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Locascio A, Annona G, Caccavale F, D'Aniello S, Agnisola C, Palumbo A. Nitric Oxide Function and Nitric Oxide Synthase Evolution in Aquatic Chordates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11182. [PMID: 37446358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in almost all organisms and is active in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Our understanding of the peculiarities and functions of this simple gas has increased considerably by extending studies to non-mammal vertebrates and invertebrates. In this review, we report the nitric oxide synthase (Nos) genes so far characterized in chordates and provide an extensive, detailed, and comparative analysis of the function of NO in the aquatic chordates tunicates, cephalochordates, teleost fishes, and amphibians. This comprehensive set of data adds new elements to our understanding of Nos evolution, from the single gene commonly found in invertebrates to the three genes present in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Locascio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Annona
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
- Department of Research Infrastructure for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Caccavale
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore D'Aniello
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Agnisola
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
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Beygmoradi A, Homaei A, Hemmati R, Fernandes P. Recombinant protein expression: Challenges in production and folding related matters. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123407. [PMID: 36708896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding is a biophysical process by which proteins reach a specific three-dimensional structure. The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain contains all the information needed to determine the final three-dimensional structure of a protein. When producing a recombinant protein, several problems can occur, including proteolysis, incorrect folding, formation of inclusion bodies, or protein aggregation, whereby the protein loses its natural structure. To overcome such limitations, several strategies have been developed to address each specific issue. Identification of proper protein refolding conditions can be challenging, and to tackle this high throughput screening for different recombinant protein folding conditions can prove a sound solution. Different approaches have emerged to tackle refolding issues. One particular approach to address folding issues involves molecular chaperones, highly conserved proteins that contribute to proper folding by shielding folding proteins from other proteins that could hinder the process. Proper protein folding is one of the main prerequisites for post-translational modifications. Incorrect folding, if not dealt with, can lead to a buildup of protein misfoldings that damage cells and cause widespread abnormalities. Said post-translational modifications, widespread in eukaryotes, are critical for protein structure, function and biological activity. Incorrect post-translational protein modifications may lead to individual consequences or aggregation of therapeutic proteins. In this review article, we have tried to examine some key aspects of recombinant protein expression. Accordingly, the relevance of these proteins is highlighted, major problems related to the production of recombinant protein and to refolding issues are pinpointed and suggested solutions are presented. An overview of post-translational modification, their biological significance and methods of identification are also provided. Overall, the work is expected to illustrate challenges in recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Beygmoradi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Roohullah Hemmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- DREAMS and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Av. Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Zhu YT, Liang LL, Liu TT, Liang X, Yang JL. Effects of L-arginine on Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Larval Metamorphosis of Mytilus coruscus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:450. [PMID: 36833378 PMCID: PMC9957169 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory functions of L-arginine and nitric oxide (NO) on Mytilus coruscus metamorphosis, M. coruscus larvae were exposed to an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), aminoguanidine hemisulfate (AGH), and a substrate for NO synthesis, L-arginine. We observed that NO levels showed a significant increase, and this trend continued with L-arginine treatment. When NOS activity was inhibited, the larvae could not synthesize NO, and metamorphosis was not inhibited even in the presence of L-arginine. On transfecting pediveliger larvae with NOS siRNA followed by L-arginine exposure, we found that the larvae did not produce NO and that the larval metamorphosis rate was significantly increased, suggesting that L-arginine regulates M. coruscus larval metamorphosis by promoting NO synthesis. Our findings improve our understanding of the effects of marine environmental factors on larval metamorphosis of mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ting Zhu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lin-Li Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Nitric Oxide Resistance in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Involves Regulation of Glucose Consumption, Glutathione Metabolism and Abundance of Pentose Phosphate Pathway Enzymes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020277. [PMID: 35204161 PMCID: PMC8868067 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis production of cytokines, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) by host macrophages normally lead to parasite death. However, some Leishmania braziliensis strains exhibit natural NO resistance. NO-resistant strains cause more lesions and are frequently more resistant to antimonial treatment than NO-susceptible ones, suggesting that NO-resistant parasites are endowed with specific mechanisms of survival and persistence. To tests this, we analyzed the effect of pro- and antioxidant molecules on the infectivity in vitro of L. braziliensis strains exhibiting polar phenotypes of resistance or susceptibility to NO. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis of those parasites. NO-resistant parasites were more infective to peritoneal macrophages, even in the presence of high levels of reactive species. Principal component analysis of protein concentration values clearly differentiated NO-resistant from NO-susceptible parasites, suggesting that there are natural intrinsic differences at molecular level among those strains. Upon NO exposure, NO-resistant parasites rapidly modulated their proteome, increasing their total protein content and glutathione (GSH) metabolism. Furthermore, NO-resistant parasites showed increased glucose analogue uptake, and increased abundance of phosphotransferase and G6PDH after nitrosative challenge, which can contribute to NADPH pool maintenance and fuel the reducing conditions for the recovery of GSH upon NO exposure. Thus, increased glucose consumption and GSH-mediated redox capability may explain the natural resistance of L. braziliensis against NO.
