1
|
Animal reservoirs for hepatitis E virus within the Paslahepevirus genus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 278:109618. [PMID: 36640568 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for acute hepatitis in humans. It is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Hepeviridae family. The majority of concerning HEV genotypes belong to the Paslahepevirus genus and are subsequently divided into eight genotypes. HEV genotypes 1 and 2 exclusively infect humans and primates while genotypes 3 and 4 infect both humans and other mammals. Whereas HEV genotypes 5 and 6 are isolated from wild boars and genotypes 7 and 8 were identified from camels in the United Arab Emirates and China, respectively. HEV mainly spreads from humans to humans via the fecal-oral route. However, some genotypes with the capability of zoonotic transmissions, such as 3 and 4 transmit from animals to humans through feces, direct contact, and ingestion of contaminated meat products. As we further continue to uncover novel HEV strains in various animal species, it is becoming clear that HEV has a broad host range. Therefore, understanding the potential animal reservoirs for this virus will allow for better risk management and risk mitigation of infection with HEV. In this review, we mainly focused on animal reservoirs for the members of the species Paslahepevirus balayani and provided a comprehensive list of the host animals identified to date.
Collapse
|
2
|
Dogadov DI, Kyuregyan KK, Mikhailov MI. [Enteral viral hepatitis in monkeys]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:173-184. [PMID: 35831960 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decade, a large number of viruses genetically related to human hepatitis viruses have been identified in different animal species, including monkeys. Numerous viruses related to human hepatitis A virus (HAV, Picornaviridae: Hepatovirus: Hepatovirus A) were detected in various mammalian species in 2015-2018, predominantly in bats and rodents, but also in shrews, seals and marsupials. Zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV, Hepeviridae: Orthohepevirus: Orthohepevirus A) genotypes have been found in wild boars, deer, camels, and rabbits, as well as in non human primates. In addition, viruses that are genetically close to HEV have been described in bats, ferrets, rodents, birds, and fish. Nevertheless, monkeys remain important laboratory animals in HAV and HEV research. The study of spontaneous and experimental infection in these animals is an invaluable source of information about the biology and pathogenesis of these viruses and continues to be an indispensable tool for vaccine and drug testing. The purpose of this literature review was to summarize and analyze published data on the circulation of HAV and HEV among wild and captive primates, as well as the results of experimental studies of HAV and HEV infections in monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D I Dogadov
- FSBRI «Research Institute of Medical Primatology» of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
| | - K K Kyuregyan
- FSBRI «Research Institute of Medical Primatology» of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia; FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»
| | - M I Mikhailov
- FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»; FSBEI FPE «Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dogadov DI, Korzaya LI, Kyuregyan KK, Karlsen AA, Mikhailov MI. [Markers of viral hepatitis E (Hepeviridae, Orthohepevirus, Orthohepevirus A) in the imported Old World monkeys]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 66:182-188. [PMID: 34251155 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Viral hepatitis E is a zooanthroponotic disease that occurs in humans and various animals, including monkeys. It is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) (Hepeviridae, Orthohepevirus: Orthohepevirus A), for which 8 genotypes have been described to date. Among them, strains of genotypes 1 and 2 have been isolated from humans, strains of genotypes 3 and 4 from humans and animals, and strains of genotypes 5-8 from animals only. The main threat of the disease is associated with the documented zoonotic transmission of HEV genotypes 3, 4, 7, and 8, to humans through infected meat, blood and milk. Thus, monkeys could be involved in the transmission of HEV.The aim of this work was to study serological and molecular genetic markers of HEV infection in strepsirrhines (Old World monkeys, Cercopithecoidea), imported to the Adler Primate Center from various regions of the world (Tanzania, Vietnam, Mauritius). MATERIAL AND METHODS Fecal (n = 224) and blood serum samples (n = 395) from cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) were examined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data obtained show the high detection rate (51.8%) of IgG antibodies to HEV among 5 groups of cynomolgus monkeys imported from Vietnam, with a predominance of highly reactive sera (84%). High detection rate of IgM antibodies in these animals (10.4%) was observed, with the large number of IgM-reactive sera in one particular group of animals (36.8%). The fact of detection of HEV RNA in two groups of cynomolgus monkeys (11.9% and 5.7%) is of particular importance. All HEV sequences of isolated from monkeys belonged to genotype 4. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that monkeys (in particular, cynomolgus monkeys) can serve as a natural reservoir of HEV genotype 4 for humans. This requires an appropriate set of anti-epidemic measures in a number of situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D I Dogadov
