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Giotto FM, Gamage NH, Franco AM, Gerrard DE, Fonseca MA, de Mello AS. Effects of liquid-based diets with breweries grains enriched with isolated starch and fish oil on veal quality. Meat Sci 2024; 216:109592. [PMID: 38981145 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Since veal production has declined in the U.S., American veal producers are currently making efforts to implement new production standards to improve product quality and animal welfare. In this study, we hypothesized that diets containing brewery grains, starch and omega-3 fatty acids could lower a blood stress indicator and improve meat quality, mostly from a nutritional value stand point. Holstein bull calves with approximately 94.67 ± 12.07 kg of body weight and two months old were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. Diets were formulated with nonmedicated milk replacer, microbreweries spent grains, and a mineral mix (CONTROL); CONTROL + isolated maize starch (STARCH); and CONTROL +3% fish oil (OMEGA-3). Veal calves fed all three diets were heavier than calves of the same age from experiments reported in the existing literature. Dietary treatments did not affect carcass weights, pH, color, moisture, sensory attributes, volatile profile, and fat quality indexes. Calves fed STARCH and OMEGA-3 showed the lowest levels of blood cortisol. Veal fed CONTROL and OMEGA-3 had higher concentrations of ΣMUFA when compared with STARCH. Veal fed OMEGA-3 had the highest concentrations of EPA, DHA, and Σn-3. Veal from all treatments had very high concentrations of ΣMUFA, mostly driven by high levels of c-9 18:1 n-9 from the milk replacer. Feeding OMEGA-3 lowered blood cortisol and increased levels of EPA and DHA without harming sensory attributes. Overall, including brewery grains, starch and fish oil in liquid diets containing milk replacer can improve veal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine M Giotto
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. Mail Stop 202, Reno 89557, NV, United States; Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Knox Hall 220 P.O. BOX 30003 MSC 3-I, Las Cruces 88003, NM, United States
| | - Nadini H Gamage
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. Mail Stop 202, Reno 89557, NV, United States
| | - Arturo Macias Franco
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. Mail Stop 202, Reno 89557, NV, United States
| | - David E Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, 3470 Litton-Reaves Hall (0306), 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Mozart A Fonseca
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. Mail Stop 202, Reno 89557, NV, United States
| | - Amilton S de Mello
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. Mail Stop 202, Reno 89557, NV, United States.
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Kim SI, Park S, Lee HS, Lee JH, Kim DH, Myung JH, Jung KK. Effects of energy levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of Holstein steers at different slaughter ages. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:1214-1225. [PMID: 38616874 PMCID: PMC11007294 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of energy levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of Holstein steers at different slaughter ages. Forty Holstein steers with an average body weight (BW) of 234.21 ± 7.42 kg and 7.78 ± 0.22 months were randomly allocated to two experimental groups; a 22-month-old experimental group and a 24-month-old experimental group. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) for each group were set to 70% (T1) and 72% (T2) during fattening phase and 74% (T3) and 76% (T4) for the finishing phase, respectively. No difference was observed in the final BW between the experimental groups during the fattening phase. However, in the finishing phase, the final BW of T4 (820.31 kg) group was significantly higher than that of T1 (745.57 kg; p < 0.05). The average daily gain (ADG) of T2 group in the finishing phase and overall period were 1.27 kg and 1.26 kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of T1 (1.11 kg and 1.12 kg; p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and TDN conversion ratio of T2 group in the finishing phase also decreased by 10.23% and 7.73%, respectively, compared to those of T1. The cold carcass weight of T4 group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of T1, whereas back fat thickness, longissimus area, and marbling score were not significantly different among groups. No differences were observed in physicochemical characteristics of the carcass including moisture, crude protein, and crude fat content among groups. However, the composition of fatty acids differed significantly between the groups. The content of C18:0 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in T4 than in T1 group, and the content of C18:2 was higher in T4 than in T1 and T3 (p < 0.05). Therefore, feeding Holstein steers at a high-energy feeding level during the fattening and finishing phases improves ADG and reduces the slaughter age from 24 months to 22 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongbuk
Provincial College, Yecheon 36830, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Daehan Livestock & Feed Co.,
Ltd, Incheon 22300, Korea
| | - Ji Hong Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongbuk
Provincial College, Yecheon 36830, Korea
| | - Do Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongbuk
Provincial College, Yecheon 36830, Korea
| | | | - Keun Ki Jung
- Moksan Hanwoo Research
Institute, Gyeongsan 38507, Korea
