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Hoffman LC, Pretorius K, Gouws PA, Marais J, Needham T. Muscle yields and physical meat quality characteristics of hot- vs. cold-deboned ostrich (Struthio camelus) meat. Meat Sci 2022; 187:108770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brand TS, Kritzinger WJ, Jordaan L, Hoffman LC. The effect of varying dietary nutrient densities on the relative growth of ostrich body components. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2020; 91:e1-e6. [PMID: 32896135 PMCID: PMC7479361 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v91i0.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of varying dietary protein and energy levels on the relative growth of body components of ostriches was evaluated over a 244-day growth period. One hundred twenty 1-day-old ostrich chicks were randomly assigned to 15 pens. Three varying energy regimes (high, medium and low) and five protein levels (1-5) were supplied ad libitum to each pen. A randomly selected bird from each pen was slaughtered at 1, 35, 63, 103, 159, 168 and 244 days of age. Each bird was weighed, stunned, exsanguinated, defeathered and eviscerated. Individual body components were dissected and weighed at every slaughter age. Proximate analysis was performed on these components, which were ground with the remainder of the carcass, excluding gut content, but including blood and feathers. Based on the analysis of ostrich feathers and the known mass of the feathers, the protein mass contribution of the feathers was deducted from the protein accretion of the bird. All the data were transformed to natural logarithms and regressed against the featherless body protein growth. Intercepts and slopes were compared to determine differences in growth rate ascribed to nutrient densities. Neither dietary energy nor dietary protein level had a significant effect on the relative growth of the measured components in this study. Allometric coefficients were established, which could be helpful to improve the accuracy of simulation modelling attempts for ostrich nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tertius S Brand
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; and, Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg.
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Seyfori H, Ghasemi HA, Hajkhodadadi I, Hafizi M. Effects of water supplementation of an organic acid-trace mineral complex on production and slaughter parameters, intestinal histomorphology, and macronutrient digestibility in growing ostriches. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4860-4867. [PMID: 30995297 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of water supplementation of organic acid-chelated trace minerals (OTM) on production traits, carcass characteristics, intestinal histomorphology, and nutrient digestibility in African ostrich chicks from 8 to 12 mo of age. A total of 20 growing ostriches, with almost similar body weight (73.4 to 75.8 kg), were individually distributed in outdoor paddocks of ≈ 24 m2 and were randomly allocated into 1 of the following 4 treatments: (1) control/basal diet, (2) low OTM (basal diet + 100 mg/bird/day OTM powder in water), (3) medium OTM (basal diet + 1 g/bird/day OTM powder in water), and (4) high OTM (basal diet + 2 g/bird/day OTM powder in water). The body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were greater (P < 0.05) in ostriches receiving medium-OTM treatment compared to control during the overall phase of the experiment. Although whole carcass yield, the yield of parts, and the relative weights of internal organs were not affected by experimental treatments, supplementation of higher amounts of OTM (medium- and high-OTM) resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the subcutaneous and abdominal fat contents. Medium- and high-OTM treatments increased (P < 0.05) the villus height/crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum compared with control and low-OTM treatments. Moreover, ostriches receiving the medium-OTM had also higher total tract apparent digestibility of energy (P = 0.048), ether extract (P = 0.050), crude fiber (P = 0.063), and higher AMEn (P = 0.094) than the control group. Overall, supplementation of OTM at the level of 1 g/bird/day to the drinking water of growing ostriches fed diets containing the recommended levels of inorganic trace minerals could beneficially affect productive performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Seyfori
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Ghasemi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Iman Hajkhodadadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Maryam Hafizi
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran 14159-4-4341, Iran
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Chang YS, Hsu MJ, Chou RGR. Postmortem role of calpain-11 in ostrich skeletal muscle. Meat Sci 2018; 143:147-152. [PMID: 29751221 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The postmortem calpain-11 role in ostrich muscle was investigated. Pairs of ostrich muscle (Iliotibialis cranialis) were excised from 32 ostrich carcasses in 3-h postmortem and randomly assigned into four treatments. The muscle was cut into 2.5-cm thick meat cores. The cores were incubated in 30 mM CaCl2, 30 mM EDTA, 90 mM NaCl, or control. The cores from the left-side carcasses were sampled after 0, 1, 2, and 3 days of incubation at 5 °C, while the right-side meat cores were taken at 1-day and 3-day incubation for shear force measurements. The results showed that the decrease in unautolyzed and total activities of calpain-11, desmin content and shear force was more rapid in CaCl2-incubated samples than in control, NaCl- and EDTA-incubated samples. Thus, present results suggest that in the absence of calpain-1, calpain-11 with an extensive activation by adding exogenous Ca2+ could enhance the postmortem proteolysis and tenderization of ostrich muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Shiou Chang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Man-Jung Hsu
- Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Ghi R Chou
- Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
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Wójcik A, Pomianowski J, Mituniewicz T, Sowińska J, Witkowska D. The quality of the meat of ostriches transported
