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Şişli HB, Şenkal Turhan S, Bulut Okumuş E, Böke ÖB, Erdoğmuş Ö, Kül B, Sümer E, Doğan A. Azoxymethane-induced carcinogenesis-like model of mouse intestine and mouse embryonic stem cell-derived intestinal organoids. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:704. [PMID: 38824233 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor modeling using organoids holds potential in studies of cancer development, enlightening both the intracellular and extracellular molecular mechanisms behind different cancer types, biobanking, and drug screening. Intestinal organoids can be generated in vitro using a unique type of adult stem cells which are found at the base of crypts and are characterized by their high Lgr5 expression levels. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we successfully established intestinal cancer organoid models by using both the BALB/c derived and mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs)-derived intestinal organoids. In both cases, carcinogenesis-like model was developed by using azoxymethane (AOM) treatment. Carcinogenesis-like model was verified by H&E staining, immunostaining, relative mRNA expression analysis, and LC/MS analysis. The morphologic analysis demonstrated that the number of generated organoids, the number of crypts, and the intensity of the organoids were significantly augmented in AOM-treated intestinal organoids compared to non-AOM-treated ones. Relative mRNA expression data revealed that there was a significant increase in both Wnt signaling pathway-related genes and pluripotency transcription factors in the AOM-induced intestinal organoids. CONCLUSION We successfully developed simple carcinogenesis-like models using mESC-based and Lgr5 + stem cell-based intestinal organoids. Intestinal organoid based carcinogenesi models might be used for personalized cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Burcu Şişli
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selinay Şenkal Turhan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Bulut Okumuş
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özüm Begüm Böke
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özüm Erdoğmuş
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berke Kül
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Engin Sümer
- Faculty of Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Wang H, Zheng J, Ma Q, Zhang J, Li Y. GLT8D2 is a prognostic biomarker and regulator of immune cell infiltration in gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1370367. [PMID: 38840920 PMCID: PMC11150579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1370367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Because of the considerable tumor heterogeneity in gastric cancer (GC), only a limited group of patients experiences positive outcomes from immunotherapy. Herein, we aim to develop predictive models related to glycosylation genes to provide a more comprehensive understanding of immunotherapy for GC. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data and corresponding clinical outcomes were obtained from GEO and TCGA databases, and glycosylation-related genes were obtained from GlycoGene DataBase. We identified 48 differentially expressed glycosylation-related genes and established a prognostic model (seven prognosis genes including GLT8D2, GALNT6, ST3GAL6, GALNT15, GBGT1, FUT2, GXYLT2) based on these glycosylation-related genes using the results from Cox regression analysis. We found that these glycosylation-related genes revealed a robust correlation with the abundance of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs), especially the GLT8D2 which is associated with many TILs. Finally, we employed immunohistochemistry and Multiplex Immunohistochemical to discover that GLT8D2 serves as a valuable prognostic biomarker in GC and is closely associated with macrophage-related markers. Collectively, we established a prognostic model based on glycosylation-related genes to provide a more comprehensive understanding of prediction for GC prognosis, and identified that GLT8D2 is closely correlated with adverse prognosis and may underscore its role in regulating immune cell infiltration in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyang Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junchang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Shao Y, Li R, Chen G, Zhang L. Pan-Cancer Analysis of GALNT6 with Potential Implications for Prognosis and Tumor Microenvironment in Human Cancer Based on Bioinformatics and qPCR Verification. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:2187-2201. [PMID: 38770365 PMCID: PMC11104441 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s459953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose We explored the expression and prognostic value of GALNT6 and the tumor microenvironment of pan-cancer in humans. Methods In this study, we explored the expression pattern of GALNT6 pan-cancer across multiple databases. The prognostic value of GALNT6 was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The types and numbers of GALNT6 gene alterations were exhibited using the cBio Cancer Genomics Portal. The correlations between GALNT6 expression and immune infiltration in cancers were analyzed using the database Tumor Immune Estimation Resource 2. We also used the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene Ontology analysis to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the GALNT6 gene in tumorigenesis. The expression of GALNT6 was also further verified by qPCR in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Results In general, compared with normal tissue, tumor tissue had a higher expression level of GALNT6. GALNT6 showed a protective effect in colon carcinoma and other cancers; however, a high expression level of GALNT6 was detrimental to survival in bladder cancer and