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Stroik D, Gregorich ZR, Raza F, Ge Y, Guo W. Titin: roles in cardiac function and diseases. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1385821. [PMID: 38660537 PMCID: PMC11040099 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1385821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The giant protein titin is an essential component of muscle sarcomeres. A single titin molecule spans half a sarcomere and mediates diverse functions along its length by virtue of its unique domains. The A-band of titin functions as a molecular blueprint that defines the length of the thick filaments, the I-band constitutes a molecular spring that determines cell-based passive stiffness, and various domains, including the Z-disk, I-band, and M-line, serve as scaffolds for stretch-sensing signaling pathways that mediate mechanotransduction. This review aims to discuss recent insights into titin's functional roles and their relationship to cardiac function. The role of titin in heart diseases, such as dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawson Stroik
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zachery R. Gregorich
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Farhan Raza
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Wei Guo
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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2
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Gregorich ZR, Yanghai Z, Kamp TJ, Granzier H, Guo W. Mechanisms of RBM20 Cardiomyopathy: Insights From Model Systems. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2024; 17:e004355. [PMID: 38288598 PMCID: PMC10923161 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.123.004355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
RBM20 (RNA-binding motif protein 20) is a vertebrate- and muscle-specific RNA-binding protein that belongs to the serine-arginine-rich family of splicing factors. The RBM20 gene was first identified as a dilated cardiomyopathy-linked gene over a decade ago. Early studies in Rbm20 knockout rodents implicated disrupted splicing of RBM20 target genes as a causative mechanism. Clinical studies show that pathogenic variants in RBM20 are linked to aggressive dilated cardiomyopathy with early onset heart failure and high mortality. Subsequent studies employing pathogenic variant knock-in animal models revealed that variants in a specific portion of the arginine-serine-rich domain in RBM20 not only disrupt splicing but also hinder nucleocytoplasmic transport and lead to the formation of RBM20 biomolecular condensates in the sarcoplasm. Conversely, mice harboring a disease-associated variant in the RRM (RNA recognition motif) do not show evidence of adverse remodeling or exhibit sudden death despite disrupted splicing of RBM20 target genes. Thus, whether disrupted splicing, biomolecular condensates, or both contribute to dilated cardiomyopathy is under debate. Beyond this, additional questions remain, such as whether there is sexual dimorphism in the presentation of RBM20 cardiomyopathy. What are the clinical features of RBM20 cardiomyopathy and why do some individuals develop more severe disease than others? In this review, we summarize the reported observations and discuss potential mechanisms of RBM20 cardiomyopathy derived from studies employing in vivo animal models and in vitro human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Potential therapeutic strategies to treat RBM20 cardiomyopathy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R. Gregorich
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Zhang Yanghai
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Timothy J. Kamp
- Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Henk Granzier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Liu S, Yue S, Guo Y, Han JY, Wang H. Sorafenib induces cardiotoxicity through RBM20-mediated alternative splicing of sarcomeric and mitochondrial genes. Pharmacol Res 2023; 198:107017. [PMID: 38006979 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a first-line treatment for advanced solid tumors, but it induces many adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and heart failure. These cardiac defects can be mediated by alternative splicing of genes critical for heart function. Whether alternative splicing plays a role in sorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity remains unclear. Transcriptome of rat hearts or human cardiomyocytes treated with sorafenib was analyzed and validated to define alternatively spliced genes and their impact on cardiotoxicity. In rats, sorafenib caused severe cardiotoxicity with decreased left ventricular systolic pressure, elongated sarcomere, enlarged mitochondria and decreased ATP. This was associated with alternative splicing of hundreds of genes in the hearts, many of which were targets of a cardiac specific splicing factor, RBM20. Sorafenib inhibited RBM20 expression in both rat hearts and human cardiomyocytes. The splicing of RBM20's targets, SLC25A3 and FHOD3, was altered into fetal isoforms with decreased function. Upregulation of RBM20 during sorafenib treatment reversed the pathogenic splicing of SLC25A3 and FHOD3, and enhanced the phosphate transport into mitochondria by SLC25A3, ATP synthesis and cell survival.We envision this regulation may happen in many drug-induced cardiotoxicity, and represent a potential druggable pathway for mitigating sorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shanshan Yue
