1
|
Frederick JW, Kim J, Yoo DB. Asian Male Blepharoplasty and Rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2024; 32:369-381. [PMID: 38936994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The authors present the contemporary landscape for males seeking Asian blepharoplasty and Asian rhinoplasty, with special emphasis on the unique anatomical and aesthetic considerations for this patient population. The authors highlight the latest techniques used to achieve superlative results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Frederick
- Department of Facial Plastic Surgery, Nassif Plastic Surgery, 120 South Spalding Drive Suite 301, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA
| | - Jae Kim
- Department of Facial Plastic Surgery, 10721 Main Street Suite 205, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Donald B Yoo
- Department of Facial Plastic Surgery, HALO Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery & Med Spa, 433 North Camden Drive Suite 970, Beverly Hills, CA 90210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Mao R, Xiao M, Zhu W, Liu Y, Xiao H. Facial Rejuvenation: A Global Trend of Dermatological Procedures in the Last Decade. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5801. [PMID: 38841523 PMCID: PMC11150033 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Background We aimed to track the global trend of cosmetic treatment outcomes for facial rejuvenation and the differences in modalities used in East Asian and Western populations. Methods Articles reporting on facial rejuvenation procedures (invasive/noninvasive) were identified in PubMed from 2013 to March 2023 and bibliometrically analyzed for type of published document, citation frequency, authors with most articles, author's affiliation, and frequency distribution of keywords. Results From 553 articles, most were published in 2021 (n = 86, 15.6%). Western countries (n = 323, 58.4%) contributed more than East Asian (n = 230, 41.6%), with more invasive interventions (n = 355, 64.2%) than noninvasive techniques (n = 198, 35.8%). Numbers of invasive techniques in West versus East Asian countries were 225 (40.7%) versus 135 (24.4%). Main indications were the reduction of facial wrinkles and antiageing treatments. Hyaluronic acid, fillers, and botulinum toxin were the main hotspots for invasive treatments, whereas laser, platelet-rich plasma, and radiofrequency were for noninvasive treatments. Nasolabial folds (13.4%) and glabellar lines (12.4%) were the top research hotspots in the East Asian and Western regions. Common adverse events were pain, erythema, swelling, and bruising. Approximately, 89.3% of publications were from single countries, whereas 10.7% of publications were from international collaborations. Most articles (n = 387; 69.95%) presented their findings using level II evidence. Dermatological surgery (IF = 2.914) had the greatest number of publications (n = 109; 19.71%). Conclusions The main hotspots were antiaging and youthfulness. This study provides a trend and a new perspective on the future research directions in the field of facial rejuvenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China
| | - Rui Mao
- The School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, China
| | - Minqin Xiao
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China
| | - Weidong Zhu
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China
| | - Yang Liu
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rahman E, Webb WR, Rao P, Yu N, Garcia PE, Ioannidis S, Sayed K, Philipp-Dormston WG, Carruthers JDA, Mosahebi A. A Systematic Review on the Reinforcement Loop in Aesthetic Medicine and Surgery: The Interplay of Social Media, Self-Perception, and Repeat Procedures. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04016-y. [PMID: 38724639 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review delves into the impact of social media on self-perception and the escalating interest in clinical aesthetic procedures, proposing that social media significantly influences beauty standards and increases demand for aesthetic enhancements. METHOD Following PRISMA guidelines, a mixed-method analysis of 34 articles was conducted, sourced from various databases, focusing on social media's psychological effects on clinical aesthetics decisions. The studies encompassed a broad spectrum, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodologies, reflecting diverse geographical and cultural perspectives. RESULTS The quantitative analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between social media usage and the consideration of aesthetic procedures (r=0.45, p<0.001), indicating a significant impact. Specific findings included a large effect size (Cohen's d=0.8) for the relationship between time spent on social media and the desire for aesthetic enhancements. Individuals spending more than 3 hours per day on social media platforms were twice as likely to consider aesthetic procedures compared to those with less usage, with a 95% confidence interval indicating robustness in these findings. CONCLUSION Confirming the reinforcing effect of social media on aesthetic decision-making, this study highlights the complex interplay between digital media exposure, altered self-perception, and the increased inclination towards aesthetic procedures. It suggests a critical need for practitioners to carefully navigate the digital influence on patient's desires, reinforcing the significance of understanding psychological motivations and societal pressures in clinical aesthetics. This comprehensive analysis offers pivotal insights for clinical practice and ongoing research into social media's role in contemporary beauty standards. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eqram Rahman
- Research and Innovation Hub, Innovation Aesthetics, London, WC2H 9JQ, UK.