in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Mutation, amplification, and deep deletion were the three main types of GALNT6 mutations in tumors. There was a significant positive correlation between GALNT6 expression and immune infiltration of CD8+ T-cells in skin cutaneous melanoma metastasis, based on most of the algorithms used. Moreover, protein processing- and glycoprotein metabolic-associated functions were involved in the functional mechanisms of GALNT6. Conclusion This first pan-cancer study offers a relatively comprehensive understanding of the oncogenic roles of GALNT6 across different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangmei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lichuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Gadwal A, Purohit P, Khokhar M, Vishnoi JR, Pareek P, Choudhary R, Elhence P, Banerjee M, Sharma P. GALNT6, GALNT14, and Gal-3 in association with GDF-15 promotes drug resistance and stemness of breast cancer via β-catenin axis. Growth Factors 2024; 42:84-100. [PMID: 38889447 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2024.2368907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GALNTs) are a polypeptide responsible for aberrant glycosylation in breast cancer (BC), but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, expression levels of GALNT6, GALNT14, and Gal-3 were assessed in BC, and their association with GDF-15, β-catenin, stemness (SOX2 and OCT4), and drug resistance marker (ABCC5) was evaluated. Gene expression of GALNT6, GALNT14, Gal-3, GDF-15, OCT4, SOX2, ABCC5, and β-catenin in tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues (n = 30) was determined. The same was compared with GEO-microarray datasets. A significant increase in the expression of candidate genes was observed in BC tumor compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue; and in pre-therapeutic patients compared to post-therapeutic. GALNT6, GALNT14, Gal-3, and GDF-15 showed positive association with β-catenin, SOX2, OCT4, and ABCC5 and were significantly associated with poor Overall Survival. Our findings were also validated via in silico analysis. Our study suggests that GALNT6, GALNT14, and Gal-3 in association with GDF-15 promote stemness and intrinsic drug resistance in BC, possibly by β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashita Gadwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Jeewan Ram Vishnoi
- Department of Oncosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Puneet Pareek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ramkaran Choudhary
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Poonam Elhence
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Mithu Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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Behl T, Kumar A, Vishakha, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Yadav S, Rashid S, Ali N, Ahmed AS, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Bungau SG, Khan H. Understanding the mechanistic pathways and clinical aspects associated with protein and gene based biomarkers in breast cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126595. [PMID: 37648139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most widespread and severe diseases with a huge mortality rate. In recent years, the second-leading mortality rate of any cancer globally has been breast cancer, which is one of the most common and deadly cancers found in women. Detecting breast cancer in its initial stages simplifies treatment, decreases death risk, and recovers survival rates for patients. The death rate for breast cancer has risen to 0.024 % in some regions. Sensitive and accurate technologies are required for the preclinical detection of BC at an initial stage. Biomarkers play a very crucial role in the early identification as well as diagnosis of women with breast cancer. Currently, a wide variety of cancer biomarkers have been discovered for the diagnosis of cancer. For the identification of these biomarkers from serum or other body fluids at physiological amounts, many detection methods have been developed. In the case of breast cancer, biomarkers are especially helpful in discovering those who are more likely to develop the disease, determining prognosis at the time of initial diagnosis and choosing the best systemic therapy. In this study we have compiled various clinical aspects and signaling pathways associated with protein-based biomarkers and gene-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankush Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IET Bhaddal Technical Campus, Ropar 140108, Punjab, India
| | - Vishakha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IET Bhaddal Technical Campus, Ropar 140108, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, 141104 Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Shivam Yadav
- School of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadah 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira Saber Ahmed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 150001, Peru; E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea 410087, Romania
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
