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de Morais TP, Barreto LS, de Souza TL, Pozzan R, Vargas DÁR, Yamamoto FY, Prodocimo MM, Neto FF, Randi MAF, Ribeiro CADO. Assessing the pollution and ecotoxicological status of the Iguaçu River, southern Brazil: A review. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 20:1280-1305. [PMID: 38037232 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of water resources available for human consumption is increasing with the continuous release of chemicals into aquatic environments and their inefficient removal in wastewater treatment. Several watersheds in Brazil, such as the Iguaçu River, are affected by multiple sources of pollution and lack information about their pollution status. The Iguaçu River basin (IRB) has great socioeconomic and environmental relevance to both the supply of water resources and its considerable hydroelectric potential, as well as for the high rate of endemism of its ichthyofauna. Also, the IRB is home to large conservation units, such as the Iguaçu National Park, recognized by UNESCO as a natural World Heritage Site. Thus, this article discusses the chemical pollution in the IRB approaching: (i) the main sources of pollution; (ii) the occurrence of inorganic and organic micropollutants; (iii) the available ecotoxicological data; and (iv) the socioeconomic impacts in three regions of the upper, middle, and lower IRB. Different studies have reported relevant levels of emerging contaminants, persistent organic pollutants, toxic metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons detected in the water and sediment samples, especially in the upper IRB region, associated with domestic and industrial effluents. Additionally, significant concentrations of pesticides and toxic metals were also detected in the lower IRB, revealing that agricultural practices are also relevant sources of chemicals for this watershed. More recently, studies indicated an association between fish pathologies and the detection of micropollutants in the water and sediments in the IRB. The identification of the main sources of pollutants, associated with the distribution of hazardous chemicals in the IRB, and their potential effects on the biota, as described in this review, represent an important strategy to support water management by public authorities for reducing risks to the local endemic biodiversity and exposed human populations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1280-1305. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roberta Pozzan
- Cell Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Yoshie Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bonilla-Caballero MA, Lozano-Puentes MP, Ospina MA, Varón-López M. First report of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Infantis in broiler litter in Tolima, Colombia. Vet World 2022; 15:1557-1565. [PMID: 35993060 PMCID: PMC9375208 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1557-1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella has been identified as one of the most widely distributed zoonotic pathogens in broiler litter. Multidrug-resistant strains have been isolated from salmonellosis outbreaks, compromising the success of their treatment. This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. serovars in healthy broiler litter in Tolima (Colombia), determine their resistance to different antimicrobials, and detect genes associated with b-lactam resistance that could be useful to control Salmonella spp. in poultry. Materials and Methods: In total, 45 broiler litter samples were collected. Salmonella spp. was isolated and identified using selective and differential culture media and biochemical tests. Molecular confirmation of the pathogen was performed with the invA gene and serotyping by Kauffman–White scheme. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 antibiotics was determined by Kirby–Bauer method. In cefotaxime-resistant strains, blaCTX-M-F, blaCTX-M-1, blaCMY, and blaTEM genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: In total, 817 presumptive strains were obtained from xylose lysine deoxycholate and SalmonellaShigella agars and subcultured on xylose-lysine-tergitol 4 and MacConkey agars, from which 150 strains were isolated; 29 of these strains were presumptive for Salmonella spp. after performing biochemical tests and 16 were confirmed by PCR as Salmonella Infantis (15) and Gallinarum (1). All strains were found to be multiresistant to antibiotics, showing three different profiles and isolates resistant to cefotaxime, and the blaCTX-M gene was detected. Conclusion: This is the first study to isolate S. Infantis from broiler litter in Colombia. All isolates exhibited resistance to the evaluated antimicrobials, suggesting the misuse of antimicrobials in small- and medium-sized poultry farms. The presence of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is a public health problem. Thus, regular monitoring of poultry litter is recommended, as these bacteria can be transmitted to humans through animal products or contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A. Bonilla-Caballero
- Department of Biology, Research Group on Plant and Microbial Biotechnology - GEBIUT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tolima, PO Box 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - María P. Lozano-Puentes
- Department of Biology, Research Group on Plant and Microbial Biotechnology - GEBIUT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tolima, PO Box 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - María A. Ospina
- Department of Biology, Research Group on Plant and Microbial Biotechnology - GEBIUT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tolima, PO Box 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Maryeimy Varón-López
- Department of Biology, Research Group on Plant and Microbial Biotechnology - GEBIUT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tolima, PO Box 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
