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Pieranski MK, Rychlowski M, Grinholc M. Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae Biofilm Culture in a Continuous Flow System for Photoinactivation Studies. Pathogens 2021; 10:1212. [PMID: 34578244 PMCID: PMC8465167 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a relevant cause of neonatal mortality. It can be transferred to infants via the vaginal tract and cause meningitis, pneumonia, arthritis, or sepsis, among other diseases. The cause of therapy ineffectiveness and infection recurrence is the growth of bacteria as biofilms. To date, several research teams have attempted to find a suitable medium for the cultivation of S. agalactiae biofilms. Among others, simulated vaginal fluid has been used; however, biofilm production in this medium has been found to be lower than that in tryptic soy broth. We have previously shown that S. agalactiae can be successfully eradicated by photoinactivation in planktonic culture, but there have been no studies on biofilms. The aim of this study was to optimize S. agalactiae biofilm culture conditions to be used in photoinactivation studies. We compared biofilm production by four strains representing the most common serotypes in four different broth media with crystal violet staining. Then, we evaluated stationary biofilm culture in microtiter plates and biofilm growth in a CDC Biofilm Reactor® (BioSurface Technologies, Bozeman, MT, USA) under continuous flow conditions. Subsequently, we applied Rose Bengal-mediated photoinactivation to both biofilm models. We have shown that photoinactivation is efficient in biofilm eradication and is not cyto/phototoxic to human keratinocytes. We found conditions allowing for stable and repetitive S. agalactiae biofilm growth in continuous flow conditions, which can be successfully utilized in photoinactivation assays and potentially in all other antibacterial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal K. Pieranski
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Michal Rychlowski
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
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2
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Elekhnawy EA, Sonbol FI, Elbanna TE, Abdelaziz AA. Evaluation of the impact of adaptation of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates to benzalkonium chloride on biofilm formation. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-021-00170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The percentage of the multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates is increasing worldwide. The excessive exposure of K. pneumoniae isolates to sublethal concentrations of biocides like benzalkonium chloride (BAC) in health care settings and communities could be one of the causes contributing in the global spread of antibiotic resistance.
Results
We collected 50 K. pneumoniae isolates and these isolates were daily exposed to gradually increasing sublethal concentrations of BAC. The consequence of adaptation to BAC on the cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) and biofilm formation of K. pneumoniae isolates was explored. Remarkably, 16% of the tested isolates showed an increase in the cell surface hydrophobicity and 26% displayed an enhanced biofilm formation. To evaluate whether the influence of BAC adaptation on the biofilm formation was demonstrated at the transcriptional level, the RT-PCR was employed. Noteworthy, we found that 60% of the tested isolates exhibited an overexpression of the biofilm gene (bssS). After sequencing of this gene in K. pneumoniae isolates before and after BAC adaptation and performing pairwise alignment, 100% identity was detected; a finding that means the absence of mutation after adaptation to BAC.
Conclusion
This study suggests that the widespread and increased use of biocides like BAC at sublethal concentrations has led to an increase biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae isolates. Enhanced biofilm formation could result in treatment failure of the infections generated by this pathogen.
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Hemati S, Kouhsari E, Sadeghifard N, Maleki A, Omidi N, Mahdavi Z, Pakzad I. Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of biocides induced biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 38:100794. [PMID: 33240514 PMCID: PMC7674602 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is clear that biofilm formation causes many serious health-care problems. Interestingly, sub minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of some biocides can induce biofilm formation in bacteria. We investigated whether sub-MICs of Savlon, chlorhexidine and deconex®, as biocidal products, can induce biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To determine MICs and biofilm formation, we performed microtitre plate assays. All three biocides induced biofilm formation at sub-MICs; Savlon was the most successful antiseptic agent to induce biofilm formation among P. aeruginosa isolates. Deconex had the best inhibition effect on planktonic cultures of P. aeruginosa isolates. We concluded that sub-MICs of Savlon and deconex could significantly induce biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hemati
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - E Kouhsari
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - N Sadeghifard
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - A Maleki
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - N Omidi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Z Mahdavi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - I Pakzad
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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El-Banna T, Abd El-Aziz A, Sonbol F, El-Ekhnawy E. Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to benzalkonium chloride retards its growth and enhances biofilm production. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:3437-3443. [PMID: 30972606 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The increasing percentage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains that are resistant to multiple antibiotics is a global problem. The exposure of P. aeruginosa isolates to repeated sub lethal concentrations of biocides in hospitals and communities may be one of the causes leading to increased antibiotic resistance. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is widely used as disinfectant and preservative. This study investigated the effect of exposure of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates to sub lethal concentrations of BAC on their antibiotic resistance, growth process and biofilm formation. The collected 43 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates were daily subjected to increasing sub lethal concentrations of BAC. The effect of adaptation on antibiotic resistance, growth process, cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa isolates were examined. Interestingly, Most P. aeruginosa isolates adapted to BAC showed an increase in antibiotic resistance and 66% of the isolates showed retardation of growth, 63% showed increased cell surface hydrophobicity and 23.5% exhibited enhanced biofilm formation by crystal violet assay. To define whether the effect of BAC adaptation on biofilm production was manifested at the transcriptional level, quantitative RT-PCR was used. We found that 60% of the tested isolates showed overexpression of ndvB biofilm gene. More efforts are required to diminish the increasing use of BAC to avoid bacterial adaptation to this biocide with subsequent retardation of growth and enhanced biofilm formation which could lead to antibiotic resistance and treatment failure of infections caused by this opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek El-Banna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Campus, Tanta University, El-Geish Street, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31611, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Campus, Tanta University, El-Geish Street, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31611, Egypt
| | - Fatma Sonbol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Campus, Tanta University, El-Geish Street, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31611, Egypt
| | - Engy El-Ekhnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Campus, Tanta University, El-Geish Street, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31611, Egypt.
