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Chicaud M, Montero-Macias R, Taconet S. [Ecology: The blind spot in pathology research]. Ann Pathol 2024; 44:47-56. [PMID: 38097471 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2015 Paris Agreement has been the first restrictive agreement in the fight against climate change. The newer generations of pathologists, who feel more anxiety due to environmental problems than their predecessors, are asked to publish research works while they are harder and harder to and in a context of demographical tensions. We wanted to measure the rise of ecology research in pathology since the Paris Agreement. MATERIAL & METHODS Over a ten years study period (2013-2022), we have identified via PubMed the number of articles in which forty-three terms taken from the sustainable development vocabulary appeared in ten renowned international pathology journals, selected for their SJR index from ScimagoJr and their impact factor, plus the Annales de pathologie, and compared their means of incidence between the 2013-2015 (m1) and 2016-2022 (m2) periods. The same process has been applied for "artificial intelligence", "deep learning" and "digital pathology". RESULTS A total of 1336 articles have been identified. Only "digital pathology" (fromm1=8,33 to m2=23,29; p=0,010) and "deep learning" (fromm1=0 to m2=10,14; p=0,034) saw their incidence rise significantly. A significant decrease has been observed with "biological" (fromm1=70,00 to m2=56,86; p=0,020). DISCUSSION-CONCLUSIONS Pathology reacts to trends but research in ecology has remained in the blind spot since 2015. However there seems to be an awakening as editorials, articles and communications in congress have blossomed the last two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Chicaud
- Service d'anatomie & cytologie pathologiques, hôpital Simone-Veil, 14, rue de Saint-Prix, 95600 Eaubonne, France.
| | - Rosa Montero-Macias
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Simone Veil, 14, rue de Saint-Prix, 95600 Eaubonne, France
| | - Sarah Taconet
- Service d'anatomie & cytologie pathologiques, hôpital Simone-Veil, 14, rue de Saint-Prix, 95600 Eaubonne, France
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Mali ME, Sanyang O, Harris KL, Sorensen J, Bittaye M, Nellermoe J, Price RR, Sutherland EK. Capacity assessment and spatial analysis of cervical cancer services in The Gambia. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:660. [PMID: 38066506 PMCID: PMC10709932 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in Gambian women. The Gambian Ministry of Health is striving to improve access to screening, diagnostic, and treatment services for cervical cancer, but comprehensive data on currently available services is limited making it challenging to appropriately prioritize the ideal next steps for expanding care. This study aims to describe the current services available for the prevention, screening, and treatment of cervical cancer in The Gambia and provide suggestions for expanding geographic access to care. METHODS A survey aimed at assessing the availability of key cervical cancer-related services was developed and then administered in person by research assistants to all secondary and tertiary health facilities (HFs) in The Gambia. ArcGIS Pro Software and 2020 LandScan population density raster were used to visualize and quantify geographic access to care. Survey results were compared with published targets outlined by the Gambian Ministry of Health in the "Strategic Plan for the Prevention and Control of Cervical Cancer in The Gambia: 2016-2020." RESULTS One hundred and two HFs were surveyed including 12 hospitals, 3 major health centers, 56 minor health centers, and 31 medical centers/clinics. Seventy-eight of these HFs provided some form of cervical cancer-related service. HPV vaccination was available in all health regions. Two-thirds of the population lived within 10 km of a HF that offered screening for cervical cancer and half lived within 10 km of a HF that offered treatment for precancerous lesions. Ten HFs offered hysterectomy, but nine were located in the same region. Two HFs offered limited chemotherapy. Radiotherapy was not available. If all major health centers and hospitals started offering visual inspection with acetic acid and cryotherapy, 86.1% of the population would live within 25 km of a HF with both services. CONCLUSIONS Geographic access to cervical cancer screening, and precancer treatment is relatively widespread across The Gambia, but targeted expansion in line with the country's "Strategic Plan" would improve access for central and eastern Gambia. The availability of treatment services for invasive cancer is limited, and establishing radiotherapy in the country should continue to be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Mali
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ousman Sanyang
- Department of Surgery, Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Katherine L Harris
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Justin Sorensen
- J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Nellermoe
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Raymond R Price
