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Eggleston A, Sarkodie E, Rokser R. PA experiences in clinical trials. JAAPA 2024; 37:27-31. [PMID: 38980281 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000000000000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physician associate/assistant (PA) experience in clinical trials is poorly documented in medical literature. This survey aimed to describe the characteristics and experiences of PAs in clinical trial research. METHODS We performed descriptive analyses of data gathered in 2022 by the American Academy of Physician Associates and published in the organization's annual Salary Report, specifically of respondents who indicated experience in traditional and/or decentralized clinical trials. RESULTS About 73% of PAs eligible for the clinical trials survey indicated they were either involved in clinical trials or had been involved in the past and were interested in working in clinical trials in the future. PAs often serve in subinvestigator roles and perform various clinical trial tasks regardless of previous research experience. CONCLUSIONS PAs working in clinical trials demonstrated broad responsibilities and skills in the research setting. They leveraged benefits to working in clinical trials despite institutional barriers. Clinical research may fit into numerous PAs' practices and let them contribute to medical advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Eggleston
- Alice Eggleston is a clinical research investigator at AllianceChicago in Chicago, Ill. Eleanor Sarkodie is a research data analyst at the Whitman-Walker Institute in Washington, D.C. Rachel Rokser is clinical coordinator and an assistant professor in the PA program at the University of Dubuque in Dubuque, Iowa. This project was funded by an award from the AAPA-PAEA Research Fellowship. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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2
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Peralta G, Sánchez-Santiago B. Navigating the challenges of clinical trial professionals in the healthcare sector. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1400585. [PMID: 38887672 PMCID: PMC11181308 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1400585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials (CTs) are essential for medical advancements but face significant challenges, particularly in professional training and role clarity. Principal investigators, clinical research coordinators (CRCs), nurses, clinical trial pharmacists, and monitors are key players. Each faces unique challenges, such as maintaining protocol compliance, managing investigational products, and ensuring data integrity. Clinical trials' complexity and evolving nature demand specialized and ongoing training for these professionals. Addressing these challenges requires clear role delineation, continuous professional development, and supportive workplace environments to improve retention and trial outcomes. Enhanced training programs and a collaborative approach are essential for the successful conduct of clinical trials and the advancement of medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo Peralta
- Central Support Unit, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Blanca Sánchez-Santiago
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, Clinical Trials Unit, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
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3
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Dowling M, Pape E, Geese F, Van Hecke A, Bryant-Lukosius D, Cerón MC, Fernández-Ortega P, Marquez-Doren F, Ward A, Semple C, King T, Glarcher M, Drury A. Advanced Practice Nursing Titles and Roles in Cancer Care: A Scoping Review. Semin Oncol Nurs 2024; 40:151627. [PMID: 38556366 DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2024.151627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Advanced practice nursing roles in cancer care are diverse and exist across the cancer care continuum. However, the titles used and the scope of practice differ across countries. This diversity is likely to be misleading to patients and influence nurses' contribution to health care. An understanding of the current state of advanced practice nursing roles in cancer care internationally is needed to inform opportunities for future role development and enhance cancer nursing career pathways. METHODS This scoping review included a systematic search of four databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Complete. Independent screening for papers meeting the review's inclusion criteria was undertaken using online screening software. Data extraction, coding, and mapping were undertaken in NVivo 12. RESULTS Of the 13,409 records identified, 108 met the review's inclusion criteria. A variety of roles in cancer care settings were described. The United States and the United Kingdom had the most titles for advanced practice nursing roles. Tumor-specific roles were described and integrated into different phases of the cancer care continuum. Trends in continuing professional development for advanced practice nurses in cancer care included the rise in Fellowship programs in the United States and practice-based education in the United Kingdom. CONCLUSIONS The differences in advanced practice nursing roles in cancer care allow regional and institutional variation to meet the needs of patient populations and health care system demands. However, a lack of clarity surrounding titles and roles results in confusion and underutilization of these nurses' highly specialized skill sets. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Incongruence in titles and scope of practice internationally will ultimately result in a merging of roles. There is a need for international agreement on education requirements for advanced practice nursing roles to promote career pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Dowling
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Ireland.
