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Gao Y, Yan W, Sun L, Zhang X. PiRNA hsa_piR_019914 Promoted Chondrocyte Anabolic Metabolism By Inhibiting LDHA-Dependent ROS Production. Cartilage 2024; 15:303-314. [PMID: 37431854 PMCID: PMC11418426 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231181094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease. The occurrence and progression of OA are regulated by epigenetics. A large number of studies have shown the important regulatory role of noncoding RNAs in joint diseases. As the largest class of noncoding small RNAs, the importance of piRNAs in many diseases, especially cancer, has been increasingly recognized. However, few studies have explored the role of piRNAs in OA. Our study showed that hsa_piR_019914 decreased significantly in OA. This study aimed to demonstrate the role of hsa_piR_019914 as a potential biological target of OA in chondrocytes. DESIGN The GEO database and bioinformatics analysis were used for a series of screenings, and the OA model using human articular chondrocytes (C28/I2 cells), SW1353 cells under inflammatory factor stimulation was used to determine that hsa_piR_019914 was significantly downregulated in OA. Overexpression or inhibition of hsa_piR_019914 in C28/I2 cells was achieved by transfecting mimics or inhibitors. The effect of hsa_piR_019914 on the biological function of chondrocytes was verified by qPCR, flow cytometry, and colony formation assays in vitro. The target gene of hsa_piR_019914, lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), was screened by small RNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), LDHA was knocked out in C28/I2 cells by the transfection of siRNA LDHA, and the relationship between hsa_piR_019914, LDHA, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was verified by flow cytometry. RESULTS The piRNA hsa-piR-019914 was significantly downregulated in osteoarthritis (OA). Hsa-piR-019914 reduced inflammation-mediated chondrocyte apoptosis and maintained cell proliferation and clone formation in vitro. Hsa-piR-019914 reduced the production of LDHA-dependent ROS through targeted regulation of LDHA expression, maintained chondrocyte-specific gene expression of ACAN and COL2, and inhibited the gene expression of MMP3 and MMP13. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study showed that hsa_piR_019914 was negatively correlated with the expression of LDHA, which mediates ROS production. Under the stimulation of inflammatory factors, overexpression of hsa_piR_019914 had a protective effect on chondrocytes in vitro, and the absence of hsa_piR_019914 exacerbated the negative effect of inflammation on chondrocytes. Studies on piRNAs provide new therapeutic interventions for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuXuan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yan
- Center of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, P.R. China
| | - Liangye Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Luan Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Luan, China
| | - XiaoLing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Huang Q, Wang J. CBP-mediated FOXO4 acetylation facilitates postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) progression through the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:1017-1024. [PMID: 38037460 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
FOXO4 was previously identified as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) using bioinformatic analysis, but its specific function and molecular mechanism in the progression of osteoporosis was not reported. The current study was designed to investigate the biological function and underlying mechanism of FOXO4 in PMO. Our results showed that FOXO4 expression was significantly upregulated in the serum samples of PMO patients, which was also negatively correlated with the expression of osteogenesis genes (OCN and ALP). In addition, FOXO4 depletion alleviated osteoporosis by facilitating osteogenic differentiation and inhibiting adipogenic differentiation in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Overexpression of FOXO4 exerted the opposite effects on the osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation in hBMSCs. Moreover, FOXO4 knockdown activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling whereas the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling overturned the effects of FOXO4 deficiency on osteoporosis. Furthermore, FOXO4 upregulation in PMO was caused by CBP-induced acetylation. In summary, our data demonstrated that FOXO4 was a potent biomarker for PMO and mediated the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis in hBMSCs by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiubo Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang City, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Hu L, Chen W, Qian A, Li YP. Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation, homeostasis, and disease. Bone Res 2024; 12:39. [PMID: 38987555 PMCID: PMC11237130 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wnts are secreted, lipid-modified proteins that bind to different receptors on the cell surface to activate canonical or non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, which control various biological processes throughout embryonic development and adult life. Aberrant Wnt signaling pathway underlies a wide range of human disease pathogeneses. In this review, we provide an update of Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation, homeostasis, and diseases. The Wnt proteins, receptors, activators, inhibitors, and the crosstalk of Wnt signaling pathways with other signaling pathways are summarized and discussed. We mainly review Wnt signaling functions in bone formation, homeostasis, and related diseases, and summarize mouse models carrying genetic modifications of Wnt signaling components. Moreover, the therapeutic strategies for treating bone diseases by targeting Wnt signaling, including the extracellular molecules, cytosol components, and nuclear components of Wnt signaling are reviewed. In summary, this paper reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms by which Wnt signaling regulates bone formation, homeostasis, and the efforts targeting Wnt signaling for treating bone diseases. Finally, the paper evaluates the important questions in Wnt signaling to be further explored based on the progress of new biological analytical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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4
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Ma Y, Hou B, Zong J, Liu S. Potential molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of piRNAs in preeclampsia: a review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2024; 22:73. [PMID: 38915084 PMCID: PMC11194991 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-024-01247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a multisystem progressive condition and is one of the most serious complications of pregnancy. Owing to its unclear pathogenesis, there are no precise and effective therapeutic targets for preeclampsia, and the only available treatment strategy is to terminate the pregnancy and eliminate the clinical symptoms. In recent years, non-coding RNAs have become a hotspot in preeclampsia research and have shown promise as effective biomarkers for the early diagnosis of preeclampsia over conventional biochemical markers. PIWI-interacting RNAs, novel small non-coding RNA that interact with PIWI proteins, are involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of PIWI-interacting RNAs in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the findings of existing studies on PIWI-interacting RNA biogenesis, functions, and their possible roles in preeclampsia, providing novel insights into the potential application of PIWI-interacting RNAs in the early diagnosis and clinical treatment of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxuan Ma
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, Shandong, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao , Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Bo Hou
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao , Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Jinbao Zong
- Department of Laboratory, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affliated of Qingdao University (Oingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), 4 Renmin Road, Qingdao, 266033, China.