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Yue X, Mei Y, Zhang Y, Tong Z, Cui D, Yang J, Wang A, Wang R, Fei X, Ai L, Di Y, Luo H, Li H, Luo W, Lu Y, Li R, Duan C, Gao G, Yang H, Sun B, He R, Song W, Han H, Tong Z. New insight into Alzheimer's disease: Light reverses Aβ-obstructed interstitial fluid flow and ameliorates memory decline in APP/PS1 mice. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2019; 5:671-684. [PMID: 31720368 PMCID: PMC6838540 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacological therapies to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) targeting "Aβ" have failed for over 100 years. Low levels of laser light can disassemble Aβ. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms that Aβ-blocked extracellular space (ECS) induces memory disorders in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and addressed whether red light (RL) at 630 nm rescues cognitive decline by reducing Aβ-disturbed flow of interstitial fluid (ISF). METHODS We compared the heating effects on the brains of rats illuminated with laser light at 630, 680, and 810 nm for 40 minutes, respectively. Then, a light-emitting diode with red light at 630 nm (LED-RL) was selected to illuminate AD mice. The changes in the structure of ECS in the cortex were examined by fluorescent double labeling. The volumes of ECS and flow speed of ISF were quantified by magnetic resonance imaging. Spatial memory behaviors in mice were evaluated by the Morris water maze. Then, the brains were sampled for biochemical analysis. RESULTS RL at 630 nm had the least heating effects than other wavelengths associated with ~49% penetration ratio into the brains. For the molecular mechanisms, Aβ could induce formaldehyde (FA) accumulation by inactivating FA dehydrogenase. Unexpectedly, in turn, FA accelerated Aβ deposition in the ECS. However, LED-RL treatment not only directly destroyed Aβ assembly in vitro and in vivo but also activated FA dehydrogenase to degrade FA and attenuated FA-facilitated Aβ aggregation. Subsequently, LED-RL markedly smashed Aβ deposition in the ECS, recovered the flow of ISF, and rescued cognitive functions in AD mice. DISCUSSION Aβ-obstructed ISF flow is the direct reason for the failure of the developed medicine delivery from superficial into the deep brain in the treatment of AD. The phototherapy of LED-RL improves memory by reducing Aβ-blocked ECS and suggests that it is a promising noninvasive approach to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpei Yue
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Optoelectric Therapy, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Mei
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Optoelectric Therapy, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Townsend Family Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zheng Tong
- School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering with Renewable Energy. Old College, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aircraft Design and Engineering, Nanjing, China
| | - Dehua Cui
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment and Technique, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment and Technique, Beijing, China
| | - Aibo Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment and Technique, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment and Technique, Beijing, China
| | - Xuechao Fei
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Optoelectric Therapy, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ai
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Optoelectric Therapy, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Di
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Optoelectric Therapy, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Luo
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhong Luo
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Section of Environmental Biomedicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Section of Environmental Biomedicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunli Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Binggui Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongqiao He
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Optoelectric Therapy, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Townsend Family Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Corresponding author. Tel: 604-822-8019; Fax: 604-822-7981.
| | - Hongbin Han
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment and Technique, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86-010-82266972; Fax: +86-010-82265962.
| | - Zhiqian Tong
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Optoelectric Therapy, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86-010-83950362; Fax: +86-010-83950363.