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Nguyen TK, Nguyen LT, Chau TTH, Nguyen TT, Tran BN, Taniguchi T, Hayashidani H, Ly KTL. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry and its environment in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Vet World 2021; 14:3216-3223. [PMID: 35153415 PMCID: PMC8829407 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3216-3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella is one of the leading causes of zoonotic and foodborne infectious outbreaks in humans and poultry and its associated environment is a potential reservoir of Salmonella. In recent years, the antibiotic resistance of bacteria, including Salmonella, has been increasing. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry, its environment, and the pest animals found at poultry farms and households of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Materials and Methods: A total of 3,055 samples were collected from the broiler farms and households of the Mekong Delta from 2017 to 2020. Salmonella was isolated using conventional methods (culturing on selective agar – BPLS and biochemical test) and the isolates were examined for antibiotic resistance against 14 antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. Results: Salmonella was isolated from 181 samples (5.92%), which included chicken feces (7.67%), pest animals (5.98%), and environmental samples (4.33%). The environmental samples comprised bedding (5.88%), feed (5.48%), and drinking water (0.70%). The prevalence of Salmonella was the highest in rats (15.63%) and geckos (12.25%) followed by ants (2.83%) and cockroaches (2.44%); however, Salmonella was not isolated from any fly species. Most of the isolates exhibited resistance to 1-9 antibiotics. The isolates were relatively resistant to chloramphenicol (62.98%), tetracycline (55.80%), ampicillin (54.14%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (53.04%). Sixty-two multiple resistance patterns were found in the isolates, with ampicillin-cefuroxime-chloramphenicol-tetracycline- sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim being the most frequent (7.18%). Conclusion: The chickens, husbandry environment, and pest animals at poultry farms and households were found to be important Salmonella sources in the Mekong Delta. Salmonella isolates from these sources also exhibited a wide-ranging resistance to antibiotics as well as several resistance patterns. Hence, biosecurity should be addressed in poultry farms and households to prevent cross-contamination and reduce the spread of Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan K. Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Lam T. Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Trang T. H. Chau
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Tam T. Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Bich N. Tran
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Takahide Taniguchi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashidani
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Khai T. L. Ly
- Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
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Perin AP, Martins BTF, Barreiros MAB, Yamatogi RS, Nero LA, Dos Santos Bersot L. Occurrence, quantification, pulse types, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella sp. isolated from chicken meat in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:335-345. [PMID: 31782062 PMCID: PMC7058779 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to verify the occurrence, quantification, pulse types, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Salmonella sp. isolated from chicken meat produced and marketed in the state of Paraná, considered to be the state with the highest production of poultry meat in Brazil. Ninety-five of 300 (31.5%) frozen cuts of chicken were found to contain Salmonella sp., and 98 different isolates of Salmonella sp. were cultured from the positive samples. Quantification showed low Salmonella sp. loading, ranging from 0.12 to 6.4 MPN/g. The antimicrobial resistance test was performed against 16 agents from 6 different classes. All isolates were sensitive to meropenem, imipenem, chloramphenicol, and amikacin. The highest resistance rates were observed for nalidixic acid (95%), tetracycline (94%), doxycycline (94%), ampicillin (87%), amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (84%), ceftriaxone (79%), and ciprofloxacin (76%). A total of 84 (85.7%) of the isolates were identified with a multidrug resistant profile, 13 of which were found to have encoding genes extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), especially blaCTX-M-2 e blaTEM-1. The major serovars identified were S. Typhimurium (43%) and S. Heidelberg (39%). The third most isolated serovar was S. Ndolo (6%), without previous reports of its presence in poultry meat in Brazil. Molecular characterization of S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg isolates by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed a clonal relationship between all isolates of the same serovar (genetic similarity greater than 80%). Isolates of S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg with 100% similarity were found in up to five different geographic regions of the state, showing the potential for the spread of this pathogen in the Paraná poultry chain. Epidemiological surveys like this are important to understand the dynamics of dissemination and to monitor the prevalence of pathogens in the final products of poultry chains. In addition, to know the resistance profile of strains of Salmonella sp. present in food that contributes to the adoption of faster and more effective therapeutic measures, when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Perin
- Department of Veterinary Science, Palotina Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Palotina, Paraná, 85950-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Department of Veterinary Science, Palotina Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Palotina, Paraná, 85950-000, Brazil.