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, Shandong, China.
- Department of Medical Genetics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao , Shandong, 266003, China.
- Medical Genetic Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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5
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Chen G, Long C, Wang S, Wang Z, Chen X, Tang W, He X, Bao Z, Tan B, Zhao J, Xie Y, Li Z, Yang D, Xiao G, Peng S. Retraction Note: Circular RNA circStag1 promotes bone regeneration by interacting with HuR. Bone Res 2024; 12:36. [PMID: 38910170 PMCID: PMC11194256 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Canling Long
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhenmin Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wanze Tang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoqin He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiteng Bao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Baoyu Tan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yongheng Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Dazhi Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Songlin Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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6
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Li F, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhuang Q, Wang S, Fang X, Xu T, Li X, Chen G. Exosomal circFAM63Bsuppresses bone regeneration of postmenopausal osteoporosis via regulating miR-578/HMGA2 axis. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:1244-1253. [PMID: 38151824 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) affects hundreds of millions of elderly women worldwide. The imbalance between osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is the key factor in the progression of PMOP. Recently, exosomal circular RNAs have been considered as critical regulators in physiological and pathological progress. However, their roles in PMOP still require further exploration. Herein, we identified that the expression of exosomal circFAM63B significantly increased in PMOP patients and is closely related to bone density. We further demonstrated that circFAM63B inhibits osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells and bone formation in ovariectomy mice by using a combination of in vitro and in vivo experiment strategies. Mechanistically, circFAM63B promotes HMGA2 expression by inhibiting miR-578, thereby suppressing bone repair. Our study proved that exosomal circFAM63B suppresses the bone regeneration of PMOP by regulating the miR-578/HMGA2 axis, which may provide new insights into the pathogenesis and development of PMOP. Knocking down exosomal circFAM63B could be regarded as a new strategy for the treatment of PMOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University (Weifang People's Hospital), Weifang, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University (Weifang People's Hospital), Weifang, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University (Weifang People's Hospital), Weifang, China
| | - Qingshan Zhuang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University (Weifang People's Hospital), Weifang, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University (Weifang People's Hospital), Weifang, China
| | - Xichi Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand& Foot and Microvascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand& Foot and Microvascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University (Weifang People's Hospital), Weifang, China
- Clinical College of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gaoyang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand& Foot and Microvascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
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7
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Wu J, Niu L, Yang K, Xu J, Zhang D, Ling J, Xia P, Wu Y, Liu X, Liu J, Zhang J, Yu P. The role and mechanism of RNA-binding proteins in bone metabolism and osteoporosis. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102234. [PMID: 38367813 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a prevalent chronic metabolic bone disease that poses a significant risk of fractures or mortality in elderly individuals. Its pathophysiological basis is often attributed to postmenopausal estrogen deficiency and natural aging, making the progression of primary osteoporosis among elderly people, especially older women, seemingly inevitable. The treatment and prevention of osteoporosis progression have been extensively discussed. Recently, as researchers delve deeper into the molecular biological mechanisms of bone remodeling, they have come to realize the crucial role of posttranscriptional gene control in bone metabolism homeostasis. RNA-binding proteins, as essential actors in posttranscriptional activities, may exert influence on osteoporosis progression by regulating the RNA life cycle. This review compiles recent findings on the involvement of RNA-binding proteins in abnormal bone metabolism in osteoporosis and describes the impact of some key RNA-binding proteins on bone metabolism regulation. Additionally, we explore the potential and rationale for modulating RNA-binding proteins as a means of treating osteoporosis, with an overview of drugs that target these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Wu
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liyan Niu
- HuanKui College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Kangping Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jingdong Xu
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Deju Zhang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jitao Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China; Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China.