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Annona G, Caccavale F, Pascual-Anaya J, Kuratani S, De Luca P, Palumbo A, D'Aniello S. Nitric Oxide regulates mouth development in amphioxus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8432. [PMID: 28814726 PMCID: PMC5559612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08157-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the mouth in animals has fascinated researchers for decades, and a recent study proposed the modern view of recurrent evolution of protostomy and deuterostomy. Here we expanded our knowledge about conserved traits of mouth formation in chordates, testing the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) is a potential regulator of this process. In the present work we show for the first time that NO is an essential cell signaling molecule for cephalochordate mouth formation, as previously shown for vertebrates, indicating its conserved ancestral role in chordates. The experimental decrease of NO during early amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum development impaired the formation of the mouth and gill slits, demonstrating that it is a prerequisite in pharyngeal morphogenesis. Our results represent the first step in the understanding of NO physiology in non-vertebrate chordates, opening new evolutionary perspectives into the ancestral importance of NO homeostasis and acquisition of novel biological roles during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Annona
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Caccavale
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Juan Pascual-Anaya
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Minatojima-minami 2-2-3, 650-0047, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, Minatojima-minami 2-2-3, 650-0047, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Pasquale De Luca
- RIMAR, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Salvatore D'Aniello
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Napoli, Italy.
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Martusevich AK, Solov'eva AG, Peretyagin SP. Modification of the Catalytic Properties of Erythrocyte Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Rats after Nitric Oxide Inhalation. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:4-6. [PMID: 27270927 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in erythrocytes from healthy rats and animals with thermal trauma after NO inhalation. NO had an activating effect on catalytic properties of aldehyde dehydrogenase in healthy rats and burned animals. The effect of NO was more pronounced during burn disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Martusevich
- Privolzhsky Federal Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia.
| | - A G Solov'eva
- Privolzhsky Federal Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - S P Peretyagin
- Privolzhsky Federal Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
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Modulation of nitrosative stress via glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14166-79. [PMID: 25196517 PMCID: PMC4159844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (GFD) from Taiwanofungus camphorata plays important roles in formaldehyde detoxification and antioxidation. The enzyme is bifunctional. In addition to the GFD activity, it also functions as an effective S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) against nitrosative stress. We investigated the modulation of HEK (human embryonic kidney) 293T cells under nitrosative stress by transfecting a codon optimized GFD cDNA from Taiwanofungus camphorata (Tc-GFD-O) to these cells. The parental and transfected HEK 293T cells were then subjected to S-nitrosoglutathione treatment to induce nitrosative stress. The results showed that in Tc-GFD-O-transfected 293T cells, the expression and activity of GFD increased. Additionally, these cells under the nitrosative stress induced by S-nitrosoglutathione showed both higher viability and less apoptosis than the parental 293T cells. This finding suggests that the Tc-GFD-O in HEK 293T cells may provide a protective function under nitrosative stress.
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Kubienová L, Kopečný D, Tylichová M, Briozzo P, Skopalová J, Šebela M, Navrátil M, Tâche R, Luhová L, Barroso JB, Petřivalský M. Structural and functional characterization of a plant S-nitrosoglutathione reductase from Solanum lycopersicum. Biochimie 2012; 95:889-902. [PMID: 23274177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), also known as S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione (HMGSH) dehydrogenase, belongs to the large alcohol dehydrogenase superfamily, namely to the class III ADHs. GSNOR catalyses the oxidation of HMGSH to S-formylglutathione using a catalytic zinc and NAD(+) as a coenzyme. The enzyme also catalyses the NADH-dependent reduction of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). In plants, GSNO has been suggested to serve as a nitric oxide (NO) reservoir locally or possibly as NO donor in distant cells and tissues. NO and NO-related molecules such as S-nitrosothiols (S-NOs) play a central role in the regulation of normal plant physiological processes and host defence. The enzyme thus participates in the cellular homeostasis of S-NOs and in the metabolism of reactive nitrogen species. Although GSNOR has recently been characterized from several organisms, this study represents the first detailed biochemical and structural