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Li H, Jiao W, Song J, Wang J, Chen G, Li D, Wang X, Bao B, Du X, Cheng Y, Yang C, Tong Q, Zheng L. circ-hnRNPU inhibits NONO-mediated c-Myc transactivation and mRNA stabilization essential for glycosylation and cancer progression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:313. [PMID: 37993881 PMCID: PMC10666356 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence reveals the emerging functions of circular RNA (circRNA) and protein glycosylation in cancer progression. However, the roles of circRNA in regulating glycosyltransferase expression in gastric cancer remain to be determined. METHODS Circular RNAs (circRNAs) were validated by Sanger sequencing. Co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and RNA sequencing assays were applied to explore protein interaction and target genes. Gene expression regulation was observed by chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA immunoprecipitation, dual-luciferase reporter, real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and western blot assays. Gain- and loss-of-function studies were performed to observe the impacts of circRNA and its partners on the glycosylation, growth, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. RESULTS Circ-hnRNPU, an exonic circRNA derived from heterogenous nuclear ribonuclear protein U (hnRNPU), was identified to exert tumor suppressive roles in protein glycosylation and progression of gastric cancer. Mechanistically, circ-hnRNPU physically interacted with non-POU domain containing octamer binding (NONO) protein to induce its cytoplasmic retention, resulting in down-regulation of glycosyltransferases (GALNT2, GALNT6, MGAT1) and parental gene hnRNPU via repression of nuclear NONO-mediated c-Myc transactivation or cytoplasmic NONO-facilitated mRNA stability. Rescue studies indicated that circ-hnRNPU inhibited the N- and O-glycosylation, growth, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer cells via interacting with NONO protein. Pre-clinically, administration of lentivirus carrying circ-hnRNPU suppressed the protein glycosylation, tumorigenesis, and aggressiveness of gastric cancer xenografts. In clinical cases, low circ-hnRNPU levels and high NONO or c-Myc expression were associated with poor survival outcome of gastric cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that circ-hnRNPU inhibits NONO-mediated c-Myc transactivation and mRNA stabilization essential for glycosylation and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Li
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Wanju Jiao
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu Song
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Jianqun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Banghe Bao
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Du
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Liduan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430022, P. R. China.
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Sun L, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Mucin Glycans: A Target for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:7033. [PMID: 37894512 PMCID: PMC10609567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin glycans are an important component of the mucus barrier and a vital defence against physical and chemical damage as well as pathogens. There are 20 mucins in the human body, which can be classified into secreted mucins and transmembrane mucins according to their distributions. The major difference between them is that secreted mucins do not have transmembrane structural domains, and the expression of each mucin is organ and cell-specific. Under physiological conditions, mucin glycans are involved in the composition of the mucus barrier and thus protect the body from infection and injury. However, abnormal expression of mucin glycans can lead to the occurrence of diseases, especially cancer, through various mechanisms. Therefore, targeting mucin glycans for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer has always been a promising research direction. Here, we first summarize the main types of glycosylation (O-GalNAc glycosylation and N-glycosylation) on mucins and the mechanisms by which abnormal mucin glycans occur. Next, how abnormal mucin glycans contribute to cancer development is described. Finally, we summarize MUC1-based antibodies, vaccines, radio-pharmaceuticals, and CAR-T therapies using the best characterized MUC1 as an example. In this section, we specifically elaborate on the recent new cancer therapy CAR-M, which may bring new hope to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Sun
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology and Detection of Yan'an, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
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Jin W, Zhang M, Dong C, Huang L, Luo Q. The multifaceted role of MUC1 in tumor therapy resistance. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1441-1474. [PMID: 36564679 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor therapeutic resistances are frequently linked to the recurrence and poor prognosis of cancers and have been a key bottleneck in clinical tumor treatment. Mucin1 (MUC1), a heterodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein, exhibits abnormally overexpression in a variety of human tumors and has been confirmed to be related to the formation of therapeutic resistance. In this review, the multifaceted roles of MUC1 in tumor therapy resistance are summarized from aspects of pan-cancer principles shared among therapies and individual mechanisms dependent on different therapies. Concretely, the common mechanisms of therapy resistance across cancers include interfering with gene expression, promoting genome instability, modifying tumor microenvironment, enhancing cancer heterogeneity and stemness, and activating evasion and metastasis. Moreover, the individual mechanisms of therapy resistance in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and biotherapy are introduced. Last but not least, MUC1-involved therapy resistance in different types of cancers and MUC1-related clinical trials are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiu Jin
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Changzi Dong
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local Universities in Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingquan Luo