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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4
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Sun M, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Gregorich ZR, Ren J, Ge Y, Guo W. SR Protein Kinases Regulate the Splicing of Cardiomyopathy-Relevant Genes via Phosphorylation of the RSRSP Stretch in RBM20. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1526. [PMID: 36140694 PMCID: PMC9498672 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: RNA binding motif 20 (RBM20) regulates mRNA splicing specifically in muscle tissues. Missense mutations in the arginine/serine (RS) domain of RBM20 lead to abnormal gene splicing and have been linked to severe dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in human patients and animal models. Interestingly, many of the reported DCM-linked missense mutations in RBM20 are in a highly conserved RSRSP stretch within the RS domain. Recently, it was found that the two Ser residues within this stretch are constitutively phosphorylated, yet the identity of the kinase(s) responsible for phosphorylating these residues, as well as the function of RSRSP phosphorylation, remains unknown. (2) Methods: The ability of three known SR protein kinases (SRPK1, CLK1, and AKT2) to phosphorylate the RBM20 RSRSP stretch and regulate target gene splicing was evaluated by using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. (3) Results: We found that all three kinases phosphorylated S638 and S640 in the RSRSP stretch and regulated RBM20 target gene splicing. While SRPK1 and CLK1 were both capable of directly phosphorylating the RS domain in RBM20, whether AKT2-mediated control of the RS domain phosphorylation is direct or indirect could not be determined. (4) Conclusions: Our results indicate that SR protein kinases regulate the splicing of a cardiomyopathy-relevant gene by modulating phosphorylation of the RSRSP stretch in RBM20. These findings suggest that SR protein kinases may be potential targets for the treatment of RBM20 cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Sun
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Yutong Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yanghai Zhang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zachery R Gregorich
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Larson EJ, Gregorich ZR, Zhang Y, Li BH, Aballo TJ, Melby JA, Ge Y, Guo W. Rbm20 ablation is associated with changes in the expression of titin-interacting and metabolic proteins. Mol Omics 2022; 18:627-634. [PMID: 35762193 PMCID: PMC9776116 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major risk factor for developing heart failure and is often associated with an increased risk for life-threatening arrhythmia. Although numerous causal genes for DCM have been identified, RNA binding motif protein 20 (Rbm20) remains one of the few splicing factors that, when mutated or genetically ablated, leads to the development of DCM. In this study we sought to identify changes in the cardiac proteome in Rbm20 knockout (KO) rat hearts using global quantitative proteomics to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms precipitating the development of DCM in these rats. Our analysis identified changes in titin-interacting proteins involved in mechanical stretch-based signaling, as well as mitochondrial enzymes, which suggests that activation of pathological hypertrophy and altered mitochondrial metabolism and/or dysfunction, among other changes, contribute to the development of DCM in Rbm20 KO rats. Collectively, our findings provide the first report on changes in the cardiac proteome associated with genetic ablation of Rbm20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zachery R Gregorich
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1933 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Yanghai Zhang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1933 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Brad H Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Timothy J Aballo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jake A Melby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1933 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI, USA.