characterization of a plant GSNOR, that from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlGSNOR gene expression is higher in roots and stems compared to leaves of young plants. It is highly expressed in the pistil and stamens and in fruits during ripening. The enzyme is a dimer and preferentially catalyses reduction of GSNO while glutathione and S-methylglutathione behave as non-competitive inhibitors. Using NAD(+), the enzyme oxidizes HMGSH and other alcohols such as cinnamylalcohol, geraniol and ω-hydroxyfatty acids. The crystal structures of the apoenzyme, of the enzyme in complex with NAD(+) and in complex with NADH, solved up to 1.9 Å resolution, represent the first structures of a plant GSNOR. They confirm that the binding of the coenzyme is associated with the active site zinc movement and changes in its coordination. In comparison to the well characterized human GSNOR, plant GSNORs exhibit a difference in the composition of the anion-binding pocket, which negatively influences the affinity for the carboxyl group of ω-hydroxyfatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kubienová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Wu C, Parrott AM, Fu C, Liu T, Marino SM, Gladyshev VN, Jain MR, Baykal AT, Li Q, Oka S, Sadoshima J, Beuve A, Simmons WJ, Li H. Thioredoxin 1-mediated post-translational modifications: reduction, transnitrosylation, denitrosylation, and related proteomics methodologies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2565-604. [PMID: 21453190 PMCID: PMC3176348 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significance of redox post-translational modifications (PTMs) in regulating diverse signal transduction pathways, the enzymatic systems that catalyze reversible and specific oxidative or reductive modifications have yet to be firmly established. Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) is a conserved antioxidant protein that is well known for its disulfide reductase activity. Interestingly, Trx1 is also able to transnitrosylate or denitrosylate (defined as processes to transfer or remove a nitric oxide entity to/from substrates) specific proteins. An intricate redox regulatory mechanism has recently been uncovered that accounts for the ability of Trx1 to catalyze these different redox PTMs. In this review, we will summarize the available evidence in support of Trx1 as a specific disulfide reductase, and denitrosylation and transnitrosylation agent, as well as the biological significance of the diverse array of Trx1-regulated pathways and processes under different physiological contexts. The dramatic progress in redox proteomics techniques has enabled the identification of an increasing number of proteins, including peroxiredoxin 1, whose disulfide bond formation and nitrosylation status are regulated by Trx1. This review will also summarize the advancements of redox proteomics techniques for the identification of the protein targets of Trx1-mediated PTMs. Collectively, these studies have shed light on the mechanisms that regulate Trx1-mediated reduction, transnitrosylation, and denitrosylation of specific target proteins, solidifying the role of Trx1 as a master regulator of redox signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, 07103, USA
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Albalat R, Brunet F, Laudet V, Schubert M. Evolution of retinoid and steroid signaling: vertebrate diversification from an amphioxus perspective. Genome Biol Evol 2011; 3:985-1005. [PMID: 21856648 PMCID: PMC3184775 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evr084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the physiological relevance of retinoids and steroids in vertebrates is very well established, the origin and evolution of the genetic machineries implicated in their metabolic pathways is still very poorly understood. We investigated the evolution of these genetic networks by conducting an exhaustive survey of components of the retinoid and steroid pathways in the genome of the invertebrate chordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae). Due to its phylogenetic position at the base of chordates, amphioxus is a very useful model to identify and study chordate versus vertebrate innovations, both on a morphological and a genomic level. We have characterized more than 220 amphioxus genes evolutionarily related to vertebrate components of the retinoid and steroid pathways and found that, globally, amphioxus has orthologs of most of the vertebrate components of these two pathways, with some very important exceptions. For example, we failed to identify a vertebrate-like machinery for retinoid storage, transport, and delivery in amphioxus and were also unable to characterize components of the adrenal steroid pathway in this invertebrate chordate. The absence of these genes from the amphioxus genome suggests that both an elaboration and a refinement of the retinoid and steroid pathways took place at the base of the vertebrate lineage. In stark contrast, we also identified massive amplifications in some amphioxus gene families, most extensively in the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily, which, based on phylogenetic and genomic linkage analyses, were likely the result of duplications specific to the amphioxus lineage. In sum, this detailed characterization of genes implicated in retinoid and steroid signaling in amphioxus allows us not only to reconstruct an outline of these pathways in the ancestral chordate but also to discuss functional innovations in retinoid homeostasis and steroid-dependent regulation in both cephalochordate and vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Albalat