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Gupta R, Ponangi R, Indresh KG. Role of glycosylation in breast cancer progression and metastasis: implications for miRNA, EMT and multidrug resistance. Glycobiology 2023; 33:545-555. [PMID: 37283470 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of death in women, globally. A variety of biological processes results in metastasis, a poorly understood pathological phenomenon, causing a high relapse rate. Glycosylation, microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), have been shown to regulate this cascade where tumor cells detach from their primary site, enter the circulatory system and colonize distant sites. Integrated proteomics and glycomics approaches have been developed to probe the molecular mechanism regulating such metastasis. In this review, we describe specific aspects of glycosylation and its interrelation with miRNAs, EMT and multidrug resistance during BC progression and metastasis. We explore various approaches that determine the role of proteomes and glycosylation in BC diagnosis, therapy and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitesh Gupta
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007 Telangana, India
| | - Rohan Ponangi
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007 Telangana, India
| | - Kuppanur G Indresh
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007 Telangana, India
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10
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Liu P, Liu J, Ding M, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhou Z. FUT2 promotes the tumorigenicity and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells via the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Int J Oncol 2023; 62:35. [PMID: 36734282 PMCID: PMC9911090 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC), a leading cause of cancer‑related mortality, has increased globally. Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2), catalyzing the α1, 2‑linked fucose in mammals, has been reported to be overexpressed in several malignant cancers, including CRC. However, the effects of FUT2 on CRC remain largely unknown. Herein, it was determined that the FUT2 expression levels in CRC tissues were higher than those in adjacent non‑tumor tissues, whereas no association with tumor stage was revealed. The results of biological functional analysis revealed that FUT2 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of human CRC cells. Moreover, the knockdown of FUT2 arrested the CRC cells at the G0/G1 phase and promoted the apoptosis of human CRC cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of β‑catenin, C‑myc and cyclin D1 were decreased by FUT2 knockdown in CRC cells, whereas the expression of glycogen synthase kinase‑3β and the phosphorylation levels of β‑catenin were increased. Additionally, Wnt2 was fucosylated by FUT2 in CRC cells. Furthermore, the knockdown of FUT2 inhibited the growth of human CRC in vivo. Overall, the findings of the present study suggest that FUT2 may be used as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Mengyang Ding
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Yijing Liu
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Xiaoming Chen, Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 268 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Zhenxu Zhou
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China,Dr Zhenxu Zhou, Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Ding M, Liu J, Lv H, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Peng H, Fan S, Chen X. Knocking down GALNT6 promotes pyroptosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells through NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD and GSDME signaling pathway. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1097772. [PMID: 36925932 PMCID: PMC10013470 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1097772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most prevalent type of pancreatic cancer, is a highly lethal malignancy with poor prognosis. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-6 (GALNT6) is frequently overexpressed in PDAC. However, the role of GALNT6 in the PDAC remains unclear. Methods The expression of GALNT6 in pancreatic cancer and normal tissues were analyzed by bioinformatic analyses and immunohistochemistry. CCK8 and colony formation were used to detect cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell cycle.The pyroptosis was detected by scanning electron microscopy. The mRNA expression was detected by qRT-PCR. The protein expression and localization were detected by western blot and immunofluorescence assay. ELISA was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors. Results The expression of GALNT6 was associated with advanced tumor stage, and had an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.919 in pancreatic cancer based on the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) dataset. Knockdown of GALNT6 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell cycle arrest of PDAC cells. Meanwhile, knockdown of GALNT6 increased the expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), the release of inflammasome and an increasing of Gasdermin D (GSDMD), N-terminal of GSDMD (GSDMD-N), Gasdermin E (GSDME) and N-terminal of GSDME (GSDME-N) in PDAC cells. GALNT6 suppressed the expression of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) and GSDMD by glycosylation of NF-κB and inhibiting the nucleus localization of NF-κB. Additionally, GALNT6 promotes the degradation of GSDME by O-glycosylation. Conclusion We found that GALNT6 is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer and plays a carcinogenic role. The results suggested that GALNT6 regulates the pyroptosis of PDAC cells through NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD and GSDME signaling. Our study might provides novel insights into the roles of GALNT6 in PDAC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer Pathogenesis and Translation, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer Pathogenesis and