulation of MAP1LC3A in conjunction with increased LC-HLD also implicated autophagy in NAFLD LC-HLD formation. Conclusions Increasing concentrations of amphiphilic lipids in HLDs favors organization into alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers, which present as LC-HLDs. Thus, evaluating the extent of liquid crystallization with phase transition in HLDs of NAFLD patients may reveal disease severity and predict impending liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - MengMeng Xu
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Odell D Jones
- 4University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine ULAR, Philadelphia, PA 19144 USA
| | - Zhongguang Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China.,5Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Yu Liang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Qiuxia Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Jiali Li
- 6University Hospital Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Yajun Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Xinjuan Lei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Boling He
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Huimin Yue
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Liqin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Xin Zhou
- 7Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Joseph L Bryant
- 8University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- 5Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Yingli Liu
- 6University Hospital Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Xuehong Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Xi'an, 710062 China.,2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, 710062 China
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Christopoulou E, Tsimihodimos V, Filippatos T, Elisaf M. Apolipoprotein CIII and diabetes. Is there a link? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3118. [PMID: 30557902 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII), a small protein that resides on the surface of lipoprotein particles, is a key regulator of triglyceride metabolism. The inhibition of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the increased assembly and secretion of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and the decreased reuptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) by the liver are mechanisms associating elevated serum ApoCIII levels and hypertriglyceridemia. ApoCIII concentration is high in individuals with diabetes mellitus, indicating a possible positive correlation with impairment of glucose metabolism. The aim of this review (based on a Pubmed search until August 2018) is to present the possible mechanisms linking ApoCIII and deterioration of carbohydrate homeostasis. ApoCIII enhances pancreatic β-cells apoptosis via an increase of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels in the insulin-producing cells. In addition, overexpression of ApoCIII enhances non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and exacerbates inflammatory pathways in skeletal muscles, affecting insulin signalling and thereby inducing insulin resistance. Moreover, recent studies reveal a possible mechanism of body weight increase and glucose production through a potential ApoCIII-induced LPL inhibition in the hypothalamus. Also, the presence of ApoCIII on the surface of high-density lipoprotein particles is associated with impairment of their antiglycemic and atheroprotective properties. Modulating ApoCIII may be a potent therapeutic approach to manage hypertriglyceridemia and improve carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Christopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasilios Tsimihodimos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Theodosios Filippatos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Moses Elisaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Kovalic AJ, Banerjee P, Tran QT, Singal AK, Satapathy SK. Genetic and Epigenetic Culprits in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8:390-402. [PMID: 30564000 PMCID: PMC6286466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) constitutes a wide spectrum of liver pathology with hepatic steatosis at the core of this pathogenesis. Variations of certain genetic components have demonstrated increased susceptibility for hepatic steatosis. Therefore, these inciting variants must be further characterized in order to ultimately provide effective, targeted therapies for NAFLD and will be the focus of this review. Several genetic variants revealed an association with NAFLD through Genome-wide Association Study, meta-analyses, and retrospective case-control studies. PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926 are the two genetic variants providing the strongest evidence for association with NAFLD. However, it remains to be determined if these genetic variants serve as the primary culprit which induces the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Prospective and intervention studies are urgently needed to firmly establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the presence of certain genetic variants and risk of NAFLD development and progression.