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Waghamare RN, Paturkar AM, Vaidya VM, Zende RJ, Dubal ZN, Dwivedi A, Gaikwad RV. Phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance profile of Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry farm and processing units located in and around Mumbai city, India. Vet World 2018; 11:1682-1688. [PMID: 30774258 PMCID: PMC6362326 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1682-1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The extensive use of antimicrobials in poultry has led to an increase in bacterial multidrug resistance, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella is a global problem. This study was performed to detect antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serovars in poultry farming and processing environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 956 various samples, comprising 432 farm origin, 324 poultry processing stage wise and environmental, and 154 product processing stages and environmental samples, were collected from poultry farms and processing units located in and around Mumbai city. Of a total of 71 recovered isolates, 42 randomly selected Salmonella isolates were subjected for antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method and serotyping. A total of 31 serotypically confirmed isolates were characterized for the presence of tetA, tetB, bla TEM, and CTX-M gene. RESULTS Higher resistance was recorded against Doxycycline (100%), followed by Oxytetracycline (97.62%), Neomycin (88.10%), Erythromycin (83.33%), Tetracycline (78.57%), and Ceftizoxime (35.71%). Resistance from 0.00 to 26.19 percent was found to antimicrobials, namely Norfloxacin (26.19%), Ampicillin (21.43%), Azithromycin (21.43%), Ciprofloxacin (19.05%), Colistin (4.76%), Streptomycin (16.67%), Cefotaxime (14.19%), Enrofloxacin (14.29%), Amoxyclav (14.29%), Gentamicin (7.14%), Chloramphenicol (4.76%), Amikacin (4.76%), and Ceftazidime (0.0%). Results demonstrate that the Salmonella Virchow dominated and all serotypes were found to carry Tetracycline resistance gene tetA, 5 isolates were found to be positive for blaTEM , whereas none of the isolates were carrying tetB and CTX-M gene. CONCLUSION This study revealed that there is a significant rise of Tetracycline resistance with the presence of tetA gene in Salmonella spp. which indicates selective pressure for adopting resistance against tetracycline group of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. N. Waghamare
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - A. M. Paturkar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - V. M. Vaidya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - R. J. Zende
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Z. N. Dubal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A. Dwivedi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R. V. Gaikwad
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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SOUZA JGDLD, TOLEDO AG, SANTANA CB, SANTOS CVD, MALLMANN AP, SILVA JPBD, PINTO FGDS. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil and leaf extracts of Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam. against serotypes of Salmonella. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402017000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The present study aimed to identify and quantify the components of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum caribaeum and to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of different plant extracts and the essential oil of this plant against different serotypes of Salmonella enterica, which is of greater occurrence and isolated in the western region of Paraná, Brazil. The extraction of the essential oil was performed using Clevenger apparatus and the chemical composition was determined by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The extracts were obtained through different solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and distilled water). The antibacterial activity was carried out according to the broth microdilution technique. The GC-MS analysis resulted in the identification of 15 main components, all terpenes, representing 63.88% of the total essential oil. The major compounds identified were Germacrene-D (20.77%), a-Panasinsene (14.40 %) and b-Selinene (11.68 %). The essential oil presented antibacterial activity against 5 serotypes of Salmonella enterica, with MIC and MBC ranging from 7000 to 437 μg.mL-1. While MIC and MBC from the range from 200 to 25 mg.mL-1, being effective to most serotypes of S. enterica, with the exception of the aqueous extract. The results suggest that the essential oil and leaf extracts of Z. caribaeum represent an alternative for the control of S. enterica in the poultry sector, in this way reflecting a new perspective for studies with natural products.