| | | | - Parinitha Rao
- The Skin Address, Aesthetic Dermatology Practice, Bangalore, India
| | - Nanze Yu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Karim Sayed
- Nomi Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- University of Southeast Norway, Notodden, Norway
| | | | - Jean DA Carruthers
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mologousis MA, Tsai SYC, Tissera KA, Levin YS, Hawryluk EB. Updates in the Management of Congenital Melanocytic Nevi. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:62. [PMID: 38255375 PMCID: PMC10814732 DOI: 10.3390/children11010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) carry an increased risk of melanoma and may be disfiguring, and consensus regarding treatment recommendations is lacking. While clinical monitoring is the standard of care, many caregivers are interested in its removal to prevent psychosocial burden or to decrease risk. Although melanoma can occur regardless of CMN removal, there are a variety of treatments that may offer improved cosmesis or local symptom control, including surgical excision, laser therapy, and other superficially destructive techniques. Regardless of the selected management, these patients are monitored for ongoing melanoma risk. An extensive discussion with families regarding the risks and benefits of observation versus active intervention is essential. To facilitate these discussions, we herein summarize current CMN management strategies and considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia A. Mologousis
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Dermatology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Serena Yun-Chen Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristin A. Tissera
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yakir S. Levin
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Elena B. Hawryluk
- Dermatology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park JKH, Baek S, Heo CY, Jeong JH, Myung Y. A Novel, Deep Learning-Based, Automatic Photometric Analysis Software for Breast Aesthetic Scoring. Arch Plast Surg 2024; 51:30-35. [PMID: 38425860 PMCID: PMC10901594 DOI: 10.1055/a-2190-5781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Breast aesthetics evaluation often relies on subjective assessments, leading to the need for objective, automated tools. We developed the Seoul Breast Esthetic Scoring Tool (S-BEST), a photometric analysis software that utilizes a DenseNet-264 deep learning model to automatically evaluate breast landmarks and asymmetry indices. Methods S-BEST was trained on a dataset of frontal breast photographs annotated with 30 specific landmarks, divided into an 80-20 training-validation split. The software requires the distances of sternal notch to nipple or nipple-to-nipple as input and performs image preprocessing steps, including ratio correction and 8-bit normalization. Breast asymmetry indices and centimeter-based measurements are provided as the output. The accuracy of S-BEST was validated using a paired t -test and Bland-Altman plots, comparing its measurements to those obtained from physical examinations of 100 females diagnosed with breast cancer. Results S-BEST demonstrated high accuracy in automatic landmark localization, with most distances showing no statistically significant difference compared with physical measurements. However, the nipple to inframammary fold distance showed a significant bias, with a coefficient of determination ranging from 0.3787 to 0.4234 for the left and right sides, respectively. Conclusion S-BEST provides a fast, reliable, and automated approach for breast aesthetic evaluation based on 2D frontal photographs. While limited by its inability to capture volumetric attributes or multiple viewpoints, it serves as an accessible tool for both clinical and research applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kyu-hyung Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchul Baek
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Heo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Jeong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Myung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang D, Huang X, Zhou Y, Gong M, Lu Y, Ni M. Cosmetic augmentation of lower-lid pretarsal roll with injection of autologous fat for Asians. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 87:46-53. [PMID: 37804647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous fat has the advantages of regeneration, rejuvenation, homology, and support. There are currently no reports indicating that injecting autologous fat enhances the fullness of the lower-lid pretarsal roll. OBJECTIVES In this retrospective, non-randomized study, the effects of injecting autologous fat to cosmetically enlarge the lower-lid pretarsal roll were evaluated by comparison of preoperative and postoperative photographs and patient satisfaction during the follow-up. METHODS First, fat tissues were manually sucked with a 20-ml syringe connected to a 2.5-mm three-hole liposuction cannula. The treated fat tissues were transferred to a 10-ml syringe and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 2 min, and then