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Key Words
- 1H-MRS, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- ACC2, Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 2
- ACLY, ATP Citrate Lyase
- BMI, Body Mass Index
- CK-18, Cytokeratin 18
- CT, Computed Tomography
- FASN, Fatty Acid Synthase
- GWAS, Genome-wide Association Study
- HCC, Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- LT, Liver Transplantation
- NAFLD, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- NASH, Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
- SCD1, Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1
- SNP, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
- US, Ultrasonography
- epigenetics
- genetic polymorphisms
- genetic variants
- miRNA, MicroRNA
- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- single nucleotide polymorphisms
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Kovalic
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Pratik Banerjee
- University of Memphis, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Quynh T. Tran
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ashwani K. Singal
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sanjaya K. Satapathy
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, Memphis, TN, United States
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Association between Genetic Variant of Apolipoprotein C3 and Incident Hypertension Stratified by Obesity and Physical Activity in Korea. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111595. [PMID: 30380775 PMCID: PMC6267455 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) is an important regulator of lipoprotein metabolism, and has been shown to be strongly associated with hypertriglyceridemia. We tested whether triglyceride-influencing genetic variants at APOC3 (T-455C, C-482T, C1100T, and SstI) are associated with the onset of hypertension (HTN) among Korean adults stratified by lifestyle-related factors in the Ansung–Ansan cohort within the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. After excluding participants with preexisting cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and HTN, a total of 5239 men and women were included at baseline (2001–2002), and followed up for a median of 9.8 years. Carriers of the C allele of C1100T with body mass index <25 kg/m2 showed a significantly lower HTN risk (hazard ratio (HR) than non-carriers: 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77–0.98) after adjusting for covariates. In addition, carriers of the C allele of T-455C and the T allele of C-482T with low physical activity had lower incident HTN than non-carriers (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03–1.26; HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02–1.25). Our results suggest that genotype effects in APOC3 on HTN risk have been shown in lean carriers of the C allele of C1100T and in less active people having the C allele of T-455C and T allele of C-482T in a large sample of the Korean population.
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Wong VWS, Chan WK, Chitturi S, Chawla Y, Dan YY, Duseja A, Fan J, Goh KL, Hamaguchi M, Hashimoto E, Kim SU, Lesmana LA, Lin YC, Liu CJ, Ni YH, Sollano J, Wong SKH, Wong GLH, Chan HLY, Farrell G. Asia-Pacific Working Party on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease guidelines 2017-Part 1: Definition, risk factors and assessment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:70-85. [PMID: 28670712 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wai-Sun Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wah-Kheong Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiv Chitturi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yogesh Chawla
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jiangao Fan
- Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Khean-Lee Goh
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Etsuko Hashimoto
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yu-Cheng Lin
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Research Center and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jose Sollano
- University of Santo Tomas, Manila, The Philippines
| | - Simon Kin-Hung Wong
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Grace Lai-Hung Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Henry Lik-Yuen Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Geoff Farrell
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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12
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Chan AWH, Wong GLH, Chan HY, Tong JHM, Yu YH, Choi PCL, Chan HLY, To KF, Wong VWS. Concurrent fatty liver increases risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:667-676. [PMID: 27547913 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Concurrent fatty liver in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients without significant alcohol intake is a frequent and increasingly alarming problem because of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pandemic. The risk of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development was increased by concomitant obesity and diabetes. Direct evidence of the hepatocarcinogenic effect of fatty liver in chronic HBV remains elusive. We aimed to evaluate the risk of concurrent histologically proven fatty liver in HBV hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study on a liver biopsy cohort of HBV-infected patients without significant alcohol intake to evaluate the prevalence of concurrent histologically proven fatty liver and its association with subsequent HCC development. We also examined nine polymorphisms on six non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related candidate genes (ADIPOQ, APOC3, GCKR, LEPR, PNPLA3, and PPARG). RESULTS Among 270 HBV-infected patients, concurrent fatty liver was found in 107 patients (39.6%) and was associated with metabolic risks, cirrhosis (P = 0.016) and PNPLA3 rs738409 CG/GG genotype (P = 0.002). At a median follow-up of 79.9 months, 11 patients (4.1%) developed HCC, and nine of them had concurrent fatty liver. By multivariable Cox analysis, concurrent fatty liver (HR 7.