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Shi Y, Fan W, Xu M, Lin X, Zhao W, Yang Z. Critical role of Znhit1 for post-natal heart function and vacuolar cardiomyopathy. JCI Insight 2022; 7:148752. [PMID: 35167494 PMCID: PMC8986070 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ is critical for cardiac electrical conduction and contractility, and aberrant Ca2+ homeostasis causes arrhythmia and heart failure. Chromatin remodeling modulates gene expression involved in cardiac sarcomere assembly and postnatal heart function. However, the chromatin-remodeling regulatory mechanism of cardiac Ca2+ homeostasis is unknown. Here, we found that Znhit1, a core subunit of the SRCAP remodeling complex, was essential for heart function. Deletion of Znhit1 in postnatal hearts of mice resulted in arrhythmia, idiopathic vacuolar cardiomyopathy, rapid heart failure, and premature sudden death. In addition, the level of Casq1, a sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ regulatory protein, was massively elevated while SERCA2a showed reduced protein level. Mechanistically, the Znhit1 modulated the expression of Casq1 and SERCA2a by depositing H2A.Z at their promoters. Deletion of Casq1 could substantially alleviate the vacuolar formation in Znhit1Casq1 KO mice. These findings demonstrate that Znhit1 is required for postnatal heart function and maintains cardiac Ca2+ homeostasis and that accumulation of Casq1 might be a causative factor for vacuolar cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Shi
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenli Fan
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjie Xu
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wukui Zhao
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Methawasin M, Braz CU, Gao-Hu J, Yang B, Strom J, Gohlke J, Hacker T, Khatib H, Granzier H, Guo W. RBM20 S639G mutation is a high genetic risk factor for premature death through RNA-protein condensates. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 165:115-129. [PMID: 35041844 PMCID: PMC8940686 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heritable and genetically heterogenous disease often idiopathic and a leading cause of heart failure with high morbidity and mortality. DCM caused by RNA binding motif protein 20 (RBM20) mutations is diverse and needs a more complete mechanistic understanding. RBM20 mutation S637G (S639G in mice) is linked to severe DCM and early death in human patients. In this study, we generated a RBM20 S639G mutation knock-in (KI) mouse model to validate the function of S639G mutation and examine the underlying mechanisms. KI mice exhibited severe DCM and premature death with a ~ 50% mortality in two months old homozygous (HM) mice. KI mice had enlarged atria and increased ANP and BNP biomarkers. The S639G mutation promoted RBM20 trafficking and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules in the sarcoplasm. RNA Seq data revealed differentially expressed and spliced genes were associated with arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, and sudden death. KI mice also showed a reduction of diastolic stiffness and impaired contractility at both the left ventricular (LV) chamber and cardiomyocyte levels. Our results indicate that the RBM20 S639G mutation leads to RNP granules causing severe heart failure and early death and this finding strengthens the novel concept that RBM20 cardiomyopathy is a RNP granule disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yanghai Zhang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mei Methawasin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Camila Urbano Braz
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gao-Hu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Betty Yang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua Strom
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jochen Gohlke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Timothy Hacker
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hasan Khatib
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Henk Granzier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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I536T variant of RBM20 affects splicing of cardiac structural proteins that are causative for developing dilated cardiomyopathy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1741-1754. [PMID: 36198914 PMCID: PMC9691496 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RBM20 is one of the genes predisposing to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Variants in the RS domain have been reported in many DCM patients, but the pathogenicity of variants within the RNA-recognition motif remains unknown. Two human patients with the I536T-RBM20 variant without an apparent DCM phenotype were identified in sudden death cohorts. A splicing reporter assay was performed, and an I538T knock-in mouse model (Rbm20I538T) was generated to determine the significance of this variant. The reporter assay demonstrated that the human I536T variant affected the TTN splicing pattern compared to wild-type. In the mouse experiments, Rbm20I538T mice showed different splicing patterns in Ttn, Ldb3, Camk2d, and Ryr2. The expressions of Casq1, Mybpc2, and Myot were upregulated in Rbm20I538T mice, but Rbm20I538T mice showed neither DCM nor cardiac dysfunction on histopathological examination and ultrasound echocardiography. The I536T-RBM20 (I538T-Rbm20) variant changes gene splicing and affects gene expression, but the splicing and expression changes in Ttn and Ca handling genes such as Casq1, Camk2d, and Ryr2 do not cause DCM morphology in the mouse model. KEY MESSAGES: • Two human patients with the I536T-RBM20 variant without a DCM phenotype were identified. • A splicing reporter assay demonstrated that the variant affected the TTN splicing. • Rbm20I538T mice showed neither DCM nor cardiac dysfunction. • Rbm20I538T mice showed different splicing patterns and the gene expressions.