| | - Eva Pape
- Cancer Center, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium and Ghent University Hospital, Centre for Nursing Expertise, Belgium
| | - Franziska Geese
- Department of Nursing, Clinical Practice Development and Digitalisation, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Insel Gruppe, Switzerland
| | - Ann Van Hecke
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium and Ghent University Hospital, Centre for Nursing Expertise, Belgium; Nursing Department, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Denise Bryant-Lukosius
- School of Nursing and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Consuelo Cerón
- Escuela de Enfermería, Facultad de Enfermería y Obstetricia, Universidad de los Andes-Chile
| | - Paz Fernández-Ortega
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisca Marquez-Doren
- School of Nursing, PAHO Collaborating Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and School of Nursing Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, PAHO Collaborating Center and Sigma Chapter Alfa Beta Ómicron
| | - Ashleigh Ward
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland; NHS Forth Valley, Stirling, UK
| | - Cherith Semple
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University / Cancer Services, South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Tracy King
- Cancer Care Research Unit (CCRU) Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Sydney, Australia; Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Manela Glarcher
- Institute of Nursing Science, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Amanda Drury
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Ireland
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4
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Muñoz-Villaverde S, Martínez-García M, Serrano-Oviedo L, Gómez-Romero FJ, Sobrado-Sobrado AM, Cidoncha-Moreno MÁ, Riesgo-Martín J, Pedreira-Robles G, Garcimartin P. Impact of telenurse-led intervention in clinical trials on health literacy, empowerment, and health outcomes in patients with solid tumours: a pilot quasi-experimental study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:86. [PMID: 38308260 PMCID: PMC10835870 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, decentralised clinical trials incorporated self-monitoring, self-reporting, and telenursing tools to address health literacy and health empowerment of patients enrolled in clinical trials. We aimed to determine the impact of an educational intervention using telenursing consultations on health literacy, health empowerment, and health-related quality of life in cancer patients enrolled in clinical trials by measuring the level of satisfaction with the care received and assessing the views of healthcare professionals concerning the advanced practice nurse (APN) role in oncology clinical trials. METHODS In this pilot analytical, descriptive, longitudinal, quasi-experimental, and pre-post test study, an educational intervention was conducted by 5 visits with an APN using synchronous teleconsultation in patients starting cancer treatment for the first time in a clinical trial (n = 60), and health professionals working with the APN (n = 31). A descriptive analysis of the samples and questionnaires were utilised along with statistical comparisons. RESULTS After the intervention, patients' health literacy (31.7%), health empowerment (18.3%), and health-related quality of life (33.3%) increased (p < 0.05), with a decrease and trend towards resolution of care needs (p < 0.05). Satisfaction with the quality and care received in terms of perceived convenience, transition, and continuity of care showed positive results in 64.9 ± 20.7, 77.6 ± 19.5, and 72.1 ± 20.4 of respondents, respectively. On the overall assessment of the APN role, healthcare professionals expressed a high level of agreement with the statements related to their work performance. CONCLUSIONS The data indicates that a clinical trial APN-led telenursing educational intervention results in an overall increase in health literacy, an improvement in health empowerment and health-related quality of life, and a decrease in care needs of oncology clinical trials patients. Patients stated that they received a high quality of care and health professionals indicated high levels of acceptance with APNs. Based on these results, we suggest that the APN role should gain more recognition in the Spanish healthcare system and their professional competencies should be aligned with those of other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Muñoz-Villaverde
- Oncology Clinical Trials Unit, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Research Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Casc Antic Primary Care Centre, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona Territorial Management, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Martínez-García
- Oncology Clinical Trials Unit, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Research Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia Serrano-Oviedo
- Translational Research Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Gómez-Romero
- Translational Research Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Riesgo-Martín
- Casc Antic Primary Care Centre, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona Territorial Management, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Pedreira-Robles
- ESIMar (Mar Nursing School), Universitat Pompeu Fabra Affiliated, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- SDHEd (Social Determinants and Health Education Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Garcimartin
- Nursing department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group in Nursing Care, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, CIBERCV (Carlos III Health Institute), Madrid, Spain