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Hussain MS, Shaikh NK, Agrawal M, Tufail M, Bisht AS, Khurana N, Kumar R. Osteomyelitis and non-coding RNAS: A new dimension in disease understanding. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155186. [PMID: 38350169 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis, a debilitating bone infection, presents considerable clinical challenges due to its intricate etiology and limited treatment options. Despite strides in surgical and chemotherapeutic interventions, the treatment landscape for osteomyelitis remains unsatisfactory. Recent attention has focused on the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the pathogenesis and progression of osteomyelitis. This review consolidates current knowledge on the involvement of distinct classes of ncRNAs, including microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs, in the context of osteomyelitis. Emerging evidence from various studies underscores the potential of ncRNAs in orchestrating gene expression and influencing the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, pivotal processes in bone formation. The review initiates by elucidating the regulatory functions of ncRNAs in fundamental cellular processes such as inflammation, immune response, and bone remodeling, pivotal in osteomyelitis pathology. It delves into the intricate network of interactions between ncRNAs and their target genes, illuminating how dysregulation contributes to the establishment and persistence of osteomyelitic infections. Understanding their regulatory roles may pave the way for targeted diagnostic tools and innovative therapeutic interventions, promising a paradigm shift in the clinical approach to this challenging condition. Additionally, we delve into the promising therapeutic applications of these molecules, envisioning novel diagnostic and treatment approaches to enhance the management of this challenging bone infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Nusrat K Shaikh
- Department of Quality Assurance, Smt. N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, Ahmedabad, 382210 Gujarat, India
| | - Mohit Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram 122103, India
| | - Muhammad Tufail
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ajay Singh Bisht
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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Xing X, She Y, Yuan G, Yang G. piR-368 promotes odontoblastic differentiation of dental papilla cells via the Smad1/5 signaling pathway by targeting Smurf1. Connect Tissue Res 2024; 65:53-62. [PMID: 37978579 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2023.2281319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The important role of non-coding RNAs in odontoblastic differentiation of dental tissue-derived stem cells has been widely demonstrated; however, whether piRNA (a subclass of non-coding RNA) involved in the course of odontoblastic differentiation is not yet available. This study aimed to investigate the expression profile of piRNA during odontogenic differentiation of mDPCs and the potential molecular mechanism in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The primary mouse dental papilla cells (mDPCs) were isolated from the first molars of 1-day postnatal Kunming mice. Then, they were cultured in odontogenic medium for 9 days. The expression profile of piRNA was detected by Small RNA sequencing. RT-qPCR was used to verify the elevation of piR-368. The mRNA and protein levels of mineralization markers were examined by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red S staining were conducted to assess the odontoblastic differentiation ability. RESULTS We validated piR-368 was significantly upregulated and interference with piR-368 markedly inhibited the odontogenic differentiation of mDPCs. In addition, the relationship between Smad1/5 signaling pathway and piR-368-induced odontoblastic differentiation has been discovered. Finally, we demonstrated Smurf1 as a target gene of piR-368 using dual-luciferase assays. CONCLUSION This study was the first to illustrate the participation of piRNA in odontoblastic differentiation. We proved that piR-368 promoted odontoblastic differentiation of mouse dental papilla cells via the Smad1/5 signaling pathway by targeting Smurf1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Xing
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yawei She
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohua Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guobin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Tian B, Bai J, Sheng L, Chen H, Chang W, Zhang Y, Yao C, Zhou C, Wang X, Shan H, Dong Q, Wang C, Zhou X. P7C3 Ameliorates Bone Loss by Inhibiting Osteoclast Differentiation and Promoting Osteogenesis. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10811. [PMID: 38130773 PMCID: PMC10731119 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis, the equilibrium between bone resorption and formation, is essential for maintaining healthy bone tissue in adult humans. Disruptions of this process can lead to pathological conditions such as osteoporosis. Dual-targeted agents, capable of inhibiting excessive bone resorption and stimulating bone formation, are being explored as a promising strategy for developing new treatments to address osteoporosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of P7C3 on bone remodeling and its potential therapeutic role in osteoporosis treatment in mice. Specifically, P7C3 can remarkably suppress receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow macrophages via the Akt-NF-κB-NFATc1 signaling pathway. Additionally, RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis revealed that P7C3 promoted osteoblast differentiation and function through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby enhancing bone formation. Furthermore, μCT analysis and histological examination of bone tissues from P7C3-treated mice showed attenuation of both Ti-induced bone erosion and ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. These findings suggest that P7C3 may have a novel function in bone remodeling and may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Laboratory for Biomaterial and ImmunoEngineering, Institute of Functional Nano & SoftMaterials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jinyu Bai
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Lei Sheng
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Wenju Chang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yue Zhang