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van der Pijl RJ, Domenighetti AA, Sheikh F, Ehler E, Ottenheijm CAC, Lange S. The titin N2B and N2A regions: biomechanical and metabolic signaling hubs in cross-striated muscles. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:653-677. [PMID: 34745373 PMCID: PMC8553726 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle specific signaling has been shown to originate from myofilaments and their associated cellular structures, including the sarcomeres, costameres or the cardiac intercalated disc. Two signaling hubs that play important biomechanical roles for cardiac and/or skeletal muscle physiology are the N2B and N2A regions in the giant protein titin. Prominent proteins associated with these regions in titin are chaperones Hsp90 and αB-crystallin, members of the four-and-a-half LIM (FHL) and muscle ankyrin repeat protein (Ankrd) families, as well as thin filament-associated proteins, such as myopalladin. This review highlights biological roles and properties of the titin N2B and N2A regions in health and disease. Special emphasis is placed on functions of Ankrd and FHL proteins as mechanosensors that modulate muscle-specific signaling and muscle growth. This region of the sarcomere also emerged as a hotspot for the modulation of passive muscle mechanics through altered titin phosphorylation and splicing, as well as tethering mechanisms that link titin to the thin filament system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea A. Domenighetti
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Coen A. C. Ottenheijm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Lange
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Inhibition of cardiac PERK signaling promotes peripartum cardiac dysfunction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18687. [PMID: 34548576 PMCID: PMC8455649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a life-threatening heart failure occurring in the peripartum period. Although mal-angiogenesis, induced by the 16-kDa N-terminal prolactin fragment (16 K PRL), is involved in the pathogenesis, the effect of full-length prolactin (23 K PRL) is poorly understood. We transfected neonate rat cardiomyocytes with plasmids containing 23 K PRL or 16 K PRL in vitro and found that 23 K PRL, but not 16 K PRL, upregulated protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling, and hypoxia promoted this effect. During the perinatal period, cardiomyocyte-specific PERK homogenous knockout (CM-KO) mice showed PPCM phenotypes after consecutive deliveries. Downregulation of PERK or JAK/STAT signaling and upregulation of apoptosis were observed in CM-KO mouse hearts. Moreover, in bromocriptine-treated CM-KO mice, cardiac function did not improve and cardiomyocyte apoptosis was not suppressed during the peripartum period. These results demonstrate that interaction between 23 K PRL and PERK signaling is cardioprotective during the peripartum term.
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Guo W, Zhu C, Yin Z, Zhang Y, Wang C, Walk AS, Lin Y, McKinsey TA, Woulfe KC, Ren J, Chew HG. The ryanodine receptor stabilizer S107 ameliorates contractility of adult Rbm20 knockout rat cardiomyocytes. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15011. [PMID: 34523260 PMCID: PMC8440945 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA binding motif 20 (RBM20) cardiomyopathy has been detected in approximately 3% of populations afflicted with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). It is well conceived that RBM20 cardiomyopathy is provoked by titin isoform switching in combination with resting Ca2+ leaking. In this study, we characterized the cardiac function in Rbm20 knockout (KO) rats at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-months of age and examined the effect of the ryanodine receptor stabilizer S107 on resting intracellular levels and cardiomyocyte contractile properties. Our results revealed that even though Rbm20 depletion promoted expression of larger titin isoform and reduced myocardial stiffness in young rats (3 months of age), the established DCM phenotype required more time to embellish. S107 restored elevated intracellular Ca2+ to normal levels and ameliorated cardiomyocyte contractile properties in isolated cardiomyocytes from 6-month-old Rbm20 KO rats. However, S107 failed to preserve cardiac homeostasis in Rbm20 KO rats at 12 months of age, unexpectedly, likely due to the existence of multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Taken together, our data suggest the therapeutic promises of S107 in the management of RBM20 cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Animal and Dairy SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Chaoqun Zhu
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of WyomingLaramieWyomingUSA
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Zhiyong Yin
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of WyomingLaramieWyomingUSA
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical University15 Changle West RoadXi'anShanxiChina
| | - Yanghai Zhang
- Department of Animal and Dairy SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Animal and Dairy SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Ying‐Hsi Lin
- Division of Cardiology, and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & TranslationDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Timothy A. McKinsey
- Division of Cardiology, and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & TranslationDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Kathleen C. Woulfe