Translation, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Honghui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer Pathogenesis and Translation, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer Pathogenesis and Translation, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yumiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer Pathogenesis and Translation, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer Pathogenesis and Translation, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sairong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer Pathogenesis and Translation, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer Pathogenesis and Translation, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Li Y, Zhao J, Zhang W, Wang A, Jiao M, Cai X, Zhu J, Liu Z, Huang JA. LINC02535/miR-30a-5p/GALNT3 axis contributes to lung adenocarcinoma progression via the NF- κ B signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:2455-2470. [PMID: 35852407 PMCID: PMC9677982 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNA) play important roles in multiple types of cancers. We addressed the role of LINC02535 by regulating the miR-30a-5p /GalNAc Transferase 3 (GALNT3) axis to promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database screened differentially expressed lncRNAs. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR) confirmed that LINC02535 is highly expressed in LUAD tissues and cells. In vitro experiments showed that LINC02535 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of LUAD cells. A xenograft mouse model was used to show that LINC02535 promotes tumor growth in vivo. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and Dual-luciferase reporter assay results confirmed that LINC02535 targets miR-30a-5p. The Vicia villosa lectin (VVA) pull-down assay indicated that MUC1 is the glycosylation target of GALNT3, and western blot verified that NF-κB is the downstream signaling pathway of MUC1. We found that LINC02535 was increased in LUAD tissues and cells, and LINC02535 was correlated with the poor prognosis of LUAD patients. miR-30a-5p acts as a tumor suppressor in LUAD by targeting GALNT3. We also demonstrated that LINC02535 might function as the sponge of miR-30a-5p to up-regulate GALNT3, and consequently promote the proliferation and metastasis of LUAD. LINC02535 acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to interact with miR-30a-5p, thereby upregulating the expression of GALNT3, enhancing the function of MUC1, and activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, promoting the malignant progression of LUAD cells.Abbreviations: LncRNA:long non-coding RNA; LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; GALNT3: GalNAc Transferase 3; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR analysis; RIP: RNA immunoprecipitation; SPF: specific pathogen-free; VVA: Vicia villosa lectin; ceRNA: competing endogenous RNA; MiRNAs: microRNAs; FBS: fetal bovine serum; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; CCK-8: Cell Counting Kit-8; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; OC: ovarian cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Jiao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjie Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, China
| | - Zeyi Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, China,CONTACT Zeyi Liu ; ; Jian-an Huang Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou215006, China
| | - Jian-an Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, China
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Zhou F, Ma J, Zhu Y, Wang T, Yang Y, Sun Y, Chen Y, Song H, Huo X, Zhang J. The role and potential mechanism of O-Glycosylation in gastrointestinal tumors. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106420. [PMID: 36049664 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical post-translational modification (PTM) that affects the function of proteins and regulates cell signaling, thereby regulating various biological processes. Protein oxygen-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation modifications are glycochemical modifications that occur within cells in the signal transduction and are frequently found in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Due to the rapid and reversible addition and removal, O-GlcNAc modifications are able to reversibly compete with certain phosphorylation modifications, immediately regulate the activity of proteins, and participate in kinds of cellular metabolic and signal transduction pathways, playing a pivotal role in the regulation of tumors, diabetes, and other diseases. This article provided a brief overview of O-GlcNAc glycosylation modification, introduced its role in altering the progression and immune response regulation of gastrointestinal tumors, and discussed its potential use as a marker of tumor neogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feinan Zhou
- The department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases of Cadres Healthcare Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province 230000, China.
| | - Jia Ma
- The First Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province 230000, China.
| | - Yongfu Zhu
- The First Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province 230000, China.
| | - Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province 230000, China.
| | - Yue Yang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province 230000, China.
| | - Yehan Sun
- The First Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province 230000, China.
| | - Youmou Chen
- The First Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province 230000, China.
| | - Hang Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province 230000, China.
| | - Xingxing Huo
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province 230000, China.
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province 510799, China.
