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Hersh DS, Hughes CD. Syndromic Craniosynostosis: Unique Management Considerations. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2021; 33:105-112. [PMID: 34801135 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis involves the premature fusion of 1 or more cranial sutures and commonly presents as an isolated, nonsyndromic diagnosis. A subset of patients have syndromic craniosynostosis. Several unique considerations must be taken into account when managing patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. A multidisciplinary craniofacial team with a central coordinator is particularly useful for coordinating care among various specialists, and close monitoring is mandatory owing to the increased risk of intracranial hypertension. Surgical management varies among centers, but core options include fronto-orbital advancement with cranial vault remodeling, posterior vault expansion, endoscopic-assisted suturectomy with postoperative orthotic therapy, and midface advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hersh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Connecticut Children's, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT 06106, USA; Department of Surgery, UConn School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - Christopher D Hughes
- Department of Surgery, UConn School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Divisions of Plastic Surgery and Craniofacial Surgery, Connecticut Children's, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
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Azoury SC, Reddy S, Shukla V, Deng CX. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 ( FGFR2) Mutation Related Syndromic Craniosynostosis. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1479-1488. [PMID: 29230096 PMCID: PMC5723914 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis results from the premature fusion of cranial sutures, with an incidence of 1 in 2,100-2,500 live births. The majority of cases are non-syndromic and involve single suture fusion, whereas syndromic cases often involve complex multiple suture fusion. The fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene is perhaps the most extensively studied gene that is mutated in various craniosynostotic syndromes including Crouzon, Apert, Pfeiffer, Antley-Bixler, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata, Jackson-Weiss, Bent Bone Dysplasia, and Seathre-Chotzen-like syndromes. The majority of these mutations are missense mutations that result in constitutive activation of the receptor and downstream molecular pathways. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach with ultimate surgical fixation of the cranial deformity to prevent further sequelae. Understanding the molecular mechanisms has allowed for the investigation of different therapeutic agents that can potentially be used to prevent the disorders. Further research efforts are need to better understand screening and effective methods of early intervention and prevention. Herein, the authors provide a comprehensive update on FGFR2-related syndromic craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïd C. Azoury
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sashank Reddy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vivek Shukla
- TGIB, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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Gurha P, Chen X, Lombardi R, Willerson JT, Marian AJ. Knockdown of Plakophilin 2 Downregulates miR-184 Through CpG Hypermethylation and Suppression of the E2F1 Pathway and Leads to Enhanced Adipogenesis In Vitro. Circ Res 2016; 119:731-50. [PMID: 27470638 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE PKP2, encoding plakophilin 2 (PKP2), is the most common causal gene for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. OBJECTIVE To characterize miRNA expression profile in PKP2-deficient cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Control and PKP2-knockdown HL-1 (HL-1(Pkp2-shRNA)) cells were screened for 750 miRNAs using low-density microfluidic panels. Fifty-nine miRNAs were differentially expressed. MiR-184 was the most downregulated miRNA. Expression of miR-184 in the heart and cardiac myocyte was developmentally downregulated and was low in mature myocytes. MicroRNA-184 was predominantly expressed in cardiac mesenchymal progenitor cells. Knockdown of Pkp2 in cardiac mesenchymal progenitor cells also reduced miR-184 levels. Expression of miR-184 was transcriptionally regulated by the E2F1 pathway, which was suppressed in PKP2-deficient cells. Activation of E2F1, on overexpression of its activator CCND1 (cyclin D1) or knockdown of its inhibitor retinoblastoma 1, partially rescued miR-184 levels. In addition, DNA methyltransferase-1 was recruited to the promoter region of miR-184, and the CpG sites at the upstream region of miR-184 were hypermethylated. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a demethylation agent, and knockdown of DNA methyltransferase-1 partially rescued miR-184 level. Pathway analysis of paired miR-184:mRNA targets identified cell proliferation, differentiation, and death as the main affected biological processes. Knockdown of miR-184 in HL-1 cells and mesenchymal progenitor cells induced and, conversely, its overexpression attenuated adipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS PKP2 deficiency leads to suppression of the E2F1 pathway and hypermethylation of the CpG sites at miR-184 promoter, resulting in downregulation of miR-184 levels. Suppression of miR-184 enhances and its activation attenuates adipogenesis in vitro. Thus, miR-184 contributes to the pathogenesis of adipogenesis in PKP2-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyatansh Gurha
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, and Texas Heart Institute
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, and Texas Heart Institute
| | - Raffaella Lombardi
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, and Texas Heart Institute
| | - James T Willerson
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, and Texas Heart Institute
| | - Ali J Marian
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, and Texas Heart Institute.
