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Huang X, Hu L, Long Z, Wang X, Wu J, Cai J. Hypertensive Heart Disease: Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2024; 25:93. [PMID: 39076964 PMCID: PMC11263885 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2503093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) presents a substantial global health burden, spanning a spectrum from subtle cardiac functional alterations to overt heart failure. In this comprehensive review, we delved into the intricate pathophysiological mechanisms governing the onset and progression of HHD. We emphasized the significant role of neurohormonal activation, inflammation, and metabolic remodeling in HHD pathogenesis, offering insights into promising therapeutic avenues. Additionally, this review provided an overview of contemporary imaging diagnostic tools for precise HHD severity assessment. We discussed in detail the current potential treatments for HHD, including pharmacologic, lifestyle, and intervention devices. This review aimed to underscore the global importance of HHD and foster a deeper understanding of its pathophysiology, ultimately contributing to improved public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013 Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410013 Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuojun Long
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410013 Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410013 Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junru Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013 Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013 Changsha, Hunan, China
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Han JS, Joung JY, Kim HW, Kim JH, Choi HS, Bae HJ, Jang JH, Oh NS. Enhanced Cholesterol-Lowering and Antioxidant Activities of Soymilk by Fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KML06. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1475-1483. [PMID: 37482800 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant activities of soymilk fermented with probiotic Lactobacillaceae strains and to investigate the production of related bioactive compounds. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KML06 (KML06) was selected for the fermentation of soymilk because it has the highest antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, and β-glucosidase activities among the 10 Lactobacillaceae strains isolated from kimchi. The genomic information of strain KML06 was analyzed. Moreover, soymilk fermented with KML06 was evaluated for growth kinetics, metabolism, and functional characteristics during the fermentation period. The number of viable cells, which was similar to the results of radical scavenging activities and cholesterol assimilation, as well as the amount of soy isoflavone aglycones, daidzein, and genistein, was the highest at 12 h of fermentation. These results indicate that soymilk fermented with KML06 can prevent oxidative stress and cholesterol-related problems through the production of soy isoflavone aglycones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Seung Han
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Joung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Su Choi
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Bae
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Jang
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Su Oh
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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Dhameliya HA, Solanki JD, Patel DT, George LB, Thakkar VR, Subramanian RB. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PGB02 Improved Serum Cholesterol Profile by Tweaking Genes Involved in Cholesterol Homeostasis in Male Swiss Albino Mice. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:3180-3193. [PMID: 36574136 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PGB02 isolated from buttermilk on serum cholesterol profile of normal and hypercholesterolemic mice was evaluated. Further changes in the expression of mice genes were determined. The hypercholesterolemia was induced in experimental mice by feeding high cholesterol and fat diet. Serum cholesterol parameters, physical parameters, cholic acid excretion, and cholesterol metabolism related gene expression analysis was carried out. L. plantarum PGB02 efficiently reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol and improved HDL-cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Body weight was reduced and fecal cholic acid increased in probiotic treatment groups. Gene expression analysis revealed that L. plantarum PGB02 up-regulated the expression of LDL receptors, CYP7A1, ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8, and down-regulated the expression of FXR and NPC1L1 genes. Summarizing the mechanism, L. plantarum PGB02 improved hypercholesterolemia by increasing bile acid synthesis and excretion, reducing exogeneous cholesterol absorption from the intestine, and increased LDL clearance through upregulation of LDL-receptors. The present study has given insight into the mechanism of serum cholesterol reduction by bile salt hydrolase positive L. plantarum PGB02 in mice. L. plantarum PGB02 reduced the serum cholesterol level through increased bile acid synthesis and deconjugation and reduced absorption of cholesterol in the intestine. Isolate PGB02 shown cholesterol removal potential as good as statin.
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Probiotics Bring New Hope for Atherosclerosis Prevention and Treatment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3900835. [PMID: 36193065 PMCID: PMC9526629 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3900835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of human mortality and morbidity worldwide. Atherosclerosis (AS) is the underlying pathological responsible in most acute and severe cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction and stroke. However, current drugs applied to the treatment of AS are not clinically effective, and there is a large residual risk of cardiovascular disease and multiple side effects. Increasing evidence supports a close relationship between microorganisms and the incidence of AS. Recent data have shown that probiotics can improve multiple key factors involved in the development and progression of AS, including cholesterol metabolism imbalance, endothelial dysfunction, proinflammatory factor production, macrophage polarization, intestinal flora disturbance, and infection with pathogenic microorganisms, and therefore probiotics have attracted great interest as a novel potential “medicine”. This review is aimed at summarizing the effects of probiotics on various influencing factors, and providing valuable insights in the search for early prevention and potential therapeutic strategies for AS.