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Giotto FM, Grandis FA, de Mello AS, Ribeiro EL. Discarded pecan seeds as an alternative feedstuff in lamb diets: Effects on intake, growth performance, carcass weights, and meat quality. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Quadros DG, Whitney TR, Kerth CR. Replacing cottonseed meal and sorghum with dried distillers` grains with solubles enhances the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of feedlot lambs. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac040. [PMID: 35669947 PMCID: PMC9159527 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the impacts of substituting cottonseed meal (CSM) and sorghum grain (SG) with dried distillers` grains with solubles (DDGS) in lamb feedlot diets on the dry matter intake (DMI), the growth performance, blood serum analysis, feces phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), wool production and quality, carcass traits, adipose tissue fatty acid (FA) profiles, and sensory panel tests. For 72 d, Rambouillet wether lambs (n = 44, initial body weight, BW = 28.8 ± 3.3 kg) were individually fed ad libitum pelleted diets containing DDGS that replaced 0% (0DDGS), 25% (25DDGS), 50% (50DDGS), or 75% (75DDGS) of the CSM and SG in a completely randomized design trial. Linear and quadratic effects of DDGS levels on the response variables were analyzed. Treatment × day interactions (P < 0.001) were observed for BW and DMI. As the DDGS level was increased, DMI (from days 21 to 70), lamb BW (from days 56 to 70), average daily gain, blood urea nitrogen and P, and fecal P linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05). Fecal N quadratically increased (P = 0.01), but no effects were found for gain:feed, blood insulin-like growth factor-1, or calcium. No differences in wool production or most of the wool quality parameters were detected. Adipose tissue stearic acid linearly increased (P = 0.02), linoleic acid quadratically increased (P = 0.01), and oleic acid tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.08) as the DDGS increased in the diets. Increasing the DDGS level in the diets quadratically increased the hot carcass weight (P = 0.02), backfat thickness (P = 0.04), and body wall thickness (P < 0.001) while having no impact on the longissimus muscle area. As the DDGS increased in the diet, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05), while having no effect on the cook-loss, flavor intensity, or off-flavor detectability. Replacing 50% of CSM and SG with DDGS improved growth performance and enhanced the carcass and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo G Quadros
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 7887 U.S. Hwy 87 N, San Angelo, TX, USA
| | - Travis R Whitney
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 7887 U.S. Hwy 87 N, San Angelo, TX, USA
| | - Chris R Kerth
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Kim SI, Park S, Myung JH, Jo YM, Choi CB, Jung KK. Effect of fattening period on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic traits of Holstein steers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1008-1017. [PMID: 34796344 PMCID: PMC8564297 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different fattening periods on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic traits of Holstein steers. Sixty Holstein steers (8.0 ± 0.28 months old) with an average body weight (BW) of 231.88 ± 2.61 kg, were randomly allocated to five different fattening period treatments: 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 months (n = 12 in each treatment group). Final BW and average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among the treatment groups during the early fattening period. At the late stage of the fattening period, the final BW of steers in the 24-month treatment group (812.84 kg) was greater (p < 0.05) than that of steers in the 20-month treatment group (750.39 kg). During the same period, steers in the 20- and 21-month treatment groups had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) ADG than those in the 22-month treatment group. The highest ADG (1.36 kg/day) was found in the 20-month treatment group (1.36), followed by the 21- (1.33 kg/day), 22- (1.22 kg/day), 23- (1.21 kg/day), and 24- (1.14 kg/day) month treatment groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased as the fattening period increased, and the FCR was 12.88% lower in the 20-month treatment group than in the 24-month treatment group. However, no significant differences were detected in back-fat thickness, loin area, marbling score, and chemical characteristics (water, crude protein, and crude fat content) among the treatment groups. The composition of fatty acids including C18:0, C18:1, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids did not differ among the experimental groups. As the fattening period increased, production costs increased, resulting in a decrease in gross income. The gross income for steers in the 24-month treatment group was 35.8% and 23.5% lower than that for steers in the 20- and 21-month treatment groups, respectively. Taken together, the best performance, including the ADG, FCR, and gross income, was obtained when the fattening program of the Holstein steers lasted 20 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongbuk Provincial College, Yecheon 36830, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | | | - Young Min Jo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Chang Bon Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Keun Ki Jung
- Moksan Hanwoo Research Institute, Gyeongsan 38507, Korea
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