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RUNX3-Regulated GALNT6 Promotes the Migration and Invasion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Mediating O-Glycosylation of MUC1. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:2959846. [PMID: 35909886 PMCID: PMC9334053 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2959846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Dysregulation of messenger RNAs (mRNA) has been recognized to be associated with HCC carcinogenesis and development. Polypeptide GalNAc Transferase 6 (GALNT6), an O-type glycosyltransferase, has been confirmed as tumor promoter in different cancers. However, the function of GALNT6 in HCC remains to be studied. Methods RT-qPCR and western blot experiments were, respectively, performed for evaluating RNA expressions and protein levels. Supported by bioinformatics analysis, mechanism assays were conducted for validating the potential relation between different genes. Functional assays were implemented to analyze HCC cell migration and invasion after different transfections. Results GALNT6 was aberrantly upregulated in HCC cells. Knockdown of GALNT6 could repress HCC cell migration and invasion. RUNX3 was verified to bind to GALNT6 promoter and activate GALNT6 transcription. GALNT6 depletion led to inhibited O-glycosylation and aggravated degradation of MUC1. MUC1 overexpression could rescue the impeded HCC cell migration and invasion induced by GALNT6 knockdown. Conclusion To sum up, GALNT6 transcriptionally activated by RUNX3 mediated the O-glycosylation of MUC1, thus exerting promoting influence on HCC cell migration and invasion.
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Huang T, Wu Q, Huang H, Zhang C, Wang L, Wang L, Liu Y, Li W, Zhang J, Liu Y. Expression of GALNT8 and O-glycosylation of BMP receptor 1A suppress breast cancer cell proliferation by upregulating ERα levels. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130046. [PMID: 34743989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucin-type O-glycosylation is one of the most abundant types of O-glycosylation and plays important roles in various human carcinomas, including breast cancer. A large family of polypeptide N-acetyl-α-galactosaminyltransferases (GALNTs) initiate and define sites of mucin-type O-glycosylation. However, the specific mechanisms underlying GALNT8 expression and its roles in tumorigenesis remain poorly characterized. METHODS GALNT8 expression was assessed in 140 breast cancer patients. Immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, lectin blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to investigate the expression of GALNT8 and its role in regulating estrogen receptor α (ERα) via bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. RESULTS The expression of GALNT8 was associated with breast cancer patient survival. GALNT8 downregulation was associated with a reduction in ERα levels, while GALNT8 overexpression elevated the transcription and protein levels of ERα and suppressed colony formation, suggesting an important role of GALNT8 in cancer cell proliferation. Conversely, GALNT8 knockdown led to the inhibition of BMP/SMAD/RUNX2 axis, which decreased ERα transcription. Further analysis suggested that BMP receptor 1A (BMPR1A) was O-GalNAcylated. Sites mutation of BMPR1A indicated that Thr137 and Ser37/Ser39/Ser44/Thr49 of BMPR1A were the main O-glycosylation sites. Although we cannot exclude the indirect effect of GALNT8, our results demonstrated that the expression of GALNT8 and O-glycosylation of BMPR1A play key roles in regulating the activity of BMP/SMAD/RUNX2 signaling and ERα expression. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that GALNT8 expression and abnormal O-GalNAcylation of BMPR1A increase ERα expression and suppress breast cancer cell proliferation by modulating the BMP signaling pathway. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results identify the involvement of GALNT8 in regulating ERα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmiao Huang
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 122406, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 122406, China
| | - Huang Huang
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 122406, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 122406, China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 122406, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 122406, China
| | - Yangzhi Liu
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 122406, China
| | - Wenli Li
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 122406, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 122406, China..
| | - Yubo Liu
- School of Life Science & Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 122406, China..