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Bebell LM, Ngonzi J, Meier FA, Carreon CK, Birungi A, Kerry VB, Atwine R, Roberts DJ. Building Perinatal Pathology Research Capacity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:958840. [PMID: 35872791 PMCID: PMC9304650 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.958840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Over two million stillbirths and neonatal deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) annually. Despite multilateral efforts, reducing perinatal mortality has been slow. Although targeted pathologic investigation can often determine the cause of perinatal death, in resource-limited settings, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths, and placentas are rarely examined pathologically. However, the placenta is a key source of diagnostic information and is the main determinant of fetal growth and development in utero, influencing child health outcomes. Methods In 2016, our collaborative intercontinental group began investigating infectious perinatal death and adverse child health outcomes in Uganda. We developed and initiated a 4-day combined didactic/practical curriculum to train health workers in placental collection, gross placental examination, and tissue sampling for histology. We also trained a local technician to perform immunohistochemistry staining. Results Overall, we trained 12 health workers who performed gross placental assessment for > 1,000 placentas, obtaining > 5,000 formalin-fixed tissue samples for research diagnostic use. Median placental weights ranged from 425 to 456 g, and 33.3% of placentas were < 10th percentile in weight, corrected for gestational age. Acute chorioamnionitis (32.3%) and maternal vascular malperfusion (25.4%) were common diagnoses. Discussion Through a targeted training program, we built capacity at a university-affiliated hospital in sSA to independently perform placental collection, gross pathologic examination, and placental tissue processing for histology and special stains. Our training model can be applied to other collaborative research endeavors in diverse resource-limited settings to improve research and clinical capacity and competency for diagnostics and management of stillbirth, neonatal death, and child health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Bebell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical Practice Evaluation Center and Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lisa M. Bebell,
| | - Joseph Ngonzi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Frederick A. Meier
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Chrystalle Katte Carreon
- Division of Women’s and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Abraham Birungi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Vanessa B. Kerry
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Seed Global Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raymond Atwine
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Drucilla J. Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Moustafa M, Mali ME, Lopez-Verdugo F, Sanyang O, Nellermoe J, Price RR, Manortey S, Biritwum-Nyarko A, Ofei I, Sorensen J, Goldsmith A, Brownson KE, Kumah A, Sutherland E. Surveying and mapping breast cancer services in Ghana: a cross-sectional pilot study in the Eastern Region. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051122. [PMID: 34824116 PMCID: PMC8627397 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Define the services available for the care of breast cancer at hospitals in the Eastern Region of Ghana, identify areas of the region with limited access to care through geospatial mapping, and test a novel survey instrument in anticipation of a nationwide scale up of the study. DESIGN A cross-sectional, facility-based survey study. SETTING This study was conducted at 33 of the 34 hospitals in the Eastern Region of Ghana from March 2020 to May 2020. PARTICIPANTS The 33 hospitals surveyed represented 97% of all hospitals in the region. This included private, government, quasi-government and faith-based organisation owned hospitals. RESULTS Sixteen hospitals (82%) surveyed provided basic screening services, 11 (33%) provided pathological diagnosis and 3 (9%) provided those services in addition to basic surgical care.53%, 64% and 78% of the population lived within 10 km, 25 km and 45 km of screening, diagnostic and treatment services respectively. Limited chemotherapy was available at two hospitals (6%), endocrine therapy at one hospital (3%) and radiotherapy was not available. Twenty-nine hospitals (88%) employed a general practitioner and 13 (39%) employed a surgeon. Oncology specialists, pathology personnel and a plastic surgeon were only available in one hospital (3%) in the Eastern Region. CONCLUSIONS Although 16 hospitals (82%) provided screening, only half the population lived within reasonable distance of these services. Few hospitals offered diagnosis and surgical services, but 64% and 78% of the population lived within a reasonable distance of these hospitals. Geospatial analysis suggested two priorities to cost-effectively expand breast cancer services: (1) increase the number of health facilities providing screening services and (2) centralise basic imaging, pathological and surgical services at targeted hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Moustafa
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Meghan Eileen Mali
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- General Surgery, University of Utah Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fidel Lopez-Verdugo
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ousman Sanyang
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Surgery, Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Jonathan Nellermoe
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Raymond R Price
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- General Surgery, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah, USA
| | | | | | - Irina Ofei
- Eastern Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana
| | - Justin Sorensen
- J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alison Goldsmith
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kirstyn E Brownson
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute Cancer Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Augustine Kumah