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
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Molecular evolution of nitric oxide synthases in metazoans. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2010; 5:295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hou Q, Jiang H, Zhang X, Guo C, Huang B, Wang P, Wang T, Wu K, Li J, Gong Z, Du L, Liu Y, Liu L, Chen C. Nitric oxide metabolism controlled by formaldehyde dehydrogenase (fdh, homolog of mammalian GSNOR) plays a crucial role in visual pattern memory in Drosophila. Nitric Oxide 2010; 24:17-24. [PMID: 20932929 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in learning and memory which is essential for animals to adapt to the external environment. However, little is known about the role of NO metabolism in this process. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is a key protein in the control of NO metabolism and protein S-nitrosation. To study the relationship between NO metabolism and learning and memory, the expression of gene fdh which is homolog to mammalian GSNOR was modulated by the Gal4/UAS system in Drosophila. The over-expression of the fdh in the central nervous system significantly increased GSNOR activity and induced visual pattern memory defects of Drosophila. The role of fdh in learning and memory was independent of development and was neuron-specific: over-expression of the fdh in the fan-shaped body induced memory defect, while over-expression in the mushroom body did not. The visual pattern memory defect could be rescued by co-expression with exogenous cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Moreover, fdh over-expression resulted in denitrosation of multiple proteins functionally enriched in vesicle-mediated transport, which is important for learning and memory. These results showed that regulation of NO metabolism plays an important role in learning and memory, and the mechanism may involve both NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway and S-nitrosation modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Hou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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14
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Andreakis N, D'Aniello S, Albalat R, Patti FP, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Procaccini G, Sordino P, Palumbo A. Evolution of the nitric oxide synthase family in metazoans. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 28:163-79. [PMID: 20639231 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is essential to many physiological functions and operates in several signaling pathways. It is not understood how and when the different isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for NO production, evolved in metazoans. This study investigates the number and structure of metazoan NOS enzymes by genome data mining and direct cloning of Nos genes from the lamprey. In total, 181 NOS proteins are analyzed from 33 invertebrate and 63 vertebrate species. Comparisons among protein and gene structures, combined with phylogenetic and syntenic studies, provide novel insights into how NOS isoforms arose and diverged. Protein domains and gene organization--that is, intron positions and phases--of animal NOS are remarkably conserved across all lineages, even in fast-evolving species. Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses support the view that a proto-NOS isoform was recurrently duplicated in different lineages, acquiring new structural configurations through gains and losses of protein motifs. We propose that in vertebrates a first duplication took place after the agnathan-gnathostome split followed by a paralog loss. A second duplication occurred during early tetrapod evolution, giving rise to the three isoforms--I, II, and III--in current mammals. Overall, NOS family evolution was the result of multiple gene and genome duplication events together with changes in protein architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Andreakis
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Cañestro C, Albalat R, Postlethwait JH. Oikopleura dioica alcohol dehydrogenase class 3 provides new insights into the evolution of retinoic acid synthesis in chordates. Zoolog Sci 2010; 27:128-33. [PMID: 20141418 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.27.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that synthesize retinoic acid (RA) constitute the first level of regulation of RA action. In vertebrates, enzymes of the medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase (MDR-Adh) family catalyze the first step of the RA synthetic pathway by oxidizing retinol. Among MDR-Adh enzymes, Adh3 is the only member present in non-vertebrates, and whether Adh3 is actually involved in RA biosynthesis remains uncertain. Here, we investigate the MDR-Adh family in Oikopleura dioica, a urochordate representing the sister group to vertebrates. Oikopleura is of special interest because it has lost the classical RA role in development, which relaxed evolutionary constraints to preserve the RA-genetic machinery, leading to the loss of RA-system components. The hypothesis that Adh3 plays a role in RA synthesis predicts that the relaxation of selection in Oikopleura should have led to the loss of Adh3, or changes in residues related to retinol oxidation. The hypothesis also predicts changes in the expression pattern of Oikopleura Adh3 compared to other chordates that preserved RA-signaling. Our results, however, revealed the presence of a highly conserved Adh3 gene in Oikopleura, with no significant changes in functional residues. Our results also revealed that the Oikopleura Adh3 expression remains unchanged in comparison to other non-vertebrate chordates, restricted to specific compartments of the digestive system. Because Adh3 has been highly conserved in an animal that has dismantled the RA system, we conclude that Adh3 preservation is not due to a conserved role in RA synthesis. Thereby, if Adh3 plays a role in RA synthesis in vertebrates, it might be a lineage-specific neofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Cañestro