the fibrous tissues were manually removed. Finally, autologous fat was injected using a 1-ml syringe linked to a sharp needle. RESULTS Forty-seven patients who underwent surgery between 2018 and 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. Only three patients showed obvious asymmetry or uneven outlines after surgery and underwent a second fat injection. During recovery, bruising and minor contouring irregularities obviously improved after 1 or 2 weeks. Eight patients, who had severe bruising, were able to make a full recovery in more than 2 weeks. No patients experienced serious complications. All patients ultimately displayed pretarsal fullness in their lower eyelids and were satisfied with their outcomes. CONCLUSION The effects of injecting autologous fat to cosmetically enlarge the lower-lid pretarsal roll are long-lasting, esthetic, and safe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Beijing Yimei Medical Cosmetology Plastic Clinic, No. 55, DongSanHuan North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Xing Huang
- Wuhan One and Only Medical Beauty Hospital, No. 158, Minzu Avenue Time Square, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yinan Zhou
- Guangzhou Mei Lai Beauty Hospital, 222 Linhe West Heng Road, Linhe Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510630, China.
| | - Min Gong
- Beijing Yimei Medical Cosmetology Plastic Clinic, No. 55, DongSanHuan North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Yi Lu
- Beijing Yimei Medical Cosmetology Plastic Clinic, No. 55, DongSanHuan North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Ming Ni
- Beijing Yimei Medical Cosmetology Plastic Clinic, No. 55, DongSanHuan North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dossan A, Doskaliyev A, Dzhumabekov A, Nuspekova D. Patient Satisfaction and Scar Quality Following Upper Blepharoplasty Using a Simplified Preoperative Marking Technique. PLASTIC AND AESTHETIC NURSING 2023; 43:131-135. [PMID: 37389628 DOI: 10.1097/psn.0000000000000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the most popular plastic surgical interventions both abroad and in Kazakhstan is blepharoplasty. Plastic surgeons continue to debate various methods for performing this operation; however, some of the methods used by plastic surgeons for preoperative marking of the upper eyelid skin may not be suited to the type of incision that should be used on the eyelids of individuals from Kazakhstan. For this reason, the surgery may not achieve the desired results. We conducted a study of patients from Kazakhstan who underwent upper blepharoplasty using a simplified technique for eyelid marking that we developed at our plastic surgery center. We used the Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Questionnaire (PROM-Q) to measure patient satisfaction and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) to measure scar quality. The results of our study showed that the majority of patients who underwent upper blepharoplasty performed by surgeons using our method of preoperative marking were extremely satisfied with the effect. The patients noted rapid tissue repair and minimal scarring. We concluded that the use of a simplified marking technique can significantly help aesthetic surgeons performing upper blepharoplasty by reducing the risk for negative postoperative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aina Dossan
- Aina Dossan, PhD, is a plastic surgeon at the Department of Epidemiology, Evidence-Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Aidos Doskaliyev, PhD, is a neurosurgeon at the National Centre for Neurosurgery, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Auyeskhan Dzhumabekov, MD, is the vice-rector for clinical work at the Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Dinara Nuspekova, PhD, is a proctologist at the Department of Epidemiology, Evidence-Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Aidos Doskaliyev
- Aina Dossan, PhD, is a plastic surgeon at the Department of Epidemiology, Evidence-Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Aidos Doskaliyev, PhD, is a neurosurgeon at the National Centre for Neurosurgery, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Auyeskhan Dzhumabekov, MD, is the vice-rector for clinical work at the Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Dinara Nuspekova, PhD, is a proctologist at the Department of Epidemiology, Evidence-Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Auyeskhan Dzhumabekov
- Aina Dossan, PhD, is a plastic surgeon at the Department of Epidemiology, Evidence-Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Aidos Doskaliyev, PhD, is a neurosurgeon at the National Centre for Neurosurgery, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Auyeskhan Dzhumabekov, MD, is the vice-rector for clinical work at the Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Dinara Nuspekova, PhD, is a proctologist at the Department of Epidemiology, Evidence-Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara Nuspekova