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Mao Y, Zhang Y, Fan S, Chen L, Tang L, Chen X, Lyu J. Erratum: GALNT6 Promotes Tumorigenicity and Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cell via β-catenin/MUC1-C Signaling Pathway: Erratum. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4517. [PMID: 34803515 PMCID: PMC8579435 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.67971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingge Mao
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sairong Fan
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lvao Chen
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Polypeptide-GalNAc-Transferase-13 Shows Prognostic Impact in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225616. [PMID: 34830771 PMCID: PMC8616257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a public health concern and is currently the fifth cause of mortality worldwide. Identification of different biological subtypes is essential for clinical management; therefore, the role of pathologists is essential and useful tools for immunohistochemistry diagnosis are needed. Polypeptide-GalNAc-transferases are emerging novel biomarkers related to cancer behavior and GalNAc-T13, correlated with aggressiveness in some tumors, is an interesting candidate. Few monoclonal antibodies reacting with native proteins, and not affected by fixation and paraffin embedding, have been reported. The aim of this work was to develop a useful monoclonal antibody anti-GalNAc-T13 and to assess its potential significance in breast cancer diagnosis. We evaluated 6 human breast cancer cell lines, 338 primary breast tumors and 48 metastatic lymph nodes and looked for clinical significance correlating GalNAc-T13 expression with patients' clinical features and survival. We found high GalNAc-T13 expression in 43.8% of the cases and observed a significant higher expression in metastatic lymph nodes, correlating with worse overall survival. We hypothesized several possible molecular mechanisms and their implications. We conclude that GalNAc-T13 may be a novel biomarker in breast cancer, useful for routine pathological diagnosis. Elucidation of molecular mechanisms related to aggressiveness should contribute to understand the role of GalNAc-T13 in breast cancer biology.
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Supruniuk K, Radziejewska I. MUC1 is an oncoprotein with a significant role in apoptosis (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:68. [PMID: 34278474 PMCID: PMC8360618 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a membrane-bound, highly glycosylated protein that is overexpressed in all stages of malignant transformation. Overexpression of MUC1 together with loss of polarization and hypoglycosylation are associated with resistance to apoptosis, which is the process that results in efficient removal of damaged cells. Inhibition of the apoptotic process is responsible for tumor development, tumor progression and drug resistance. MUC1 is considered as an oncogenic molecule that is involved in various signaling pathways responsible for the regulation of apoptosis. Based on this, the aim of the present study was to discuss the involvement of MUC1 in the divergent mechanisms regulating programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Supruniuk
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, 15‑222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Iwona Radziejewska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, 15‑222 Białystok, Poland
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Prasher P, Sharma M. Targeting N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase for anticancer therapy. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:3-6. [PMID: 32985012 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
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Metzendorf C, Wineberger K, Rausch J, Cigliano A, Peters K, Sun B, Mennerich D, Kietzmann T, Calvisi DF, Dombrowski F, Ribback S. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Clear Cell Foci (CCF) in the Human Non-Cirrhotic Liver Identifies Several Differentially Expressed Genes and Proteins with Functions in Cancer Cell Biology and Glycogen Metabolism. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184141. [PMID: 32927708 PMCID: PMC7570661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell foci (CCF) of the liver are considered to be pre-neoplastic lesions of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas. They are hallmarked by glycogen overload and activation of AKT (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog)/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)-signaling. Here, we report the transcriptome and proteome of CCF extracted from human liver biopsies by laser capture microdissection. We found 14 genes and 22 proteins differentially expressed in CCF and the majority of these were expressed at lower levels in CCF. Using immunohistochemistry, the reduced expressions of STBD1 (starch-binding domain-containing protein 1), USP28 (ubiquitin-specific peptidase 28), monad/WDR92 (WD repeat domain 92), CYB5B (Cytochrome b5 type B), and HSPE1 (10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial) were validated in CCF in independent specimens. Knockout of Stbd1, the gene coding for Starch-binding domain-containing protein 1, in mice did not have a significant effect on liver glycogen levels, indicating that additional factors are required for glycogen overload in CCF. Usp28 knockout mice did not show changes in glycogen storage in diethylnitrosamine-induced liver carcinoma, demonstrating that CCF are distinct from this type of cancer model, despite the decreased USP28 expression. Moreover, our data indicates that decreased USP28 expression is a novel factor contributing to the pre-neoplastic character of CCF. In summary, our work identifies several novel and unexpected candidates that are differentially expressed in CCF and that have functions in glycogen metabolism and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Metzendorf
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23e, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (C.M.); (K.W.); (J.R.); (A.C.); (K.P.); (D.F.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Katharina Wineberger
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23e, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (C.M.); (K.W.); (J.R.); (A.C.); (K.P.); (D.F.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Jenny Rausch
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23e, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (C.M.); (K.W.); (J.R.); (A.C.); (K.P.); (D.F.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Antonio Cigliano
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23e, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (C.M.); (K.W.); (J.R.); (A.C.); (K.P.); (D.F.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Kristin Peters
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23e, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (C.M.); (K.W.); (J.R.); (A.C.); (K.P.); (D.F.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Baodong Sun
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Daniela Mennerich
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (D.M.); (T.K.)