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Braun-Inglis CM, Dressler EV, Myers JS, Benson AB, Flannery M, Good M, Denicoff A, Berenberg JL, DeTroye AT, O'Brien B, Kottschade L, Omatsu DA, Kittel CA, Nightingale CL, Foust M, Lesser GJ. Defining the Role of the Advanced Practice Provider Within the National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program. JCO Oncol Pract 2024; 20:239-246. [PMID: 38175992 PMCID: PMC10911544 DOI: 10.1200/op.23.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncology advanced practice providers (APPs), including nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, physician assistants, and clinical pharmacists, contribute significantly to quality cancer care. Understanding the research-related roles of APPs in the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Community Oncology Research Program (NCORP) could lead to enhanced protocol development, trial conduct, and accrual. METHODS The 2022 NCORP Landscape Assessment Survey asked two questions about the utilization and roles of APPs in the NCORP. RESULTS A total of 271 practice groups completed the 2022 survey, with a response rate of 90%. Of the 259 nonpediatric exclusive practice groups analyzed in this study, 92% used APPs for clinical care activities and 73% used APPs for research activities. APPs most often provided clinical care for patients enrolled in trials (97%), followed by assistance with coordination (65%), presenting/explaining clinical trials (59%), screening patients (49%), ordering investigational drugs (37%), and consenting participants (24%). Some groups reported APPs as an enrolling investigator (18%) and/or participating in institutional oversight/selection of trials (15%). Only 5% of NCORP sites reported APPs as a site primary investigator for trials, and very few (3%) reported APPs participating in protocol development. CONCLUSION Practice groups report involving APPs in clinical research within the NCORP network; however, opportunities for growth exists. As team-based care has enhanced clinical practice in oncology, this same approach can be used to enhance successful research. Suggested strategies include supporting APP research-related time, recognition, and education. The findings of this survey and subsequent recommendations may be applied to all adult oncology practices that participate in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamie S. Myers
- University of Kansas, School of Nursing, Kansas City, KS
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol A. Kittel
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Melyssa Foust
- Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute at Pelham, Greer, SC
| | - Glenn J. Lesser
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Raybin JL, Donson A, Foreman NK, Vibhakar R, Handler MH, Liu AK. Maintaining Survival While Improving Quality of Life: An Advanced Practitioner-Led Pilot Feasibility Study to Reduce Radiation Dose in Children With Brain Tumors. J Adv Pract Oncol 2024; 15:28-35. [PMID: 39055368 PMCID: PMC11173663 DOI: 10.6004/jadpro.2024.15.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oncology advanced practitioners (APs) are on the front line in treating adverse effects. Among children with brain tumors, treatments such as craniospinal irradiation (CSI) cause neurocognitive injury, endocrinopathies, and ototoxicity. High-dose CSI with concurrent chemotherapy allows high-risk embryonal tumors (non-anaplastic) good survival (70%), but significant distressing effects are commonly treated by APs in multidisciplinary long-term follow-up. The aim of this study was to test feasibility of reducing radiation dose with an AP-led protocol. Methods An interdisciplinary team developed this pilot study with the primary outcome of fewer than two deaths in 10 patients (80% survival). Secondary outcomes were feasibility of an AP-led treatment protocol and acute/late effects of treatment. The AP held a pioneering role as principal investigator of a tumor treatment study. Exclusion criteria included age less than 3 years and anaplasia. The CSI was reduced from 36 to 24 Gy. All other treatment was standard. Results Survival rate exceeded the primary outcome threshold (88%); the accrual rate (80%) and follow-up neurocognitive testing rate (75%) were acceptable. Eight children ages 3 to 19 years (M = 8) with tumors of varied molecular subtyping were enrolled. The single death occurred 2.5 years from diagnosis of multiorgan failure (without evidence of tumor). The mean survival is 11 years, with two college and one graduate degrees. Acute and late effects were decreased compared with the higher-dose CSI. Conclusion APs who treat cancer adverse effects can also conduct clinical prospective studies to maintain survival rates and improve quality-of life-outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Raybin
- From Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew Donson
- From Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nicholas K. Foreman
- From Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- From Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael H. Handler
- From Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Arthur K. Liu
- Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Hopkins JO, Braun-Inglis C, Guidice S, Wells M, Moorthi K, Berenberg J, St. Germain D, Mohile S, Hudson MF. Enrolling Older Adults Onto National Cancer Institute-Funded Clinical Trials in Community Oncology Clinics: Barriers and Solutions. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2022; 2022:117-124. [PMID: 36519815 PMCID: PMC9753219 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In April 2021, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Division of Cancer Prevention collaborated with the NCI Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis to produce a virtual workshop that developed recommendations for enhancing NCI-sponsored clinical trial accrual of older adults. Prior to the workshop, a multidisciplinary group of stakeholders (eg, community oncologists, advanced practice practitioners, clinic and research staff, and patient advocates) gathered information related to accrual of older adults to clinical trials from the literature. Subsequently, a survey was conducted to detail NCI Community Oncology Research Program members' perspective on accrual barriers for this population; 305 individuals responded to the survey. Barriers to clinical trial accruals included comorbidity-attributed trial ineligibility, transportation and time issues, concern that the proposed regimen is too toxic for older adults, patient or family caregiver declined participation, and lack of trials relevant to older patients. Identified solutions included broadening clinical trial inclusion criteria, increasing the number of clinical trials specifically designed for older adults, simplifying consent forms, improving recruitment materials for older adults and their families, and facilitating transportation vouchers. At the workshop, participants, including stakeholders, used prior literature and survey results to develop recommendations, including interventions to address clinician bias, implement geriatric assessment, and promote clinician and staff engagement as mechanisms to improve accrual of older adults to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith O Hopkins
- Novant Health Cancer Institute/SCOR National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program (NCORP), Kernersville, NC, USA
| | - Christa Braun-Inglis
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center/Hawaii Minority/Underserved NCORP, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sofia Guidice
- University of Rochester Cancer Center (URCC) NCORP Research Base, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Meg Wells
- University of Rochester Cancer Center (URCC) NCORP Research Base, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kiran Moorthi
- University of Rochester Cancer Center (URCC) NCORP Research Base, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Berenberg
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center/Hawaii Minority/Underserved NCORP, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Diane St. Germain
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Supriya Mohile
- Correspondence to: Supriya G. Mohile, MD, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 704, Rochester, NY 14642, USA (e-mail: )
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BrintzenhofeSzoc K, Canin B, Casas-Silva E, Denicoff A, Braun-Inglis C, Okado I, Bakos A. Through the Lens of Patient Partners: Challenges in Accrual of Older Adults to NCI Clinical Trials. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2022; 2022:125-134. [PMID: 36519817 PMCID: PMC9949584 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The workshop "Engaging Older Adults in Cancer Clinical Trials Conducted in the NCI Clinical Trials Network: Challenges and Opportunities" included a Patient Stakeholder Workgroup that explored the needs and concerns of older adults with cancer regarding clinical trials. To accomplish this, the workgroup conducted patient focus groups in which participants were interviewed, recorded conversations were analyzed and coded, and salient themes were identified. The focus groups identified general barriers to accrual such as complex consent forms, general communication, restrictive eligibility, nonreferrals, patient costs, cultural insensitivity, limited accessibility in community settings, and transportation issues. They also identified the influence of knowledgeable information presenters, improved care, family or caregiver support, and the desire to help others as drivers or reasons to participate in clinical trials. The workshop concluded that multi-level interventions could be used to increase the accrual of older adults to National Cancer Institute clinical trials as well as others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlynn BrintzenhofeSzoc
- Correspondence to: Karlynn BrintzenhofeSzoc, PhD, MSW, FAOSW, University of Louisville, 2301 S. 3rd St, Louisville, KY 40292, USA (e-mail: )
| | - Beverly Canin
- SCOREboard Patient Advocate Board, The Cancer and Aging Research Group, USA
| | - Esmeralda Casas-Silva
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, Informatics and Data Science Program, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Denicoff
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Cancer Therapy and Evaluation Program, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Christa Braun-Inglis
- Clinical Faculty, UH Nancy Atmospera-Walch School of Nursing, University of Hawaii Cancer Center/Hawaii M/U NCORP, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Izumi Okado
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alexis Bakos
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Community Oncology and Prevention Trials Research Group, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Braun-Inglis C, Williams EL, Macchiaroli A, Denicoff A, Gerber DE. Better Late Than Never: Fully Incorporating Oncology Advanced Practice Providers Into Cancer Clinical Trials. JCO Oncol Pract 2022; 18:729-732. [PMID: 35960907 PMCID: PMC9653202 DOI: 10.1200/op.22.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christa Braun-Inglis
- University of Hawaii School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Erin L. Williams
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Alyssa Macchiaroli
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Andrea Denicoff
- Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - David E. Gerber
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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