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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16
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Holland ND, Paris M, Koop D. The club-shaped gland of amphioxus: export of secretion to the pharynx in pre-metamorphic larvae and apoptosis during metamorphosis. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Heikal L, Martin GP, Dailey LA. Characterisation of the decomposition behaviour of S-nitrosoglutathione and a new class of analogues: S-Nitrosophytochelatins. Nitric Oxide 2009; 20:157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Common evolutionary origin of the immune and neuroendocrine systems: from morphological and functional evidence to in silico approaches. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:497-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dalfó D, Marqués N, Albalat R. Analysis of the NADH-dependent retinaldehyde reductase activity of amphioxus retinol dehydrogenase enzymes enhances our understanding of the evolution of the retinol dehydrogenase family. FEBS J 2007; 274:3739-3752. [PMID: 17608724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, multiple microsomal retinol dehydrogenases are involved in reversible retinol/retinal interconversion, thereby controlling retinoid metabolism and retinoic acid availability. The physiologic functions of these enzymes are not, however, fully understood, as each vertebrate form has several, usually overlapping, biochemical roles. Within this context, amphioxus, a group of chordates that are simpler, at both the functional and genomic levels, than vertebrates, provides a suitable evolutionary model for comparative studies of retinol dehydrogenase enzymes. In a previous study, we identified two amphioxus enzymes, Branchiostoma floridae retinol dehydrogenase 1 and retinol dehydrogenase 2, both candidates to be the cephalochordate orthologs of the vertebrate retinol dehydrogenase enzymes. We have now proceeded to characterize these amphioxus enzymes. Kinetic studies have revealed that retinol dehydrogenase 1 and retinol dehydrogenase 2 are microsomal proteins that catalyze the reduction of all-trans-retinaldehyde using NADH as cofactor, a remarkable combination of substrate and cofactor preferences. Moreover, evolutionary analysis, including the amphioxus sequences, indicates that Rdh genes were extensively duplicated after cephalochordate divergence, leading to the gene cluster organization found in several mammalian species. Overall, our data provide an evolutionary reference with which to better understand the origin, activity and evolution of retinol dehydrogenase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dalfó
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Marqués
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Albalat
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Godoy L, Gonzàlez-Duarte R, Albalat R. Analysis of planarian Adh3 supports an intron-rich architecture and tissue-specific expression for the urbilaterian ancestral form. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 146:489-95. [PMID: 17270479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The alcohol dehydrogenase class 3 enzyme (ADH3) is the presumed ancestral form of the medium-chain dehydrogenase-reductase ADH family. This enzyme has been involved in formaldehyde and nitric oxide metabolism of a variety of deuterostomes and ecdysozoan protostomes. We have now characterized the structure and expression of the Adh3 gene in the lophotrochozoan Schmidtea mediterranea, a freshwater planarian. The planarian gene expands over 8.7 kb and is organized into 7 exons. The 1340 bp long Adh3cDNA contains a 1137 bp open reading frame corresponding to a deduced protein of 379 amino acids. The protein sequence is consistent with that expected for a typical class III enzyme. Twenty out of the twenty-two amino acid positions associated with enzymatic roles are strictly preserved, which suggests that the enzymatic capabilities have been conserved. In situ hybridization experiments show that Adh3 is expressed along the intestine of S. mediterranea specimens. This is consistent with the pattern observed in invertebrates and in contrast with the widespread expression of vertebrate Adh3. The comparative study across bilateria, which now includes a lophotrochozoan representative, further supports the idea that the urbilaterian Adh3 ancestor showed an intron-rich architecture and tissue-specific expression, and strengthens the view that widespread expression of Adh3 was a vertebrate innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Godoy
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona. Av. Diagonal, 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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