- Aina Dossan, PhD, is a plastic surgeon at the Department of Epidemiology, Evidence-Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Aidos Doskaliyev, PhD, is a neurosurgeon at the National Centre for Neurosurgery, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Auyeskhan Dzhumabekov, MD, is the vice-rector for clinical work at the Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Dinara Nuspekova, PhD, is a proctologist at the Department of Epidemiology, Evidence-Based Medicine and Biostatistics, Kazakhstan Medical University "Higher School of Public Health," Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arian H, Alroudan D, Alkandari Q, Shuaib A. Cosmetic Surgery and the Diversity of Cultural and Ethnic Perceptions of Facial, Breast, and Gluteal Aesthetics in Women: A Comprehensive Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1443-1456. [PMID: 37313510 PMCID: PMC10258039 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s410621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of people are opting for cosmetic surgeries. For many years, the physical and aesthetic appearance of Caucasians has been considered to be ideal. However, it is now commonly acknowledged that attractiveness and aesthetic standards vary among cultural backgrounds and ethnic groups and that Western attractiveness criteria no longer apply to all. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive review of studies that examined cultural and ethnic variations in preferences for facial, breast, and gluteal aesthetics, as well as reviewed studies that investigated ethnic disparities in attitudes and motivations for cosmetic surgery. A total of 4532 references were identified, 66 of which met the inclusion criteria. Several studies have reported that facial golden ratios are invalid for representing perceived attractiveness standards among different ethnicities. The majority of studies also indicated that facial aesthetic interventions should not aim to Westernize but to optimize ethnic traits. Significant ethnic differences in preferences for upper- and lower-pole breast proportions have been reported. The size of the buttocks and waist-to-hip ratio were identified as the main factors of buttock aesthetics, with buttock size preferences having a high ethnic diversity. Interest in cosmetic surgical procedures while maintaining ethnic identity continues to grow among young women worldwide. This comprehensive review strongly suggests that accommodating cultural and ethnic differences in aesthetic standards in cosmetic surgery planning can lead to more acceptable cosmetic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Husain Arian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Jahra Hospital, Al-Jahra, 40206, Kuwait
| | - Dhari Alroudan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Jahra Hospital, Al-Jahra, 40206, Kuwait
| | | | - Ali Shuaib
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, 13110, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Teresa A. Direct and Indirect Roles of Men in Determining Women Decision to Use Laser Procedures for Skin Care. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:617-633. [PMID: 36936751 PMCID: PMC10019343 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s398685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Laser procedures for skin care is becoming increasingly popular and used by the global community and affect many aspects of human life. However, there is very little research on the role of men in women's decision to follow this dermatological procedure. This study aimed to identify the role of men in motivating women to choose laser-based procedure. A systematic literature review research design was applied in this study. A total of 27 papers were obtained by searching PubMed Central for the 2013-2022 editions. The extraction of samples and the motivation of patients or research respondents in choosing laser procedures for cosmetic treatments were conducted to obtain clues about the role of men in making these decisions. Only six studies explicitly reveal the role of men as motivators of women to perform laser-based dermatological procedures. Four of these six studies were conducted in Asia in countries with a high degree of collectivism. The remaining two studies reveal a minor role for men in women's motivation to choose dermatological procedures. Other studies only indirectly implicate the role of men through intrasexual competition, increased self-esteem, and the needs of the world of work. Limitations of the study lies in the non-specificity of the study sample in the female population, laser-based treatments, and the role of men in motivating women. The role of men in motivating women to perform laser-based skin care procedures is stated explicitly in collectivist cultures while only implicitly in individualist cultures. These findings indicate that the strategy of utilizing the added value of men to laser treatment procedures should be directed at the relationship between men and women in real terms in collective cultured countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Teresa
- Medical Faculty, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Astrid Teresa, Kampus UPR, Jalan Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, 73111, Indonesia, Email
| |
Collapse
|