- FSBRI «Research Institute of Medical Primatology» of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
| | - L I Korzaya
- FSBRI «Research Institute of Medical Primatology» of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
| | - K K Kyuregyan
- FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»; FSBEI FPE «Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - A A Karlsen
- FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»; FSBEI FPE «Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M I Mikhailov
- FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»; FSBEI FPE «Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Modiyinji AF, Amougou Atsama M, Monamele Chavely G, Nola M, Njouom R. Detection of hepatitis E virus antibodies among Cercopithecidae and Hominidae monkeys in Cameroon. J Med Primatol 2019; 48:364-366. [PMID: 31179536 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We screened hepatitis E from 15 species of non-human primates. Anti-HEV IgG was detected in 11.1% (1/9) Mandrillus sphinx, 14.3% (2/14) Gorilla gorilla, 5.9% (4/67) pan troglodytes and 8.7% (2/23) Mandrillus leucophaeus, whereas anti-HEV IgM was detected in 1.5% (1/18) papio Anubis, 28.6% (2/7) Cercocebus agilis and 1.5% (1/67) pan troglodyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Fatawou Modiyinji
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Moise Nola
- Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Caballero-Gómez J, Rivero-Juarez A, Cano-Terriza D, Risalde MA, Lopez-Lopez P, Frias M, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Rivero A, García-Bocanegra I. Survey for Hepatitis E virus infection in non-human primates in zoos in Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1771-1775. [PMID: 30959551 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that has been detected in different animal species. A survey study was carried out to assess HEV infection in non-human primates (NHPs) housed in zoos in Spain. Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in eight of the 181 NHPs tested (4.4%; 95%CI: 1.4-7.4). At least one seropositive animal was detected in five of the 33 species sampled (15.2%). This is the first report of seropositivity in black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Anti-HEV antibodies were found in six of the eight zoos included in the study (75.0%). Seroconversion was detected in one chimpanzee, which confirms HEV circulation in one zoo between 2015 and 2016. Seropositivity was significantly higher in hominids than in other NHP families. HEV RNA was not detected in any of the serum samples tested. The results indicate susceptibility of NHPs to HEV infection. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of these species in the epidemiology of HEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Animal Health Department, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Unit and Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research, Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research, Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Maria A Risalde
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research, Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Animal Pathology Department, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Pedro Lopez-Lopez
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research, Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mario Frias
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research, Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz
- Animal Health Department, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research, Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Melegari I, Di Profio F, Marsilio F, Sarchese V, Palombieri A, Friedrich KG, Coccia F, Di Martino B. Serological and molecular investigation for hepatitis E virus (HEV) in captive non-human primates, Italy. Virus Res 2018; 251:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
7
|
Detection of HEV-specific antibodies in four non-human primate species, including great apes, from different zoos in Germany. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 146:119-124. [PMID: 29168441 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been described in humans and various animal species in different regions of the world. However, the knowledge on natural HEV infection in non-human primates and the corresponding risk of zoonotic transmission is scarce. To determine whether primates in captivity are affected by HEV infection, we investigated 259 individual sera of clinically healthy non-human primates of 14 species from nine German zoos. Using a commercial double-antigen-sandwich ELISA and a commercial IgG ELISA, 10 animals (3·9%) reacted positive in at least one assay. Three ape species and one Old World monkey species were among the seropositive animals: bonobo (Pan paniscus), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), lar gibbon (Hylobates lar) and drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus). Testing for anti-HEV-IgM antibodies by commercial ELISA and for viral RNA by reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction resulted in negative results for all animals indicating the absence of acute HEV infections. In the past, no clinical signs of hepatitis were recorded for the seropositive animals. The results suggest that non-human primates in zoos can get naturally and subclinically infected with HEV or related hepeviruses. Future studies should evaluate potential sources and transmission routes of these infections and their impact on human health.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shrestha AC, Flower RL, Seed CR, Keller AJ, Harley R, Chan HT, Hoad V, Warrilow D, Northill J, Holmberg JA, Faddy HM. Hepatitis E virus RNA in Australian blood donations. Transfusion 2016; 56:3086-3093. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish C. Shrestha