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Kann M, Bae E, Lenz MO, Li L, Trannguyen B, Schumacher VA, Taglienti ME, Bordeianou L, Hartwig S, Rinschen MM, Schermer B, Benzing T, Fan CM, Kreidberg JA. WT1 targets Gas1 to maintain nephron progenitor cells by modulating FGF signals. Development 2016; 142:1254-66. [PMID: 25804736 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of the metanephric kidney depends on tightly regulated interplay between self-renewal and differentiation of a nephron progenitor cell (NPC) pool. Several key factors required for the survival of NPCs have been identified, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling and the transcription factor Wilms' tumor suppressor 1 (WT1). Here, we present evidence that WT1 modulates FGF signaling by activating the expression of growth arrest-specific 1 (Gas1), a novel WT1 target gene and novel modulator of FGF signaling. We show that WT1 directly binds to a conserved DNA binding motif within the Gas1 promoter and activates Gas1 mRNA transcription in NPCs. We confirm that WT1 is required for Gas1 expression in kidneys in vivo. Loss of function of GAS1 in vivo results in hypoplastic kidneys with reduced nephron mass due to premature depletion of NPCs. Although kidney development in Gas1 knockout mice progresses normally until E15.5, NPCs show decreased rates of proliferation at this stage and are depleted as of E17.5. Lastly, we show that Gas1 is selectively required for FGF-stimulated AKT signaling in vitro. In summary, our data suggest a model in which WT1 modulates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in NPCs by directing the expression of Gas1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department II of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eunnyung Bae
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maximilian O Lenz
- Department II of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Liangji Li
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - BaoTran Trannguyen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Valerie A Schumacher
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary E Taglienti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liliana Bordeianou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sunny Hartwig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department II of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jordan A Kreidberg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Ajiro M, Jia R, Wang RH, Deng CX, Zheng ZM. Adapted Resistance to the Knockdown Effect of shRNA-Derived Srsf3 siRNAs in Mouse Littermates. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1248-56. [PMID: 26435690 PMCID: PMC4582148 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene silencing techniques are widely used to control gene expression and have potential for RNAi-based therapeutics. In this report, transgenic mouse lines were created for conditional knockdown of Srsf3 (SRp20) expression in liver and mammary gland tissues by expressing Srsf3-specific shRNAs driven by a U6 promoter. Although a small portion of the transgenic mouse littermates were found to produce siRNAs in the targeted tissues, most of the transgenic littermates at two months of age failed to display a knockdown phenotype of Srsf3 expression in their liver and mammary gland tissues where an abundant level of Srsf3 siRNAs remained. We saw only one of four mice with liver/mammary gland expressing Srsf3 siRNA displayed a suppressed level of Srsf3 protein, but not the mRNA. Data indicate that the host resistance to a gene-specific siRNA targeting an essential gene transcript can be developed in animals, presumably as a physiological necessity to cope with the hostile perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Ajiro
- 1. Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Rong Jia
- 1. Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA ; 3. Wuhan University School of Stomatology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui-Hong Wang
- 2. Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA. ; 4. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- 2. Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA. ; 4. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- 1. Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Song HW, Bettegowda A, Oliver D, Yan W, Phan MH, de Rooij DG, Corbett MA, Wilkinson MF. shRNA off-target effects in vivo: impaired endogenous siRNA expression and spermatogenic defects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118549. [PMID: 25790000 PMCID: PMC4366048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is widely used to determine the function of genes. We chose this approach to assess the collective function of the highly related reproductive homeobox 3 (Rhox3) gene paralogs. Using a Rhox3 short hairpin (sh) RNA with 100% complementarity to all 8 Rhox3 paralogs, expressed from a CRE-regulated transgene, we successfully knocked down Rhox3 expression in male germ cells in vivo. These Rhox3-shRNA transgenic mice had dramatic defects in spermatogenesis, primarily in spermatocytes and round spermatids. To determine whether this phenotype was caused by reduced Rhox3 expression, we generated mice expressing the Rhox3-shRNA but lacking the intended target of the shRNA—Rhox3. These double-mutant mice had a phenotype indistinguishable from Rhox3-shRNA-expressing mice that was different from mice lacking the Rhox3 paralogs, indicating that the Rhox3 shRNA disrupts spermatogenesis independently of Rhox3. Rhox3-shRNA transgenic mice displayed few alterations in the expression of protein-coding genes, but instead exhibited reduced levels of all endogenous siRNAs we tested. This supported a model in which the Rhox3 shRNA causes spermatogenic defects by sequestering one or more components of the endogenous small RNA biogenesis machinery. Our study serves as a warning for those using shRNA approaches to investigate gene functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Song