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.52-34.76; P = 0.013), age, cirrhosis, and APOC3 rs2854116 TC/CC genotype (HR 3.93, 95% confidence interval: 1.30-11.84; P = 0.013) were independent factors predicting HCC development. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent fatty liver is common in HBV-infected patients and an independent risk factor potentiating HBV-associated HCC development by 7.3-fold. The risk of HBV-related HCC is increased by APOC3 gene polymorphism, and further characterization is required by its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W H Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y. K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Grace L H Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi-Yun Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joanna H M Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y. K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yau-Hei Yu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y. K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul C L Choi
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Henry L Y Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y. K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent W S Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Cheng X, Yamauchi J, Lee S, Zhang T, Gong Z, Muzumdar R, Qu S, Dong HH. APOC3 Protein Is Not a Predisposing Factor for Fat-induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3692-3705. [PMID: 28115523 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive fat accumulation in liver, is prevalent in obesity. Genetic factors that link obesity to NAFLD remain obscure. Apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) is a lipid-binding protein with a pivotal role in triglyceride metabolism. Humans with APOC3 gain-of-function mutations and mice with APOC3 overproduction are associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Nonetheless, it remains controversial whether APOC3 is culpable for diet-induced NAFLD. To address this fundamental issue, we fed APOC3-transgenic and wild-type littermates a high fructose diet or high fat diet, followed by determination of the effect of APOC3 on hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation and the progression of NAFLD. To gain mechanistic insight into NAFLD, we determined the impact of APOC3 on hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion versus fatty acid oxidation. APOC3-transgenic mice were hypertriglyceridemic, culminating in marked elevation of triglycerides, cholesterols, and non-esterified fatty acids in plasma. Despite the prevailing hypertriglyceridemia, APOC3-transgenic mice, relative to wild-type littermates, had similar weight gain and hepatic lipid content without alterations in hepatic expression of key genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and secretion and fatty acid oxidation. APOC3-transgenic and wild-type mice had similar Kupffer cell content without alterations in hepatic expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. APOC3 neither exacerbated diet-induced adiposity nor aggravated the degree of steatosis in high fructose or high fat-fed APOC3-transgenic mice. These effects ensued independently of weight gain even after 10-month high fat feeding. We concluded that APOC3, whose dysregulation is liable for hypertriglyceridemia, is not a predisposing factor for linking overnutrition to NAFLD in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Cheng
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China and.,the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Jun Yamauchi
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Sojin Lee
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Ting Zhang
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Zhenwei Gong
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Shen Qu
- From the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China and
| | - H Henry Dong
- the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
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Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene rs7946 polymorphism plays a role in risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: evidence from meta-analysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 26:88-95. [PMID: 26636496 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) governs the secretion of hepatic triglycerides in the form of very low-density lipoprotein and has been implicated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Studies on the role of the PEMT rs7946 polymorphism as a genetic modifier of NAFLD have reported inconsistent results. This meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate and summarize the association of PEMT rs7946 with susceptibility to NAFLD. METHODS A comprehensive literature search in Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Science Direct and Google Scholar was performed up to 31 August 2015, followed by data extraction and examination of summary estimates. RESULTS Six independent studies with a total of 792 NAFLD cases and 2722 controls fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Pooled results indicated that the rs7946 A-allele was associated significantly with an increased risk of NAFLD [odds ratio (OR) 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-2.11, P=0.005]. A significant association was also found in alternative genetic models of inheritance: dominant, recessive and homozygote (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.10-2.39, P=0.01; OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.12-1.81, P=0.003; and OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.18-2.29, P=0.004, respectively). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity indicated a significant association only in the East-Asians in the additive (OR=2.08, 95% CI 1.12-3.86, P=0.02), recessive (OR=2.94, 95% CI 1.60-5.37, P=0.0005) and homozygote (OR=1.86, 95% CI 1.15-3.01, P=0.01) models. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of a significant association between the PEMT rs7946 A-allele and a risk of NAFLD, with the effect being more prominent in East-Asians, but not in non-Asians.