- Division of Cardiology, and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & TranslationDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Jun Ren
- School of PharmacyUniversity of WyomingLaramieWyomingUSA
| | - Herbert G. Chew
- Department of BiologyWestern Wyoming CollegeRock SpringsWyomingUSA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to give an update on recent findings related to the cardiac splicing factor RNA-binding motif protein 20 (RBM20) and RBM20 cardiomyopathy, a form of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in RBM20. RECENT FINDINGS While most research on RBM20 splicing targets has focused on titin (TTN), multiple studies over the last years have shown that other splicing targets of RBM20 including Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIδ (CAMK2D) might be critically involved in the development of RBM20 cardiomyopathy. In this regard, loss of RBM20 causes an abnormal intracellular calcium handling, which may relate to the arrhythmogenic presentation of RBM20 cardiomyopathy. In addition, RBM20 presents clinically in a highly gender-specific manner, with male patients suffering from an earlier disease onset and a more severe disease progression. Further research on RBM20, and treatment of RBM20 cardiomyopathy, will need to consider both the multitude and relative contribution of the different splicing targets and related pathways, as well as gender differences.
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Durak A, Bitirim CV, Turan B. Titin and CK2α are New Intracellular Targets in Acute Insulin Application-Associated Benefits on Electrophysiological Parameters of Left Ventricular Cardiomyocytes From Insulin-Resistant Metabolic Syndrome Rats. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 34:487-501. [PMID: 32377826 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-06974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that a high-carbohydrate intake could induce metabolic syndrome (MetS) in male rats with marked cardiac functional abnormalities. In addition, studies mentioned some benefits of insulin application on these complications, but there are considerable disagreements among their findings. Therefore, we aimed to extend our knowledge on the in-vitro influence of insulin on left ventricular dysfunction and also in the isolated cardiomyocytes from MetS rats. RESULTS At the organ function level, an acute insulin application (100-nM) provided an important beneficial effect on the left ventricular developed pressure in MetS rats. Furthermore, to treat the freshly isolated cardiomyocytes from MetS rats with insulin provided marked recoveries in elevated resting intracellular Ca2+-level, as well as significant prevention of prolonged action potential through an augmentation in depressed K+-channel currents. Insulin also normalized the cellular levels of increased ROS and phosphorylation of PKCα, together with normalizations of apoptotic markers in MetS cardiomyocytes through the insulin-mediated regulation of phospho-Akt. Since not only elevated PKCα-activity but also reductions in phospho-Akt are key modulators of titin-based cardiomyocyte stiffening in hyperglycemia, insulin treatment of the cardiomyocytes prevented the activation of titin via the above pathways. Furthermore, CK2α-activation and NOS-phosphorylation could be prevented with insulin treatment. Mechanistically, we found that impaired insulin signaling and elevated PKCα and CK2α activities, as well as depressed Akt phosphorylation, are key modulators of titin-based cardiomyocyte stiffening in MetS rats. CONCLUSION We propose that restoring normal kinase activities and also increases in phospho-Akt by insulin can contribute marked recoveries in MetS heart function, indicating a promising approach to modulate titin-associated factors in heart dysfunction associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Durak
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Belma Turan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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14
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Ihara K, Sasano T, Hiraoka Y, Togo-Ohno M, Soejima Y, Sawabe M, Tsuchiya M, Ogawa H, Furukawa T, Kuroyanagi H. A missense mutation in the RSRSP stretch of Rbm20 causes dilated cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17894. [PMID: 33110103 PMCID: PMC7591520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a fatal heart disease characterized by left ventricular dilatation and cardiac dysfunction. Recent genetic studies on DCM have identified causative mutations in over 60 genes, including RBM20, which encodes a regulator of heart-specific splicing. DCM patients with RBM20 mutations have been reported to present with more severe cardiac phenotypes, including impaired cardiac function, atrial fibrillation (AF), and ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death, compared to those with mutations in the other genes. An RSRSP stretch of RBM20, a hotspot of missense mutations found in patients with idiopathic DCM, functions as a crucial part of its nuclear localization signals. However, the relationship between mutations in the RSRSP stretch and cardiac phenotypes has never been assessed in an animal model. Here, we show that Rbm20 mutant mice harboring a missense mutation S637A in the RSRSP stretch, mimicking that in a DCM patient, demonstrated severe cardiac dysfunction and spontaneous AF and ventricular arrhythmias mimicking the clinical state in patients. In contrast, Rbm20 mutant mice with frame-shifting deletion demonstrated less severe phenotypes, although loss of RBM20-dependent alternative splicing was indistinguishable. RBM20S637A protein cannot be localized to the nuclear speckles, but accumulated in cytoplasmic, perinuclear granule-like structures in cardiomyocytes, which might contribute to the more severe cardiac phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Ihara