- Research and Development; The University of Queenslan; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Medicine; The University of Queenslan; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Robert L.P. Flower
- Research and Development; The University of Queenslan; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Clive R. Seed
- Medical Services; Australian Red Cross Blood Servic; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Anthony J. Keller
- Medical Services; Australian Red Cross Blood Servic; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Robert Harley
- Medical Services; Australian Red Cross Blood Servic; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Hiu-Tat Chan
- Medical Services; Australian Red Cross Blood Servic; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Veronica Hoad
- Medical Services; Australian Red Cross Blood Servic; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - David Warrilow
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services; Queensland Healt; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Judith Northill
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services; Queensland Healt; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | | | - Helen M. Faddy
- Research and Development; The University of Queenslan; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Medicine; The University of Queenslan; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Korzaia LI, Keburia VV, Dogadov DI, Lapin BA, Kyuregyan KK, Mikhailov MI. Markers of hepatitis E among the population of the Greater Sochi and in monkeys of the Adler primate center. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:176-180. [PMID: 36494966 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-4-176-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serum from humans (n = 646) and monkeys (n = 1867) collected during the period 1999-2013 was tested by enzyme immunoassay. Anti-HEV IgG was detected significantly more frequently (P ≥ 0.001) in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) - 45.1 ± 1.6% (n = 1001) than in cynomolgus macaques (M. fascicularis) 16.2 ± 1.8% (n = 426). Single seropositive individuals were found among M. nemestrina - 4.0±2.8% (n = 50). Anti-HEV was not detected in the sera of green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) - n = 162, Papio hamadryas (n = 124), and Papio anubis - n = 104. The presence of the anti-HEV IgM indicating the cases of fresh infection in Macaca mulatta - 2.1 ± 0.5% (n = 717) and M. fascicularis - 3.5 ± 1.3% (n = 266) is of great significance. The overall frequency of detection of the anti-HEV IgG among the staff of the Adler Primate Center - 6.8 ± 2.3% (n = 118) was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.001) than among the population of the Greater Sochi - 15.9% ± 1.6 (n = 528). It is important that only in patients of medical institutions (clinic, hospital, cancer center), anti-HEV IgM were detected (2.7-11.8%) along with anti-HEV IgG (15-23.5%), thereby indicating the presence of acute cases of HEV infection among this population. HEV RNA was not detected in the serum of anti-HEV IgM-positive people and monkeys. Seroepidemiological data do not confirm the assumption on the ability of seropositive monkeys of Macaca genus to be a natural reservoir of HEV infection for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - B A Lapin
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology
| | - K K Kyuregyan
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides
| | - M I Mikhailov
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang F, Li Y, Yu W, Jing S, Wang J, Long F, He Z, Yang C, Bi Y, Cao W, Liu C, Hua X, Pan Q. Excretion of infectious hepatitis E virus into milk in cows imposes high risks of zoonosis. Hepatology 2016; 64:350-9. [PMID: 27286751 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents the main cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. HEV infection in immunocompromised patients involves a high risk for the development of chronic hepatitis. Because HEV is recognized as a zoonotic pathogen, it is currently believed that swine is the primary reservoir. However, this is not sufficient to justify the strikingly high seroprevalence of HEV in both developing and Western countries. Thus, this study aimed to identify new zoonotic sources that bear a high risk of transmission to humans. We collected fecal, blood, and milk samples of cows in a typical rural region of Yunnan Province in southwest China, where mixed farming of domestic animals is a common practice. HEV RNA was quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the whole genome was sequenced. HEV infectivity was assessed in rhesus macaques. We found a high prevalence of active HEV infection in cows as determined by viral RNA positivity in fecal samples. Surprisingly, we discovered that HEV is excreted into milk that is produced by infected cows. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all HEV isolates from cow/milk belong to genotype 4 and subtype 4h. Gavage with HEV-contaminated raw and even pasteurized milk resulted in active infection in rhesus macaques. Importantly, a short period of boiling, but not pasteurization, could completely inactivate HEV. CONCLUSION Infectious HEV-contaminated cow milk is recognized as a new zoonotic source that bears a high risk of transmission to humans; these results call attention to understanding and establishing proper measurement and control of HEV zoonotic transmission, particularly in the setting of mixed farming of domestic animals. (Hepatology 2016;64:350-359).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Huang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Shenrong Jing