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The Mechanisms of the Potential Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against Cardiovascular Disease and the Recent Developments in its Fermented Foods. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172549. [PMID: 36076735 PMCID: PMC9455256 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the leading cause of death worldwide. Many recent studies have pointed out that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lb. plantarum) has great potential in reducing the risk of CVD. Lb. plantarum is a kind of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) widely distributed in fermented food and the human intestinal tract, some strains of which have important effects on human health and the potential to be developed into probiotics. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of potential probiotic strains of Lb. plantarum against CVD. It could regulate the body’s metabolism at the molecular, cellular, and population levels, thereby lowering blood glucose and blood lipids, regulating blood pressure, and ultimately reducing the incidence of CVD. Furthermore, since Lb. plantarum is widely utilized in food industry, we highlight some of the most important new developments in fermented food for combating CVD; providing an insight into these fermented foods can assist scientists in improving the quality of these foods as well as alleviating patients’ CVD symptoms. We hope that in the future functional foods fermented by Lb. plantarum can be developed and incorporated into the daily diet to assist medication in alleviating CVD to some extent, and maintaining good health.
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Cao K, Zhang K, Ma M, Ma J, Tian J, Jin Y. Lactobacillus mediates the expression of NPC1L1, CYP7A1, and ABCG5 genes to regulate cholesterol. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6882-6891. [PMID: 34925816 PMCID: PMC8645708 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is the main cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis is essential for human health. Lactobacillus is present in large quantities in the human intestine. As the normal flora in the gut, lactobacillus plays an important role in regulating metabolism in the human body. Lactobacillus can regulate the cholesterol content by regulating the expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, metabolism, and absorption. This article reviews the biological effects and mechanisms of lactobacillus that mediate the expression of NPC1L1, CYP7A1, ABCG5, ABCG8, and other genes to inhibit cholesterol absorption, and discusses the mechanism of reducing cholesterol by lactobacillus in cells in vitro, to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of lactobacillus resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Cao
- College of Food Science and TechnologyInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Kaiping Zhang
- Department of Cooking & Food ProcessingInner Mongolia Business and Trade Vocational CollegeHohhotChina
| | - Muran Ma
- College of Food Science and TechnologyInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Junjie Ma
- College of Food Science and TechnologyInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Jianjun Tian
- College of Food Science and TechnologyInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Ye Jin
- College of Food Science and TechnologyInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
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Chen Y, Xu W, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Mu R. Intraperitoneal injection of genistein affects the distribution and metabolism of cholesterol in female yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1299-1311. [PMID: 34241762 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Genistein is an abundant phytoestrogen in soybean. This study aimed to determine the effects of genistein on cholesterol distribution and metabolism in female yellow catfish. Three hundred fish (49.2 ± 1.4 g) were randomly divided into five treatments and received intraperitoneal injections as follows: (1) blank, no injection; (2) control, vehicle only; (3) E2, 17β-estradiol at 10 μg·g-1 body weight; (4) low genistein doses, genistein at 10 μg·g-1 body weight; (5) high genistein doses, genistein at 100 μg·g-1 body weight. Both high and low genistein doses significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum TC and LDL-C 24 h after injection. Moreover, the high genistein doses significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum HDL-C. Both high and low doses of genistein significantly increased (p < 0.05) hepatic TC. Only high genistein doses significantly increased (p < 0.05) ovary TC. In the liver, both high and low genistein doses significantly increased (p < 0.05) protein and mRNA expression of ldlr. Meanwhile, high genistein doses significantly decreased (p < 0.05) mRNA expression of hmgcr. In ovary tissue, high genistein doses significantly decreased (p < 0.05) mRNA expression of cyp11a1. These results suggested that genistein affected the cholesterol distribution in female yellow catfish. Both high and low doses of genistein reduced cholesterol content in blood and increased its content in the liver by increasing the uptake of blood cholesterol. Meanwhile, high genistein doses may inhibit hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Additionally, high genistein doses could increase cholesterol transfer from serum into the ovary and disturb cholesterol conversion to pregnenolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wenbin Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Qingji Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ren Mu
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Longshan Avenue, Duyun, 558000, Guizhou Province, China.