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Jin JL, Guo YL, Li JJ. Apoprotein C-III: A review of its clinical implications. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 460:50-4. [PMID: 27318213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apoprotein C-III (apoC-III), originating from the apoA-I/C-III/A-IV gene cluster affected by multiple regulating factors, has been demonstrated to have a validated link with hypertriglyceridemia in humans. Following genome studies establishing the impact of apoC-III on both plasma triglyceride (TG) level and cardiovascular disease (CVD), apoC-III offers us a novel explanation attempting to resolve the long-existing confusion with regard to the atherogenic effect of TG. Notably, apoC-III exerts its atherogenic effect by means of not only intervening in the function and metabolism of various lipid molecules, but also accelerating pro-inflammatory effects between monocytes and endothelial cells. Data have suggested that diabetes, a common endocrine disease, also correlates closely with apoC-III in its apoptosis process of islet βcells. In fact, apoC-III genes, with various mutations among individuals, are also found to have relevance to other diseases, including fatty liver disease. Fortunately, besides present day therapeutic strategies, such as lifestyle changes and lipid-lowering drug treatments, a promising new antisense drug specifically targeting on apoC-III gene expression opens up new avenues. This article mainly summarizes the clinical implication of apoC-III and its future directions of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Lu Jin
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 167 Bei Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Yuan-Lin Guo
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 167 Bei Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 167 Bei Li Shi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100037, China.
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Macaluso FS, Maida M, Petta S. Genetic background in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11088-11111. [PMID: 26494964 PMCID: PMC4607907 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i39.11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Western world, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most significant liver diseases of the twenty-first century. Its development is certainly driven by environmental factors, but it is also regulated by genetic background. The role of heritability has been widely demonstrated by several epidemiological, familial, and twin studies and case series, and likely reflects the wide inter-individual and inter-ethnic genetic variability in systemic metabolism and wound healing response processes. Consistent with this idea, genome-wide association studies have clearly identified Patatin-like phosholipase domain-containing 3 gene variant I148M as a major player in the development and progression of NAFLD. More recently, the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 E167K variant emerged as a relevant contributor in both NAFLD pathogenesis and cardiovascular outcomes. Furthermore, numerous case-control studies have been performed to elucidate the potential role of candidate genes in the pathogenesis and progression of fatty liver, although findings are sometimes contradictory. Accordingly, we performed a comprehensive literature search and review on the role of genetics in NAFLD. We emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of the available literature and outline the putative role of each genetic variant in influencing susceptibility and/or progression of the disease.
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Cheng Y, An B, Jiang M, Xin Y, Xuan S. Association of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Polymorphisms and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e26818. [PMID: 25825591 PMCID: PMC4359363 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.26818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular events account for the main cause of death in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and are largely influenced by genetic factors. Although multiple studies showed that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) polymorphisms are risk factors in the progression of NAFLD, few papers on the association of the polymorphisms and the developing coronary artery disease (CAD) in NAFLD patients have been reported. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to evaluate the association of TNF-α polymorphisms at residues -238 and -308, with the risk of developing CAD in Chinese patients with NAFLD. PATIENTS AND METHODS The TNF-α polymorphisms at residues 238 and 308 were genotyped in B-type ultrasonography proven NAFLD patients with (n = 246), without (n = 247) CAD and healthy controls (n = 304), using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum lipid profiles were determined using biochemical methods. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software, version 20.0 for Mac. RESULTS We found a significant association between TNF-α-238 guanine to alanine (GA) polymorphism and carriers of variant allele A between NAFLD patients with and without CAD (P < 0.05). Carriers of the A allele of TNF-α-238 had higher serum triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in NAFLD patients with CAD (P = 0.025 and 0.001, respectively) and a higher TG level in NAFLD patients without CAD (P = 0.017), than their non-carrier counterparts. CONCLUSIONS In the Chinese Han population that we studied, NAFLD patients who carry the TNF-α-238 GA polymorphism have an increased risk of developing CAD. Mechanisms underlying this potentially important association require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Medical College; Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baiquan An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Medical College; Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongning Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Corresponding Author: Yongning Xin, Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266021, China. Tel:+86-53288905289, Fax: +8653288905293, E-mail:
| | - Shiying Xuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Medical College; Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
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