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Jue Wang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Feiyan Long
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Chenchen Yang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yanhong Bi
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wentao Cao
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR, China
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu W, Yang C, Bi Y, Long F, Li Y, Wang J, Huang F. Characterization of hepatitis E virus infection in tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis). BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:80. [PMID: 26880187 PMCID: PMC4754999 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of hepatitis in developing countries and poses a threat to public health worldwide. Tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) is a useful animal model in studies on hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis B and C viruses. However, the use of this animal model for HEV research is yet to be developed. Methods Tree shrews were intravenously (IV) injected with swine genotype 4 HEV or infected by contact-exposure to IV infected tree shrews. RT-nPCR was performed to detect HEV RNA in the feces, tissues, and blood. HEV capsid protein in the different tissues was detected by Western blot and estimated by quantitative RT-PCR. Anti-HEV antibodies were determined by ELISA. Liver damages were evaluated by histopathologic examination and analysis of liver-specific enzymes activities. Results Both negative and positive strands of HEV RNA were detected in the feces of the HEV-infected or contact-exposed tree shrews 3–4 days post-inoculation. HEV RNA was detectable in the liver, spleen, kidneys, and bile. Virusemia developed in all the HEV-infected tree shrews. HEV capsid protein was expressed in the liver, spleen, and kidneys. The histological examination and analysis of liver-specific enzymes activities showed that HEV caused acute liver lesions in the tree shrews. Meanwhile, the infected tree shrews showed positive IgG and IgM antibodies. Conclusions Tree shrews are susceptible to HEV and may be useful animal models for HEV experimental infection studies on pathogenesis or preclinical drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Yu
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China. .,Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
| | - Chenchen Yang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Yanhong Bi
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Feiyan Long
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Yunlong Li
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Jue Wang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| | - Fen Huang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bi Y, Yang C, Yu W, Zhao X, Zhao C, He Z, Jing S, Wang H, Huang F. Pregnancy serum facilitates hepatitis E virus replication in vitro. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1055-1061. [PMID: 25614592 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes high mortality in pregnant women. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of HEV infection in pregnant women remain unknown. In this study, the roles of pregnancy serum in HEV infection were investigated using an efficient cell culture system. HEV infection was exacerbated by supplementing with pregnancy serum, especially theat in third trimester of pregnancy. Oestrogen receptors (ER-α and ER-β) were activated in cells supplemented with pregnancy serum and were significantly inhibited during HEV infection. Type I IFN, especially IFN-β, showed delayed upregulation in HEV-infected cells supplemented with the serum in the third trimester of pregnancy, which indicated that delayed IFN-β expression may facilitate viral replication. Results suggested that pregnancy serum accelerated HEV replication by suppressing oestrogen receptors and type I IFN in the early stage of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Bi
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming Road, Kunming, PR China
| | - Chenchen Yang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming Road, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, PR China
| | - Xianchen Zhao
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming Road, Kunming, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming Road, Kunming, PR China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, PR China
| | - Shenrong Jing
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming Road, Kunming, PR China
| | - Huixuan Wang
- Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, PR China
| | - Fen Huang
- Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, PR China.,Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming Road, Kunming, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li LJ, Shen YY, Ai ZQ, Guo L, Geng CR. Seroepidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis E virus in western Yunnan Province. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:909-12. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