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Effects of Potential Probiotic Strains on the Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites of D-Galactose-Induced Aging Rats Fed with High-Fat Diet. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:545-562. [PMID: 31301059 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Both aging and diet play an important role in influencing the gut ecosystem. Using premature senescent rats induced by D-galactose and fed with high-fat diet, this study aims to investigate the effects of different potential probiotic strains on the dynamic changes of fecal microbiome and metabolites. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with high-fat diet and injected with D-galactose for 12 weeks to induce aging. The effect of Lactobacillus plantarum DR7, L. fermentum DR9, and L. reuteri 8513d administration on the fecal microbiota profile, short-chain fatty acids, and water-soluble compounds were analyzed. It was found that the administration of the selected strains altered the gut microbiota diversity and composition, even at the phylum level. The fecal short-chain fatty acid content was also higher in groups that were administered with the potential probiotic strains. Analysis of the fecal water-soluble metabolites revealed that administration of L. plantarum DR7 and L. reuteri 8513d led to higher fecal content of compounds related to amino acid metabolism such as tryptophan, leucine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine, valine, and lysine; while administration of L. fermentum DR9 led to higher prevalence of compounds related to carbohydrate metabolism such as erythritol, xylitol, and arabitol. In conclusion, it was observed that different strains of lactobacilli can cause difference alteration in the gut microbiota and the metabolites, suggesting the urgency to explore the specific metabolic impact of specific strains on the host.
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Neverovskyi A, Chernyavskyi V, Shypulin V, Hvozdetska L, Tishchenko V, Nechypurenko T, Mikhn`ova N. Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum may reduce cardiovascular risk: An experimental study. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2021; 17:1-10. [PMID: 35685234 PMCID: PMC9137235 DOI: 10.22122/arya.v17i0.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction of cardiovascular risk (CVR) is based on the correction of risk factors, especially dyslipidemia. Due to the limiting factors of conventional lipid-lowering medications, the investigation of alternative approaches is necessary. METHODS The present open, comparative, randomized, and parallel investigation was conducted on 77 patients. Participants were of both sexes, 40-74 years-of-age, and had dyslipidemia. The participants were divided into 2 groups; the treatment group (n = 41) received a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and simvastatin 20 mg once a day, and the control group (n = 36) received simvastatin 20 mg once a day. The trial included 5 visits; screening on the first 2, and treatment on the next 3 (on weeks 4, 8, and 12). On visits 1, 3, 4, and 5, the lipid profile was evaluated and CVR was calculated using 5 tools. RESULTS The combination treatment led to a more pronounced decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) after 8 weeks (P = 0.002 and 0.016, respectively), that persisted after 12 weeks (P < 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Reduction in TC and LDL by ³ 20% was observed more predominantly in the treatment group. A significant reduction was observed in CVR in the treatment group according to the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (ýPROCAM) score (P = 0.004). Reduction of CVR by ³ 20% was mostly observed as a result of prescribing combination therapy according to the Framingham Risk Score ý(70.7%; P = 0.003), 2013 ACC/AHA ASCVD Risk Calculator ý(51.2%; P = 0.035), PROCAM (65.9%; P < 0.001), and WHO CVD risk chart (56.1%; P = 0.012). CONCLUSION Additional supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum was more effective in the reduction of TC, LDL, and CVR according to PROCAM and the attainment of treatment goals regarding lipid profile and CVR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Neverovskyi
- PhD Candidate, Department of Internal Medicine №1, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine,Address for correspondence: Artem Neverovskyi; PhD Candidate, Department of Internal Medicine №1, Bogomolets National Medical
University, Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Volodymyr Chernyavskyi
- Professor, Department of Internal Medicine №1, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vadym Shypulin
- Professor, Head of the Department, Department of Internal Medicine №1, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lesia Hvozdetska
- Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine №1, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Victoriya Tishchenko
- Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine №1, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Nechypurenko
- Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine №1, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Mikhn`ova
- Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine №1, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Zhao X, Zhong X, Liu X, Wang X, Gao X. Therapeutic and Improving Function of Lactobacilli in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular-Related Diseases: A Novel Perspective From Gut Microbiota. Front Nutr 2021; 8:693412. [PMID: 34164427 PMCID: PMC8215129 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.693412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of cardiovascular-related diseases are associated with structural and functional changes in gut microbiota (GM). The accumulation of beneficial gut commensals contributes to the improvement of cardiovascular-related diseases. The cardiovascular-related diseases that can be relieved by Lactobacillus supplementation, including hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, have expanded. As probiotics, lactobacilli occupy a substantial part of the GM and play important functional roles through various GM-derived metabolites. Lactobacilli ultimately have a beneficial impact on lipid metabolism, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress to relieve the symptoms of cardiovascular-related diseases. However, the axis and cellular process of gut commensal Lactobacillus in improving cardiovascular-related diseases have not been fully elucidated. Additionally, Lactobacillus strains produce diverse antimicrobial peptides, which help maintain intestinal homeostasis and ameliorate cardiovascular-related diseases. These strains are a field that needs to be further investigated immediately. Thus, this review demonstrated the mechanisms and summarized the evidence of the benefit of Lactobacillus strain supplementation from animal studies and human clinical trials. We also highlighted a broad range of lactobacilli candidates with therapeutic capability by mining their metabolites. Our study provides instruction in the development of lactobacilli as a functional food to improve cardiovascular-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinqin Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Oniszczuk A, Oniszczuk T, Gancarz M, Szymańska J. Role of Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041172. [PMID: 33671813 PMCID: PMC7926819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in identifying and applying new, naturally occurring molecules that promote health. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits on the host”. Quite a few fermented products serve as the source of probiotic strains, with many factors influencing the effectiveness of probiotics, including interactions of probiotic bacteria with the host’s microbiome. Prebiotics contain no microorganisms, only substances which stimulate their growth. Prebiotics can be obtained from various sources, including breast milk, soybeans, and raw oats, however, the most popular prebiotics are the oligosaccharides contained in plants. Recent research increasingly claims that probiotics and prebiotics alleviate many disorders related to the immune system, cancer metastasis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. However, little is known about the role of these supplements as important dietary components in preventing or treating cardiovascular disease. Still, some reports and clinical studies were conducted, offering new ways of treatment. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss the roles of gut microbiota, probiotics, and prebiotics interventions in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (T.O.)
| | - Tomasz Oniszczuk
- Department of Thermal Technology and Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 31, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (T.O.)
| | - Marek Gancarz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Szymańska
- Department of Integrated Paediatric Dentistry, Chair of Integrated Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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Olas B. Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics-A Promising Strategy in Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9737. [PMID: 33419368 PMCID: PMC7767061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics may serve as important dietary components in the prevention (especially) and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but the recommendations for their use are often based on brief reports and small clinical studies. This review evaluates the current literature on the correlation between CVD and probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Although research on probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics has grown exponentially in recent years, particularly regarding the effect of probiotics on CVD, their mechanisms have not been clearly defined. It has been proposed that probiotics lower cholesterol levels, and may protect against CVD, by increasing bile salt synthesis and bile acid deconjugation. Similar effects have also been observed for prebiotics and synbiotics; however, probiotics also appear to have anti-oxidative, anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory properties. Importantly, probiotics not only have demonstrated