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anilkumar Bettegowda
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Oliver
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Mimi H. Phan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dirk G. de Rooij
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Corbett
- School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Miles F. Wilkinson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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N-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel in non-excitable microglial cells in mice is involved in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:142-7. [PMID: 24887565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury induces neuropathic pain which is characterized by tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. N-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel (VDCC) plays pivotal roles in the development of neuropathic pain, since mice lacking Cav2.2, the pore-forming subunit of N-type VDCC, show greatly reduced symptoms of both tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Our study on gene expression profiles of the Cav2.2 knockout (KO) spinal cord after spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-injury revealed altered expression of genes known to be expressed in microglia, raising an odd idea that N-type VDCC may function in not only excitable (neurons) but also non-excitable (microglia) cells in neuropathic pain state. In the present study, we have tested this idea by using a transgenic mouse line, in which suppression of Cav2.2 expression can be achieved specifically in microglia/macrophage by the application of tamoxifen. We found SNL-operated transgenic mice exhibited greatly reduced signs of tactile allodynia, whereas the degree of thermal hyperalgesia was almost the same as that of control. Immunohistochemical analysis of the transgenic lumbar spinal cord revealed reduced accumulation of Iba1-positive cells (microglia/macrophage) around the injured neurons, indicating microglial N-type VDCC is important for accumulation of microglia at the lesion sites. Although the mechanism of its activation is not clear at present, activation of N-type VDCC expressed in non-excitable microglial cells contributes to the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain.
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Valletta D, Czech B, Spruss T, Ikenberg K, Wild P, Hartmann A, Weiss TS, Oefner PJ, Müller M, Bosserhoff AK, Hellerbrand C. Regulation and function of the atypical cadherin FAT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1407-15. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Lu H, Huang YY, Mehrotra S, Droz-Rosario R, Liu J, Bhaumik M, White E, Shen Z. Essential roles of BCCIP in mouse embryonic development and structural stability of chromosomes. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002291. [PMID: 21966279 PMCID: PMC3178617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BCCIP is a BRCA2- and CDKN1A(p21)-interacting protein that has been implicated in the maintenance of genomic integrity. To understand the in vivo functions of BCCIP, we generated a conditional BCCIP knockdown transgenic mouse model using Cre-LoxP mediated RNA interference. The BCCIP knockdown embryos displayed impaired cellular proliferation and apoptosis at day E7.5. Consistent with these results, the in vitro proliferation of blastocysts and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) of BCCIP knockdown mice were impaired considerably. The BCCIP deficient mouse embryos die before E11.5 day. Deletion of the p53 gene could not rescue the embryonic lethality due to BCCIP deficiency, but partially rescues the growth delay of mouse embryonic fibroblasts in vitro. To further understand the cause of development and proliferation defects in BCCIP-deficient mice, MEFs were subjected to chromosome stability analysis. The BCCIP-deficient MEFs displayed significant spontaneous chromosome structural alterations associated with replication stress, including a 3.5-fold induction of chromatid breaks. Remarkably, the BCCIP-deficient MEFs had a ∼20-fold increase in sister chromatid union (SCU), yet the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was modestly at 1.5 fold. SCU is a unique type of chromatid aberration that may give rise to chromatin bridges between daughter nuclei in anaphase. In addition, the BCCIP-deficient MEFs have reduced repair of irradiation-induced DNA damage and reductions of Rad51 protein and nuclear foci. Our data suggest a unique function of BCCIP, not only in repair of DNA damage, but also in resolving stalled replication forks and prevention of replication stress. In addition, BCCIP deficiency causes excessive spontaneous chromatin bridges via the formation of SCU, which can subsequently impair chromosome segregations in mitosis and cell division. BCCIP is a BRCA2- and