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (D.M.); (T.K.)
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23e, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (C.M.); (K.W.); (J.R.); (A.C.); (K.P.); (D.F.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23e, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (C.M.); (K.W.); (J.R.); (A.C.); (K.P.); (D.F.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23e, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (C.M.); (K.W.); (J.R.); (A.C.); (K.P.); (D.F.C.); (F.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-383-486-5732; Fax: +49-383-486-5778
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Pu Q, Lu L, Dong K, Geng WW, Lv YR, Gao HD. The Novel Transcription Factor CREB3L4 Contributes to the Progression of Human Breast Carcinoma. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:37-50. [PMID: 32026099 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast carcinoma(BC)is the most common cancer type among females globally. Understanding the molecular pathways that trigger the development of BC is crucial for both prevention and treatment. As such, the role of transcription factors (TFs) in the development of BC is a focal point in this field. CREB3s play a critical role in initiating the unfolded protein response (UPR); however, the role of CREB3 family members in breast cancer development remains largely unknown. Here, we mined the ONCOMINE database for the transcriptional data of CREB3s in patients with BC. Then, the regulatory functions of a novel TF, CREB3L4, were investigated. CREB3L4 knockdown in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. ChIP assays confirmed that CREB3L4 can directly bind to the PCNA promoter region, suggesting that the PCNA protein may be functionally downstream of CREB3L4. Additionally, the expression level of CREB3L4 was assessed using our cohort. CREB3L4 is upregulated in breast cancer tissues and is significantly associated with histological grade and tumour size (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, PCNA expression was upregulated in breast cancer tissues and positively correlated with CREB3L4. In summary, CREB3L4 may play an important role in the progression of human BC and may serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Pu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao) of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266035, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Dong
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Geng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao) of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Rong Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Dong Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao) of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266035, People's Republic of China.
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Wu X, Chen S, Lu C. Amyloid precursor protein promotes the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:162-174. [PMID: 31746365 PMCID: PMC6889931 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To verify whether amyloid precursor protein (APP) affects the migration and invasion of breast cancer cell lines, and to understand its underlying mechanisms, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family were investigated in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and BT474 human breast cancer cells. Breast cancer cell lines were transfected with plasmids containing APP coding sequences (pEGFP-n1-APP) and APP short hairpin RNA (pENTR APP shRNA). APP overexpres-sion efficiency, knockout efficiency and the expression levels of related genes were tested using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot analyses. The effects of APP and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor on cell migration and invasion were examined using Transwell assays. The results demonstrated that APP was significantly upregulated in the pEGFP-n1-APP group (P<0.05), and significantly downregulated in the pENTR APP shRNA group (P<0.05), compared with the control group. APP overexpression increased the migratory and invasive ability of human breast cancer cells (P<0.05), whereas APP silencing significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion (P<0.05). RT-qPCR and western blot analysis results suggested that APP overexpression significantly increased the expression of MMP-9, MMP-2, MMP-3, N-cadherin and vimentin (P<0.05). In addition, the enhanced expression of APP markedly affected the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 (MLK3), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MEK4) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 (JNK3; P<0.05). Additionally, APP overexpression had no effect on the total expression levels of MLK3, MEK4, and JNK3; however, APP overexpression significantly decreased the expression levels of E-cadherin and cytokeratin (P<0.05). Conversely, APP silencing had the opposite effects. When cells were treated with the MEK inhibitor PD0325901, the expression of APP was not altered, nor was the expression levels of MEK and its upstream signaling molecules. Taken together, the present findings suggested that APP could affect the migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells by mediating the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby promoting the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Wu
- Three Departments of General Surgery, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
| | - Shuanglong Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361001, P.R. China
| | - Chuanhui Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian 361001, P.R. China
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