effects in vitro and in animal models, but also in humans, where supplementation with probiotics decreases the risk factors of CVD. In addition, the properties of commercial probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics remain undetermined, and further experimental research is needed before these substances can be used in the prevention and treatment of CVD. In particular, well-designed clinical trials are required to determine the influence of probiotics on trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which is believed to be a marker of CVDs, and to clarify the long-term effects, and action, of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation in combination with drug therapy (for example, aspirin). However, while it cannot be unequivocally stated whether such supplementation yields benefits in the prevention and treatment of CVDs, it is important to note that clinical studies performed to date have not identified any side-effects to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/3, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Lew LC, Hor YY, Jaafar MH, Lau ASY, Lee BK, Chuah LO, Yap KP, Azlan A, Azzam G, Choi SB, Liong MT. Lactobacillus Strains Alleviated Hyperlipidemia and Liver Steatosis in Aging Rats via Activation of AMPK. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165872. [PMID: 32824277 PMCID: PMC7461503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that different strains of Lactobacillus can alleviate hyperlipidemia and liver steatosis via activation of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme that is involved in cellular energy homeostasis, in aged rats. Male rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and injected with D-galactose daily over 12 weeks to induce aging. Treatments included (n = 6) (i) normal diet (ND), (ii) HFD, (iii) HFD-statin (lovastatin 2 mg/kg/day), (iv) HFD-Lactobacillus fermentum DR9 (10 log CFU/day), (v) HFD-Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 (10 log CFU/day), and (vi) HFD-Lactobacillus reuteri 8513d (10 log CFU/day). Rats administered with statin, DR9, and 8513d reduced serum total cholesterol levels after eight weeks (p < 0.05), while the administration of DR7 reduced serum triglycerides level after 12 weeks (p < 0.05) as compared to the HFD control. A more prominent effect was observed from the administration of DR7, where positive effects were observed, ranging from hepatic gene expressions to liver histology as compared to the control (p < 0.05); downregulation of hepatic lipid synthesis and β-oxidation gene stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), upregulation of hepatic sterol excretion genes of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5 and 8 (ABCG5 and ABCG8), lesser degree of liver steatosis, and upregulation of hepatic energy metabolisms genes AMPKα1 and AMPKα2. Taken altogether, this study illustrated that the administration of selected Lactobacillus strains led to improved lipid profiles via activation of energy and lipid metabolisms, suggesting the potentials of Lactobacillus as a promising natural intervention for alleviation of cardiovascular and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Ching Lew
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (L.-C.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (M.-H.J.); (A.-S.-Y.L.); (B.-K.L.); (L.-O.C.)
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Yan-Yan Hor
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (L.-C.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (M.-H.J.); (A.-S.-Y.L.); (B.-K.L.); (L.-O.C.)
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Mohamad-Hafis Jaafar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (L.-C.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (M.-H.J.); (A.-S.-Y.L.); (B.-K.L.); (L.-O.C.)
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Amy-Sie-Yik Lau
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (L.-C.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (M.-H.J.); (A.-S.-Y.L.); (B.-K.L.); (L.-O.C.)
| | - Boon-Kiat Lee
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (L.-C.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (M.-H.J.); (A.-S.-Y.L.); (B.-K.L.); (L.-O.C.)
| | - Li-Oon Chuah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (L.-C.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (M.-H.J.); (A.-S.-Y.L.); (B.-K.L.); (L.-O.C.)
| | - Kien-Pong Yap
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Azali Azlan
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Ghows Azzam
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Sy-Bing Choi
- School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, MARDI Complex, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.-B.C.); (M.-T.L.); Tel.: +603-89418646 (S.-B.C.); +604-653-2114 (M.-T.L.); Fax: +603-894107661 (S.-B.C.); +604-653-6375 (M.-T.L.)
| | - Min-Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (L.-C.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (M.-H.J.); (A.-S.-Y.L.); (B.-K.L.); (L.-O.C.)
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (S.-B.C.); (M.-T.L.); Tel.: +603-89418646 (S.-B.C.); +604-653-2114 (M.-T.L.); Fax: +603-894107661 (S.-B.C.); +604-653-6375 (M.-T.L.)