- Department of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. .,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Sasano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiraoka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Marina Togo-Ohno
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yurie Soejima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Motoji Sawabe
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Megumi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidesato Ogawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Furukawa
- Department of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidehito Kuroyanagi
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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15
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Upadhyay SK, Mackereth CD. Structural basis of UCUU RNA motif recognition by splicing factor RBM20. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:4538-4550. [PMID: 32187365 PMCID: PMC7192616 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate splicing factor RBM20 (RNA binding motif protein 20) regulates protein isoforms important for heart development and function, with mutations in the gene linked to cardiomyopathy. Previous studies have identified the four nucleotide RNA motif UCUU as a common element in pre-mRNA targeted by RBM20. Here, we have determined the structure of the RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) domain from mouse RBM20 bound to RNA containing a UCUU sequence. The atomic details show that the RRM domain spans a larger region than initially proposed in order to interact with the complete UCUU motif, with a well-folded C-terminal helix encoded by exon 8 critical for high affinity binding. This helix only forms upon binding RNA with the final uracil, and removing the helix reduces affinity as well as specificity. We therefore find that RBM20 uses a coupled folding-binding mechanism by the C-terminal helix to specifically recognize the UCUU RNA motif.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cameron D Mackereth
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France.,Inserm U1212, CNRS UMR5320, ARNA Laboratory, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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16
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Abstract
Maturation is the last phase of heart development that prepares the organ for strong, efficient, and persistent pumping throughout the mammal's lifespan. This process is characterized by structural, gene expression, metabolic, and functional specializations in cardiomyocytes as the heart transits from fetal to adult states. Cardiomyocyte maturation gained increased attention recently due to the maturation defects in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte, its antagonistic effect on myocardial regeneration, and its potential contribution to cardiac disease. Here, we review the major hallmarks of ventricular cardiomyocyte maturation and summarize key regulatory mechanisms that promote and coordinate these cellular events. With advances in the technical platforms used for cardiomyocyte maturation research, we expect significant progress in the future that will deepen our understanding of this process and lead to better maturation of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte and novel therapeutic strategies for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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17
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Fochi S, Lorenzi P, Galasso M, Stefani C, Trabetti E, Zipeto D, Romanelli MG. The Emerging Role of the RBM20 and PTBP1 Ribonucleoproteins in Heart Development and Cardiovascular Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040402. [PMID: 32276354 PMCID: PMC7230170 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a regulatory mechanism essential for cell differentiation and tissue organization. More than 90% of human genes are regulated by alternative splicing events, which participate in cell fate determination. The general mechanisms of splicing events are well known, whereas only recently have deep-sequencing, high throughput analyses and animal models provided novel information on the network of functionally coordinated, tissue-specific, alternatively spliced exons. Heart development and cardiac tissue differentiation require thoroughly regulated splicing events. The ribonucleoprotein RBM20 is a key regulator of the alternative splicing events required for functional and structural heart properties, such as the expression of TTN isoforms. Recently, the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein PTBP1 has been demonstrated to participate with RBM20 in regulating splicing events. In this review, we summarize the updated knowledge relative to RBM20 and PTBP1 structure and molecular function; their role in alternative splicing mechanisms involved in the heart development and function; RBM20 mutations associated with idiopathic dilated cardiovascular disease (DCM); and the consequences of RBM20-altered expression or dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss the possible application of targeting RBM20 in new approaches in heart therapies.