p21-interacting protein. Studies with cell culture systems have suggested an essential role of BCCIP gene in homologous recombination and suppression of replication stress and have suggested that BCCIP defects causes mitotic errors. However, the in vivo function(s) of BCCIP and the mechanistic links between BCCIP's role in suppression of replication stress and mitotic errors are largely unknown. We generated transgenic mouse lines that conditionally express shRNA against the BCCIP, and we found an essential role of BCCIP in embryo development. We demonstrate that BCCIP deficiency causes the formation of a unique type of structural abnormality of chromosomes called sister chromatid union (SCU). It has been noted in the past that impaired homologous recombination and resolution of stalled replication forks can have detrimental consequences in mitosis. However, the physical evidence for this link has not been fully identified. SCU is the product of ligation between sister chromatids, likely formed as a result of unsuccessful attempt(s) to resolve stalled replication forks. Because the SCU will progress into chromatin bridges at anaphase, resulting in mitosis errors, it likely constitutes one of the physical links between S-phase replication stress and mitotic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Lu
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yi-Yuan Huang
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sonam Mehrotra
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Roberto Droz-Rosario
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jingmei Liu
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mantu Bhaumik
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Eileen White
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kaftanovskaya EM, Feng S, Huang Z, Tan Y, Barbara AM, Kaur S, Truong A, Gorlov IP, Agoulnik AI. Suppression of insulin-like3 receptor reveals the role of β-catenin and Notch signaling in gubernaculum development. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 25:170-83. [PMID: 21147849 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During male development, the testes move from a high intraabdominal position and descend into the scrotum. The gubernaculum, an inguinoscrotal ligament connecting the testis to the lower abdomen, is believed to play a critical role in this process. The first stage of testicular descent is controlled by insulin like3 hormone (INSL3), produced in testicular Leydig cells. Deletion of Insl3 or its receptor, Rxfp2, in mice causes cryptorchidism. We produced Cre/loxP regulated shRNA transgenic mice targeting RXFP2 expression. We have shown that the transgene was able to reduce Rxfp2 gene expression and thus behaved as a hypomorphic allele of Rxfp2. Variable degrees of uni- and bilateral cryptorchidism was detected in males with the activated shRNA transgene on an Rxfp2+/- background. Conditional suppression of Rxfp2 in the gubernaculum led to cryptorchidism. Gene expression analysis of a mutant cremasteric sac using Illumina microarrays indicated abnormal expression of a significant number of genes in Wnt/β-catenin and Notch pathways. We have demonstrated profound changes in the expression pattern of β-catenin, Notch1, desmin, and androgen receptor (AR), in Rxfp2-/- male embryos, indicating the role of INSL3 in proliferation, differentiation, and survival of specific cellular components of the gubernaculum. We have shown that INSL3/RXFP2 signaling is essential for myogenic differentiation and maintenance of AR-positive cells in the gubernaculum. Males with the deletion of β-catenin or Notch1 in the gubernacular ligament demonstrated abnormal development. Our data indicates that β-catenin and Notch pathways are potential targets of INSL3 signaling during gubernacular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Kaftanovskaya
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Manjunath N, Haoquan W, Sandesh S, Premlata S. Lentiviral delivery of short hairpin RNAs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:732-45. [PMID: 19341774 PMCID: PMC2789654 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In less than a decade after discovery, RNA interference-mediated gene silencing is already being tested as potential therapy in clinical trials for a number of diseases. Lentiviral vectors provide a means to express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to induce stable and long-term gene silencing in both dividing and non-dividing cells and thus, are being intensively investigated for this purpose. However, induction of long-term shRNA expression can also cause toxicities by inducing off-target effects and interference with the endogenous micro-RNA (miRNA) pathway that regulates cellular gene expression. Recently, several advances have been made in the shRNA vector design to mimic cellular miRNA processing and to express multiplex siRNAs in a tightly regulated and reversible manner to overcome toxicities. In this review we describe some of these advances, focusing on the progress made in the development of lentiviral shRNA delivery strategies to combat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Manjunath
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Wu Haoquan
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Subramanya Sandesh
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Shankar Premlata
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
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