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14
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Liu G, Tan FHP, Lau SYA, Jaafar MH, Chung FYL, Azzam G, Liong MT, Li Y. Lactic acid bacteria feeding reversed the malformed eye structures and ameliorated gut microbiota profiles of Drosophila melanogaster Alzheimer's Disease model. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 132:3155-3167. [PMID: 32640111 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To utilize transgenic GMR-Aβ42 Drosophila melanogaster as a model to evaluate potential Alzheimer's disease (AD)-reversal effects via the administration of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, and associations of LAB with changes in gut microbiota profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS Wild type flies (Oregon-R) was crossed with glass multimer reporter-GAL4 (GMR-GAL4) to produce GMR-OreR (Control), while UAS-Aβ42 (#33769) crossed with GMR-GAL4 to produce transgenic Drosophila line that expressed Aβ42 (GMR-Aβ42). Feed containing seven different LAB strains (Lactobacillus paracasei 0291, Lactobacillus helveticus 1515, Lactobacillus reuteri CDV, Lactobacillus reuteri 8513d, Lactobacillus fermentum 8312, Lactobacillus casei Y, Lactobacillus sakei Probio65) were given to GMR-Aβ42 respectively, while feed without LAB strains were given to control and transgenic GMR-Aβ42.nf Drosophila lines. The morphology of the eyes was viewed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The changes in gut microbiota profiles associated with LAB were analyzed using 16s high throughput sequencing. Malformation of eye structures in transgenic GMR-Aβ42 Drosophila were reversed upon the administration of LAB strains, with more prevalent effects from Lactobacillus sakei Probio65 and Lactobacillus paracasei 0291. The GMR-Aβ42.nf group showed dominance of Wolbachia in the gut, a genus that was almost absent in the normal control group (P<0.05). The administration of L. sakei Probio65 and L. paracasei 0291 reduced the abundance of Wolbachia accompanied by increased abundance of Stenotrophomonas and Acetobacter (P<0.05), resembling the microbial profile of the control group. CONCLUSIONS L. sakei Probio65 and L. paracasei 0291 have more prominent effects in reversing malformed eye of transgenic GMR-Aβ42 Drosophila, and reducing the abundance of Wolbachia accompanied by an increased abundance of Stenotrophomonas and Acetobacter. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Potentials of LAB to prevent and/or alleviate the onset and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, supporting brain health strategies along the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Sie-Yik Amy Lau
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Hafis Jaafar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fiona Yi-Li Chung
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ghows Azzam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Min-Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Xu H, Wang X, Feng W, Liu Q, Zhou S, Liu Q, Cai L. The gut microbiota and its interactions with cardiovascular disease. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:637-656. [PMID: 31984651 PMCID: PMC7111081 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is colonized by a considerable community of microorganisms that cohabits within the host and plays a critical role in maintaining host homeostasis. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed that the gut microbial ecology plays a pivotal role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, the effects of imbalances in microbe-host interactions on homeostasis can lead to the progression of CVD. Alterations in the composition of gut flora and disruptions in gut microbial metabolism are implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD. Furthermore, the gut microbiota functions like an endocrine organ that produces bioactive metabolites, including trimethylamine/trimethylamine N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, which are also involved in host health and disease via numerous pathways. Thus, the gut microbiota and its metabolic pathways have attracted growing attention as a therapeutic target for CVD treatment. The fundamental purpose of this review was to summarize recent studies that have illustrated the complex interactions between the gut microbiota, their metabolites and the development of common CVD, as well as the effects of gut dysbiosis on CVD risk factors. Moreover, we systematically discuss the normal physiology of gut microbiota and potential therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to prevent and treat CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Cardiovascular Centerthe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
- Pediatric Research InstituteDepartment of Pediatricsthe University of LouisvilleLouisvilleKY40202USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Cardiovascular Centerthe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicologythe University of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKY40202USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionDepartment of Medicinethe University of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKY40202USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicologythe University of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKY40202USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionDepartment of Medicinethe University of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKY40202USA
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Cardiovascular Centerthe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Quan Liu
- Cardiovascular Centerthe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research InstituteDepartment of Pediatricsthe University of LouisvilleLouisvilleKY40202USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicologythe University of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKY40202USA
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16
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Jin M, Qian Z, Yin J, Xu W, Zhou X. The role of intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular disease. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2343-2350. [PMID: 30712327 PMCID: PMC6433673 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that intestinal microbiota is involved in the development of various human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In the recent years, both human and animal experiments have revealed that alterations in the composition and function of intestinal flora, recognized as gut microflora dysbiosis, can accelerate the progression of CVDs. Moreover, intestinal flora metabolizes the diet ingested by the host into a series of metabolites, including trimethylamine N-oxide, short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acid and indoxyl sulfate, which affects the host physiological processes by activation of numerous signalling pathways. The aim of this review was to summarize the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of CVDs, including coronary artery disease, hypertension and heart failure, which may provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies for CVD that involve interfering with the composition, function and metabolites of the intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weiting Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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