14
|
de Carvalho LG, Marchevsky RS, dos Santos DRL, de Oliveira JM, de Paula VS, Lopes LM, Van der Poel WHM, González JE, Munné MS, Moran J, Cajaraville ACRA, Pelajo-Machado M, Cruz OG, Pinto MA. Infection by Brazilian and Dutch swine hepatitis E virus strains induces haematological changes in Macaca fascicularis. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:495. [PMID: 24148233 PMCID: PMC3870956 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been described as an emerging pathogen in Brazil and seems to be widely disseminated among swine herds. An autochthonous human case of acute hepatitis E was recently reported. To obtain a better understanding of the phenotypic profiles of both human and swine HEV strains, a experimental study was conducted using the animal model, Macaca fascicularis. METHODS Six cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were inoculated intravenously with swine HEV genotype 3 that was isolated from naturally and experimentally infected pigs in Brazil and the Netherlands. Two other monkeys were inoculated with HEV genotype 3 that was recovered from Brazilian and Argentinean patients with locally acquired acute and fulminant hepatitis E. The haematological, biochemical, and virological parameters of all animals were monitored for 67 days. RESULTS Subclinical hepatitis was observed in all monkeys after inoculation with HEV genotype 3 that was recovered from the infected swine and human patients. HEV RNA was detected in the serum and/or faeces of 6 out of the 8 cynomolgus monkeys between 5 and 53 days after inoculation. The mild inflammation of liver tissues and elevations of discrete liver enzymes were observed. Seroconversions to anti-HEV IgM and/or IgG were detected in 7 animals. Reactivities to anti-HEV IgA were also detected in the salivary samples of 3 animals. Interestingly, all of the infected monkeys showed severe lymphopenia and a trend toward monocytosis, which coincided with elevations in alanine aminotransferase and antibody titres. CONCLUSIONS The ability of HEV to cross the species barrier was confirmed for both the swine (Brazilian and Dutch) and human (Argentinean) strains, thus reinforcing the zoonotic risk of hepatitis E in South America. Cynomolgus monkeys that were infected with HEV genotype 3 developed subclinical hepatitis that was associated with haematological changes. Haematological approaches should be considered in future studies of HEV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian G de Carvalho
- Centre for Laboratory Animal Breeding, Department of Primatology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato S Marchevsky
- Laboratory of Neurovirulence, Institute of Technology on Immunobiologicals, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debora RL dos Santos
- Laboratory of Veterinary Viruses, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, UFRRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline M de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S de Paula
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leilane M Lopes
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilhelmus HM Van der Poel
- Central Veterinary, Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge E González
- National Reference Laboratory in Viral Hepatitis, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria S Munné
- National Reference Laboratory in Viral Hepatitis, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio Moran
- Dr. Julio Moran Laboratories, Ebmatingen, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Carolina R A Cajaraville
- Laboratory of Virological Technology, Institute of Technology on Immunobiologicals, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Laboratory of Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo G Cruz
- Programme of Scientific Computation, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Pinto
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Echevarría JM, González JE, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Dos Santos DRL, Munné MS, Pinto MA, Pujol FH, Rodríguez-Lay LA. Hepatitis E virus infection in Latin America: a review. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1037-45. [PMID: 23588729 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Data reported during recent years reveal the complex picture of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Latin America. Whereas in countries like Argentina and Brazil is almost identical to the characteristic of most countries from North America and Europe, HEV in the Caribbean and Mexico involves the water-borne, non-zoonotic viral genotypes responsible for epidemics in Asia and Africa. Nevertheless, Latin America has been considered a highly endemic region for hepatitis E in the scientific literature, a generalization that ignores the above complexity. In addition, reports from isolated Amerindian communities, which display well known, important and very specific epidemiological features for hepatitis B and D virus infections are neither taken into account when considering the epidemiology of hepatitis E in the region. This review updates compilation of the available information for the HEV infection, both among humans and other mammals, in Latin America, discusses the strengths and the weaknesses of our current knowledge, and identifies future areas of research.
Collapse
|