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Cozma EC, Banciu LM, Celarel AM, Soare E, Srichawla BS, Kipkorir V, Găman MA. Molecular mechanisms of human papilloma virus related skin cancers: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38202. [PMID: 38787972 PMCID: PMC11124606 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the Papillomaviridae family of viruses which includes small, double-stranded DNA viral agents. Approximately 90% of HPV infections occur asymptomatically and resolve spontaneously. However, infection with high-risk viral strains can lead to the development of preneoplastic lesions, with an increased propensity to become cancerous. The location of these malignancies includes the oral cavity, cervix, vagina, anus, and vulva, among others. The role of HPV in carcinogenesis has already been demonstrated for the aforementioned neoplasia. However, regarding skin malignancies, the mechanisms that pinpoint the role played by HPV in their initiation and progression still elude our sight. Until now, the only fully understood mechanism of viral cutaneous oncogenesis is that of human herpes virus 8 infection in Kaposi sarcoma. In the case of HPV infection, however, most data focus on the role that beta strains exhibit in the oncogenesis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), along with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and other environmental or genetic factors. However, recent epidemiological investigations have highlighted that HPV could also trigger the onset of other non-melanocytic, for example, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and/or melanocytic skin cancers, for example, melanoma. Herein, we provide an overview of the role played by HPV in benign and malignant skin lesions with a particular focus on the main epidemiological, pathophysiological, and molecular aspects delineating the involvement of HPV in skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena-Codruta Cozma
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- Elias University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Elena Soare
- Elias University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Vincent Kipkorir
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
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Meira SDLF, Oncins R, Padgett E, Gracia-Cazaña T. Uncommon Location of Bowenoid Papulosis. Indian J Dermatol 2022; 67:768-769. [PMID: 36998851 PMCID: PMC10043670 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_527_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Oncins
- Unit of Pathology, Hospital de Barbastro, Huesca, Spain
| | - Esteban Padgett
- Unit of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Barbastro, Barbastro, Huesca, Spain
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Ferreira JCB, de Paula HM, Caixeta GN, Mendonça EF. Distinguishing bowenoid papulosis from Bowen disease in the mouth: A case report. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 47:257-262. [PMID: 31568562 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bowenoid papulosis (BPap) is an uncommon skin disorder linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and characterized clinically by the presence of scattered papules or small plaques, multiple and pigmented, that involve the stratified squamous epithelium. Bowen disease (BD) is recognized as the main differential diagnosis of BPap. An 80-year old white woman was referred for the evaluation of multiple, brown verrucous papules measuring 3 to 4 mm in diameter on the right maxillary gingiva. Histopathological analysis revealed disturbed epithelial maturation with papillary stratified squamous epithelium, koilocytic dysplasia, parakeratosis, acanthosis, basal double-layer, loss of cellular polarity, nuclear hyperchromatism and pleomorphism, scattered mitosoid bodies, and a high degree of cytologic atypia. An immunohistochemical investigation for p53 and Ki67 showed staining of the basal and suprabasal layer, while p16 was strongly expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells and Bcl-2 was positive only in mitosoid bodies and the lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate. In situ DNA hybridization was negative for HPV. Oral BPap is an uncommon lesion in which the diagnostic process includes clinical, histopathological, and molecular correlations due to the similarity to aggressive behavior lesions such as BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C B Ferreira
- Department of Oral Medicine (Oral Pathology), Dental School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Henrique M de Paula
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Medical School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo N Caixeta
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Araújo Jorge Hospital, Association of Cancer Combat of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Elismauro F Mendonça
- Department of Oral Medicine (Oral Pathology), Dental School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Khanal S, Trainor PJ, Zahin M, Ghim SJ, Joh J, Rai SN, Jenson AB, Shumway BS. Histologic variation in high grade oral epithelial dysplasia when associated with high-risk human papillomavirus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017; 123:566-585. [PMID: 28407985 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reported cytologic alterations associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) in oral epithelial dysplasia (HPV-OED) need further characterization. STUDY DESIGN Archival cases of high-grade oral epithelial dysplasia (hgOED) (N = 38) were assigned a cytologic score (CS) based on the average number of mitotic, karyorrhectic, and apoptotic cells per high-power field. Three groups were then generated on the basis of increasing CS: Focal (group 1, N = 14), Intermediate (group 2, N = 12), and Diffuse (group 3, N = 12). Polymerase chain reaction-based HPV genotyping and p16 immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS HR-HPV was found significantly more in group 3 (83.3%) compared with groups 1 and 2 (group 1&2; 42.9% and 41.7%, respectively; P = .047). HPV16 predominated in HR-HPV-positive cases (90.5%). By location, the tongue or the floor of mouth was associated with all groups (P = .04). Increasing CS was associated with a slightly younger age (P = .04) and increased expression of p16 (P = .005). CS and p16 expression were not sensitive but were highly specific predictors for HR-HPV presence. Based on limited follow-up information, HPV-OED does not differ in clinical aggressiveness compared with conventional OED. CONCLUSIONS Increased CS in hgOED is strongly associated with HR-HPV (mostly HPV16) and p16 expression. CS and p16 expression are specific predictors of HR-HPV presence. Further molecular study and long-term follow-up of HPV-OED are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujita Khanal
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Patrick J Trainor
- Research Associate, Biostatistics Shared Facility, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Maryam Zahin
- Postdoctoral Associate, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shin-Je Ghim
- Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joongho Joh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shesh N Rai
- Professor, Wendell Cherry Chair in Clinical Trial Research; Director, Biostatistics Shared Facility, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alfred Bennett Jenson
- Senior scientist, Professor of Vaccinology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Brian S Shumway
- Associate Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA.
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