over various distances. ROCZNIKI NAUKOWE POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA ZOOTECHNICZNEGO 2016. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.6963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of different transport distances from the farm to the slaughterhouse in summer on the quality of ostrich meat. The experimental materials were 110 ostriches aged 10-12 months, raised on four Polish farms. The study showed that increasing the transport distance varied the quality parameters examined in the meat. As transport distance increased slightly lower water content was observed in the meat, with a higher content of protein, fat and ash and an upward trend in acidity (both pH45min and pH24h), increased water holding capacity and a lighter colour 45 minutes meat after slaughter. The results may indicate an increasing burden of stress factors on the ostriches during transport, which then affect the quality of ostrich meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wójcik
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Faculty of Animal Bioengineering Department of Animal Hygiene and the Environment
| | - Janusz Pomianowski
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Faculty of Food Science Department of Commodity Science and Food Analysis
| | - Tomasz Mituniewicz
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Faculty of Animal Bioengineering Department of Animal Hygiene and the Environment
| | - Janina Sowińska
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Faculty of Animal Bioengineering Department of Animal Hygiene and the Environment
| | - Dorota Witkowska
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Faculty of Animal Bioengineering Department of Animal Hygiene and the Environment
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Chang YS, Hsu DH, Stromer MH, Chou RGR. Postmortem calpain changes in ostrich skeletal muscle. Meat Sci 2016; 117:117-21. [PMID: 26971307 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to study the postmortem calpain change in ostrich muscle. Iliotibialis cranialis and Obturatorius medialis muscles were removed from the both sides of carcasses (n=8). The muscles from the left side were sampled after 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7days of storage at 5°C, while the right-side muscles were taken at 1-, 3-, and 7-day postmortem for shear force measurements. The results showed that the calpain-1 activity was not detected in ostrich muscle during the entire 7-day postmortem storage period, while the calpain-11 was. The unautolyzed calpain-11 activity decreased and the autolyzed calpain-11 activity increased with time postmortem. Desmin content and shear force did not change during postmortem storage although a minor degradation of desmin was observed. Therefore, our results suggest that limited postmortem proteolysis (as suggested by the limited degradation of desmin) and tenderization might be due to the lack of calpain-1 and/or insufficient calpain-11 activity present in ostrich muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Shiou Chang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Dun-Hui Hsu
- Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Mavin H Stromer
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rong-Ghi R Chou
- Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
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Brand TS, Carstens PD, Hoffman LC. The effect of dietary energy concentrations on production variables of ostrich chicks (Struthio camelus var. domesticus). Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:610-8. [PMID: 25266635 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.956286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different dietary energy concentrations on ostrich production variables were examined in two separate trials. The first trial tracked changes in production variables from the pre-starter phase through the starter phase and grower phase. The second trial was based on the finisher phase per se. In both trials, the influence of dietary energy on feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and growth variables was investigated. Additionally, basic abattoir weights were recorded, and measurements of the feathers and skin were performed. In both trials, three diets with different concentrations of dietary energy were given during each phase where the low-, medium- and high-energy concentrations for each phase were as follows: 13.5, 14.5 and 15.5 MJ ME/kg feed pre-starter; 12.5, 13.5 and 14.5 MJ ME/kg feed starter; 10.5, 11.5 and 12.5 MJ ME/kg feed grower and 9.5, 10.5 and 11.5 MJ ME/kg feed finisher. Feed and water were available ad libitum in both trials. Overall, it was found that the best performance for growth, FCR, skin size and grade, live weight, carcass weight and thigh weight were obtained on the medium-energy diet during the pre-starter, starter and grower phases. During the finisher phase, improved growth rate and tanned skin size was found in birds given the diet with the highest energy concentration (11.5 MJ ME/kg feed). Carcass weight, growth rate and certain feather variables were also significantly influenced by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Brand
- a Directorate: Animal Sciences , Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg , Cape Town , South Africa
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Ancillotto L, Russo D. Selective aggressiveness in European free-tailed bats (Tadarida teniotis): influence of familiarity, age and sex. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:221-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ancillotto L, Sozio G, Mortelliti A, Russo D. Ultrasonic communication in Gliridae (Rodentia): the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) as a case study. BIOACOUSTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2013.838146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dalle Zotte A, Brand TS, Hoffman LC, Schoon K, Cullere M, Swart R. Effect of cottonseed oilcake inclusion on ostrich growth performance and meat chemical composition. Meat Sci 2013; 93:194-200. [PMID: 22998999 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of replacing dietary soybean oilcake meal with increasing levels of cottonseed oilcake meal (CSOCM) on the growth performance and meat (Iliofibularis muscle) chemical composition of ostriches in order to decrease total feed costs. A total of 105 ostriches were divided into five feeding groups according to the CSOCM inclusion level in the whole diet: Control (0% CSOCM), 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% CSOCM (of the whole diet), and fed with experimental diets from 6 to 13 months of age. As a result of feeding CSOCM, the final live weight and the average daily gain significantly increased in the 12% CSOCM group. The proximate composition, cholesterol content, mineral and fatty acid profile of the meat remained unaffected. Thus CSOCM may be used as an alternative protein source to the more expensive soybean oilcake meal in ostrich nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalle Zotte
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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