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Koziróg A, Kręgiel D, Brycki B. Action of Monomeric/Gemini Surfactants on Free Cells and Biofilm of Asaia lannensis. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22112036. [PMID: 29165338 PMCID: PMC6150408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the biological activity of surfactants based on quaternary ammonium compounds: gemini surfactant hexamethylene-1,6-bis-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonium bromide) (C6), synthesized by the reaction of N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylamine with 1,6-dibromohexane, and its monomeric analogue dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). The experiments were performed with bacteria Asaia lannensis, a common spoilage in the beverage industry. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using the tube standard two-fold dilution method. The growth and adhesive properties of bacterial cells were studied in different culture media, and the cell viability was evaluated using plate count method. Both of the surfactants were effective against the bacterial strain, but the MIC of gemini compound was significantly lower. Both C6 and DTAB exhibited anti-adhesive abilities. Treatment with surfactants at or below MIC value decreased the number of bacterial cells that were able to form biofilm, however, the gemini surfactant was more effective. The used surfactants were also found to be able to eradicate mature biofilms. After 4 h of treatment with C6 surfactant at concentration 10 MIC, the number of bacterial cells was reduced by 91.8%. The results of this study suggest that the antibacterial activity of the gemini compound could make it an effective microbiocide against the spoilage bacteria Asaia sp. in both planktonic and biofilm stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koziróg
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kręgiel
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Bogumił Brycki
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Buzón-Durán L, Alonso-Calleja C, Riesco-Peláez F, Capita R. Effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of biocides on the architecture and viability of MRSA biofilms. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:294-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Capita R, Buzón-Durán L, Riesco-Peláez F, Alonso-Calleja C. Effect of Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Biocides on the Structural Parameters and Viability of the Biofilms Formed by Salmonella Typhimurium. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:350-356. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Laura Buzón-Durán
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Félix Riesco-Peláez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Systems Engineering and Automatic Control, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
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Khan S, Beattie TK, Knapp CW. The use of minimum selectable concentrations (MSCs) for determining the selection of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:283-292. [PMID: 28155034 PMCID: PMC5318476 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobial compounds is indispensable in many industries, especially drinking water production, to eradicate microorganisms. However, bacterial growth is not unusual in the presence of disinfectant concentrations that would be typically lethal, as bacterial populations can develop resistance. The common metric of population resistance has been based on the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), which is based on bacteria lethality. However, sub-lethal concentrations may also select for resistant bacteria due to the differences in bacterial growth rates. This study determined the Minimal Selective Concentrations (MSCs) of bacterial populations exposed to free chlorine and monochloramine, representing a metric that possibly better reflects the selective pressures occurring at lower disinfectant levels than MIC. Pairs of phylogenetically similar bacteria were challenged to a range of concentrations of disinfectants. The MSCs of free chlorine and monochloramine were found to range between 0.021 and 0.39 mg L-1, which were concentrations 1/250 to 1/5 than the MICs of susceptible bacteria (MIC susc ). This study indicates that sub-lethal concentrations of disinfectants could result in the selection of resistant bacterial populations, and MSCs would be a more sensitive indicator of selective pressure, especially in environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XJ, UK.
- Department of Environmental Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Tara K Beattie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XJ, UK
| | - Charles W Knapp
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XJ, UK
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Buffet-Bataillon S, Tattevin P, Maillard JY, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Jolivet-Gougeon A. Efflux pump induction by quaternary ammonium compounds and fluoroquinolone resistance in bacteria. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:81-92. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocides, primarily those containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), are heavily used in hospital environments and various industries (e.g., food, water, cosmetic). To date, little attention has been paid to potential implications of QAC use in the emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria in patients and in the environment. QAC-induced overexpression of efflux pumps can lead to: cross resistance with fluoroquinolones mediated by multidrug efflux pumps; stress response facilitating mutation in the Quinolone Resistance Determining Region; and biofilm formation increasing the risk of transfer of mobile genetic elements carrying fluoroquinolone or QAC resistance determinants. By following the European Biocidal Product Regulation, manufacturers of QAC are required to ensure that their QAC-based biocidal products are safe and will not contribute to emerging bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Tattevin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Pontchaillou, 35043 Rennes, France
- INSERM U835, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Maillard
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- EA 1254 Microbiologie, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
- Pôle Odontologie, Teaching Hospital, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- Pôle Biologie, Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 35043 Rennes, France
- EA 1254 Microbiologie, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
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