- Quality and Public Health, Nyaho Medical Centre, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Edward Sutherland
- Center for Global Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Ensign Global College, Kpong, Eastern Region, Ghana
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Ismail MR, Noormahomed EV, Lawicki S, Eichbaum Q. Survey of Clinical and Anatomic Pathology Laboratory Infrastructure in Mozambique. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 156:810-817. [PMID: 33940599 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pathology services are limited in most areas of sub-Saharan Africa. This study's aim was to survey anatomic and clinical pathology services and laboratory infrastructure in Mozambique. METHODS A survey was conducted from October-December 2018 across the four central hospitals of Mozambique to determine infrastructure and pathology services available. RESULTS Most laboratory/pathology services in Mozambique are limited to the four central hospitals. Only 14 pathologists practice in the country despite a population of 29.5 million for the world's fifth worst workforce/population ratio. Approximately 35,000 anatomic pathology specimens are evaluated annually. Standard services across chemistry, hematology, microbiology, and blood bank are available at the four central hospitals. Esoteric laboratory testing and immunohistochemistry are generally only available in Maputo. CONCLUSIONS While most pathology services are available in Mozambique, many are available only at the Maputo laboratory. Expansion of pathology services and infrastructure will improve provision of effective and efficient health care as access to timely and accurate clinical diagnoses increases in Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamudo R Ismail
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Central Hospital of Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Emília V Noormahomed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Shaun Lawicki
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Quentin Eichbaum
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Ntiamoah P, Monu NR, Abdulkareem FB, Adeniji KA, Obafunwa JO, Komolafe AO, Yates C, Kaninjing E, Carpten JD, Salhia B, Odedina FT, Edelweiss M, Kingham TP, Alatise OI. Pathology Services in Nigeria: Cross-Sectional Survey Results From Three Cancer Consortia. J Glob Oncol 2020; 5:1-9. [PMID: 31479341 PMCID: PMC6733183 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.19.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer incidence is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa, yet there is little information on the capacity of pathology laboratories in this region. We aimed to assess the current state of pathology services in Nigeria to guide strategies to ensure best practices and improve the quality of surgical specimen handling. METHODS We developed structured pathology survey to assess tissue handling, sample processing, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) capabilities. The survey was distributed electronically to 22 medical centers in Nigeria that are part of established cancer consortia. Data were collected between September and October 2017. RESULTS Sixteen of 22 centers completed the survey in full. All 16 institutions had at least one board-certified pathologist and at least one full-time laboratory scientist/technologist. The majority of responding institutions (75%) reported processing fewer than 3,000 samples per year. For sample processing, 38% of institutions reported manual tissue processing and 75% processed biopsies and surgical specimens together. The average tissue fixation time ranged from 5 to more than 72 hours before processing and paraffin embedding. Half of the institutions reported having no quality assurance processes to evaluate hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides, and 25% reported having no written operating procedures. Half of the participating institutions have a facility for routine IHC staining, and among these there was considerable variability in processes and validation procedures. External proficiency testing was not common among surveyed sites (38%). CONCLUSION Data from 16 Nigerian medical institutions indicate deficiencies in standardization, quality control, and IHC validation that could affect the reliability of pathology results. These findings highlight addressable gaps in pathology services that can ensure accurate diagnosis and follow-up for the growing number of patients with cancer in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Folake T Odedina
- University of Florida Lake Nona Research and Academic Center, Orlando, FL
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Cortes J, Perez-García JM, Llombart-Cussac A, Curigliano G, El Saghir NS, Cardoso F, Barrios CH, Wagle S, Roman J, Harbeck N, Eniu A, Kaufman PA, Tabernero J, García-Estévez L, Schmid P, Arribas J. Enhancing global access to cancer medicines. CA Cancer J Clin 2020; 70:105-124. [PMID: 32068901 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of death, with numbers greatly exceeding those for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, and malaria combined. Limited access to timely diagnosis, to affordable, effective treatment, and to high-quality care are just some of the factors that lead to disparities in cancer survival between countries and within countries. In this article, the authors consider various factors that prevent access to cancer medicines (particularly access to essential cancer medicines). Even if an essential cancer medicine is included on a national medicines list, cost might preclude its use, it might be prescribed or used inappropriately, weak infrastructure might prevent it being accessed by those who could benefit, or quality might not be guaranteed. Potential