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18
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Lorenzi P, Sangalli A, Fochi S, Dal Molin A, Malerba G, Zipeto D, Romanelli MG. RNA-binding proteins RBM20 and PTBP1 regulate the alternative splicing of FHOD3. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 106:74-83. [PMID: 30468920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of alternative splicing events is an essential step required for the expression of functional cytoskeleton and sarcomere proteins in cardiomyocytes. About 3% of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy cases present mutations in the RNA binding protein RBM20, a tissue specific regulator of alternative splicing. Transcripts expressed preferentially in skeletal and cardiac muscle, including TTN, CAMK2D, LDB3, LMO7, PDLIM3, RTN4, and RYR2, are RBM20-dependent splice variants. In the present study, we investigated the RBM20 involvement in post-transcriptional regulation of splicing variants expressed by Formin homology 2 domain containing 3 (FHOD3) gene. FHOD3 is a sarcomeric protein highly expressed in the cardiac tissue and required for the assembly of the contractile apparatus. Recently, FHOD3 mutations have been found associated with heart diseases. We identified novel FHOD3 splicing variants differentially expressed in human tissues and provided evidences that FHOD3 transcripts are specific RBM20 and PTBP1 targets. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the expression of RBM20 and PTBP1 promoted the alternative shift, from inclusion to exclusion, of selected FHOD3 exons. These results indicate that RBM20 and PTBP1 play a role in the actin filament functional organization mediated by FHOD3 isoforms and suggest their possible involvement in heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lorenzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - A Sangalli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - S Fochi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - A Dal Molin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - G Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - D Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - M G Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
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19
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Wang Q, Zhu C, Sun M, Maimaiti R, Ford SP, Nathanielsz PW, Ren J, Guo W. Maternal obesity impairs fetal cardiomyocyte contractile function in sheep. FASEB J 2018; 33:2587-2598. [PMID: 30289749 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800988r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide. In the United States, one-third of women of reproductive age are obese. Human studies show that maternal obesity (MO) predisposes offspring to cardiovascular disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Given the similarities between pregnancy in sheep and humans, we studied sheep to examine the impact of MO on fetal cardiomyocyte contractility at term. We observed that MO impaired cardiomyocyte contractility by reducing peak shortening and shortening/relengthening velocity, prolonging time to relengthening. MO disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis in fetal cardiomyocytes, increasing intracellular Ca2+ and inducing cellular Ca2+ insensitivity. The Ca2+-release channel was impaired, but Ca2+ uptake was unaffected by MO. The upstream kinases that phosphorylate the Ca2+-release channel-ryanodine receptor-2, PKA, and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-were activated in MO fetuses. Contractile dysfunction was associated with an increased ratio of myosin heavy chain (MHC)-β to MHC-α and upregulated cardiac troponin (cTn)-T and tropomyosin, as well as cTn-I phosphorylation. In summary, this is the first characterization of the effects of MO on fetal cardiomyocyte contractility. Our findings indicate that MO impairs fetal cardiomyocyte contractility through altered intracellular Ca2+ handling, overloading fetal cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca2+ and aberrant myofilament protein composition. These mechanisms may contribute to developmental programming by MO of offspring cardiac function and predisposition to later life cardiovascular disease in the offspring.-Wang, Q., Zhu, C., Sun, M., Maimaiti, R., Ford, S. P., Nathanielsz, P. W., Ren, J., Guo, W. Maternal obesity impairs fetal cardiomyocyte contractile function in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Wang
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.,Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA; and
| | - Chaoqun Zhu
- Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA; and
| | - Mingming Sun
- Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA; and
| | - Rexiati Maimaiti
- Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA; and
| | - Stephen P Ford
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.,Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA; and
| | - Peter W Nathanielsz
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.,Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA; and
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.,Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA; and.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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