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Voss-Rech D, Potter L, Vaz CSL, Pereira DIB, Sangioni LA, Vargas ÁC, de Avila Botton S. Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolated from Human and Poultry-Related Samples in Brazil: 20-Year Meta-Analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 14:116-124. [PMID: 27922763 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella are one of the leading causes of foodborne diseases in the world. As poultry products are recognized as main sources of human salmonellosis, nontyphoidal Salmonella control has become a global issue for the poultry industry. The increasing antimicrobial resistance in poultry-related nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars is a global matter of concern. By monitoring the evolution of antimicrobial resistance, alternative treatments can be identified and possible restrictions in the treatment of systemic human salmonellosis foreseen. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the profile and temporal evolution of the antimicrobial resistance of nontyphoidal Salmonella of poultry and human origin in Brazil, isolated in the period from 1995 to 2014. Four databases were researched; twenty-nine articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. In the nontyphoidal isolates of poultry origin, the highest levels of antimicrobial resistance were verified for sulfonamides (44.3%), nalidixic acid (42.5%), and tetracycline (35.5%). In the human-origin isolates, the resistance occurred mainly for sulfonamides (46.4%), tetracycline (36.9%), and ampicillin (23.6%). Twenty-two articles described results of antimicrobial resistance specifically for Salmonella Enteritidis, also enabling the individual meta-analysis of this serovar. For most antimicrobials, the resistance levels of Salmonella Enteritidis were lower than those found when considering all the nontyphoidal serovars. In the poultry-origin isolates, a quadratic temporal distribution was observed, with reduced resistance to streptomycin in Salmonella Enteritidis and in all nontyphoidal serovars, and a linear increase of resistance to nalidixic acid in Salmonella Enteritidis. In the human-origin isolates, a linear increase was identified in the resistance to nalidixic acid in Salmonella Enteritidis and in all the nontyphoidal isolates, and to gentamicin in Salmonella Enteritidis. Continuous monitoring of the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance could support the measurement of the consequences on poultry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Voss-Rech
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Brazil .,2 Laboratório de Sanidade e Genética Animal , Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concordia, Brazil
| | - Luciana Potter
- 3 Departamento de Zootecnia, CCR , UFSM, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- 4 Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) , Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luís Antonio Sangioni
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Águeda Castagna Vargas
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria, Brazil
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SCUR MC, PINTO FGDS, DE BONA EDAM, WEBER LD, FRUET TK, SORESINI GCG. Atividade de desinfetantes frente a sorotipos de Salmonella isolados de granjas avícolas. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402016000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a eficácia de desinfetantes comumente utilizados e biodegradáveis na sanitização de aviários frente a sorotipos de Salmonella spp. isolados de granjas de aves no Estado do Paraná, Brasil.Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando o tempo de contato de 20 minutos e os desinfetantes testados emtrês concentrações:a recomendada pelo fabricante,metade da concentração recomendada e o dobro da mesma,bem como na presença e ausência de matéria orgânica. Em geral, todos os desinfetantes foram capazes de causar a redução significativa nas contagens dos micro-organismos em relação ao grupo controle. Na ausência de matéria orgânica, os desinfetantes a base de ácidos orgânicos apresentaram os melhores resultados frente ao sorotipo S. Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum, e os desinfetantes a base de glutaraldeído e hipoclorito de sódio frente aos sorotipos S. Typhimurium e S. Intantis. Na presença de matéria orgânica, como comumente se encontra o ambiente avícola, pôde-se observar que todos os desinfetantes apresentaram sua eficácia diminuída, sendo o a base de ácidos orgânicos o que apresentou as menores contagens de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). O desinfetante a base de ácidos orgânicos mostrou-se uma potencial alternativa de uso na avicultura, pela eficácia no controle dos sorotipos de Salmonella isoladas de granjas avícolas.
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