strategies to address the access problems are discussed, including universal health coverage for essential cancer medicines, fairer methods for pricing cancer medicines, reducing development costs, optimizing regulation, and improving reliability in the global supply chain. Optimizing schedules for cancer therapy could reduce not only costs, but also adverse events, and improve access. More and better biomarkers are required to target patients who are most likely to benefit from cancer medicines. The optimum use of cancer medicines depends on the effective delivery of several services allied to oncology (including laboratory, imaging, surgery, and radiotherapy). Investment is necessary in all aspects of cancer care, from these supportive services to technologies, and the training of health care workers and other staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cortes
- IOB Institute of Oncology, Quironsalud Group, Madrid, Spain
- IOB Institute of Oncology, Quironsalud Group, Hospital Quiron, Barcelona, Spain
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Perez-García
- IOB Institute of Oncology, Quironsalud Group, Hospital Quiron, Barcelona, Spain
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Nagi S El Saghir
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Cardoso
- Breast Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Center/Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos H Barrios
- Oncology Research Center, Hospital Sao Lucas, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Javier Roman
- Breast Unit, Gastrointestinal Tumor Unit and Lung Tumor Unit, IOB Institute of Oncology, Quironsalud Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Breast Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Josep Tabernero
- IOB Institute of Oncology, Quironsalud Group, Hospital Quiron, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Peter Schmid
- Center of Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, St. Bartholomew Breast Cancer Center, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Oncology Network (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Yesufe AA, Assefa M, Bekele A, Ergete W, Aynalem A, Wondemagegnehu T, Tausjø J, Assefa Tessema G, Kantelhardt EJ, Gansler T, Jemal A. Adequacy of Pathologic Reports of Invasive Breast Cancer From Mastectomy Specimens at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Oncology Center in Ethiopia. J Glob Oncol 2019; 4:1-12. [PMID: 30084708 PMCID: PMC6223529 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.17.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although information from pathology reports is essential to the care of individuals with cancer and to population-level cancer control, no systematic evidence exists regarding the adequacy of breast pathology reporting in Ethiopia. This study audited pathology reports of mastectomy specimens from patients evaluated at the Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Oncology Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods Mastectomy pathology reports from February 2014 through January 2016 were assessed for gross and microscopic information considered by the Breast Cancer Initiative 2.5 (BCI 2.5; formerly the Breast Health Global Initiative) guideline to be necessary for care of patients with breast cancer stratified according to basic, limited, and enhanced resource settings. Results Fewer than two thirds (61.6%) of the 417 reports we reviewed included all four of the BCI 2.5 basic pathology data elements we could evaluate with available data (tumor category, lymph node category, histologic type, and histologic grade). Only 1.0% of reports included all three pathology data elements recommended for limited resource settings (estrogen receptor status, margin status, and lymphovascular invasion). Several elements were significantly more likely to be noted in reports from nonpublic hospitals than from public hospitals. Although only three of 417 reports included checklists or templates, all three of these reports included all of the basic pathology information, and they all included at least two of the three limited pathology elements not already on the basic list. Conclusion More than one third (38.4%) of mastectomy pathology reports did not meet BCI 2.5 standards for basic resource settings. Quality measurement and improvement programs and capacity-building interventions by national pathology and oncology organizations, collaboration with medical and public health organizations in neighboring countries, adoption of synoptic reporting templates, use of electronic pathology reporting, and histotechnology and histopathology training collaborations with laboratories in high-resource regions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu A Yesufe
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mathewos Assefa
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Abebe Bekele
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Wondwossen Ergete
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Abreha Aynalem
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Johan Tausjø
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Gizachew Assefa Tessema
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Eva Johanna Kantelhardt
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ted Gansler
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Abdu A. Yesufe, Mathewos Assefa, Abebe Bekele, Wondwossen Ergete, Abreha Aynalem, and Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johan Tausjø, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway; Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle an der Saale, Germany; and Ted Gansler and Ahmedin Jemal, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
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