- Laboratory for Biomaterial and ImmunoEngineering, Institute of Functional Nano & SoftMaterials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chenlu Yao
- Laboratory for Biomaterial and ImmunoEngineering, Institute of Functional Nano & SoftMaterials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chenmeng Zhou
- Laboratory for Biomaterial and ImmunoEngineering, Institute of Functional Nano & SoftMaterials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Laboratory for Biomaterial and ImmunoEngineering, Institute of Functional Nano & SoftMaterials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Huajian Shan
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Qirong Dong
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chao Wang
- Laboratory for Biomaterial and ImmunoEngineering, Institute of Functional Nano & SoftMaterials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xiaozhong Zhou
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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11
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Sun M, Fan X, Long Q, Zang H, Zhang Y, Liu X, Feng P, Song Y, Li K, Wu Y, Jiang H, Chen D, Guo R. First Characterization and Regulatory Function of piRNAs in the Apis mellifera Larval Response to Ascosphaera apis Invasion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16358. [PMID: 38003547 PMCID: PMC10671575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
piRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that play essential roles in modulating gene expression and abundant biological processes. To decode the piRNA-regulated larval response of western honeybees (Apis mellifera) to Ascosphaera apis infection, the expression pattern of piRNAs in Apis mellifera ligustica larval guts after A. apis inoculation was analyzed based on previously obtained high-quality small RNA-seq datasets, followed by structural characterization, target prediction, regulatory network investigation, and functional dissection. Here, 504, 657, and 587 piRNAs were respectively identified in the 4-, 5-, and 6-day-old larval guts after inoculation with A. apis, with 411 ones shared. These piRNAs shared a similar length distribution and first base bias with mammal piRNAs. Additionally, 96, 103, and 143 DEpiRNAs were detected in the 4-, 5-, and 6-day-old comparison groups. Targets of the DEpiRNAs were engaged in diverse pathways such as the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, inositol phosphate metabolism, and Wnt signaling pathway. These targets were involved in three energy metabolism-related pathways, eight development-associated signaling pathways, and seven immune-relevant pathways such as the Jak-STAT signaling pathway. The expression trends of five randomly selected DEpiRNAs were verified using a combination of RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. The effective overexpression and knockdown of piR-ame-945760 in A. apis-infected larval guts were achieved by feeding a specific mimic and inhibitor. Furthermore, piR-ame-945760 negatively regulated the expression of two target immune mRNAs, SOCS5 and ARF1, in the larval gut during the A. apis infection. These findings indicated that the overall expression level of piRNAs was increased and the expression pattern of piRNAs in larval guts was altered due to the A. apis infection, DEpiRNAs were putative regulators in the A. apis-response of A. m. ligustica worker larvae. Our data provide not only a platform for the functional investigation of piRNAs in honeybees, especially in bee larvae, but also a foundation for illuminating the piRNA-involved mechanisms underlying the host response to the A. apis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Sun
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Xiaoxue Fan
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Qi Long
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
| | - He Zang
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Yiqiong Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Peilin Feng
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Kunze Li
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Ying Wu
- Apiculture Science Institute of Jilin Province, Jilin 132000, China; (Y.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Haibin Jiang
- Apiculture Science Institute of Jilin Province, Jilin 132000, China; (Y.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Dafu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Natural Biotoxin, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Apitherapy Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.S.); (X.F.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (P.F.); (Y.S.); (K.L.); (D.C.)
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Natural Biotoxin, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Apitherapy Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
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12
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Mishra A, Kumar R, Mishra SN, Vijayaraghavalu S, Tiwari NK, Shukla GC, Gurusamy N, Kumar M. Differential Expression of Non-Coding RNAs in Stem Cell Development and Therapeutics of Bone Disorders. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081159. [PMID: 37190068 PMCID: PMC10137108 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells' self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation are regulated by a complex network consisting of signaling factors, chromatin regulators, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Diverse role of ncRNAs in stem cell development and maintenance of bone homeostasis have been discovered recently. The ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs, micro RNAs, circular RNAs, small interfering RNA, Piwi-interacting RNAs, etc., are not translated into proteins but act as essential epigenetic regulators in stem cells' self-renewal and differentiation. Different signaling pathways are monitored efficiently by the differential expression of ncRNAs, which function as regulatory elements in determining the fate of stem cells. In addition, several species of ncRNAs could serve as potential molecular biomarkers in early diagnosis of bone diseases, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone cancers, ultimately leading to the development of new therapeutic strategies. This review aims to explore the specific roles of ncRNAs and their effective molecular mechanisms in the growth and development of stem cells, and in the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activities. Furthermore, we focus on and explore the association of altered ncRNA expression with stem cells and bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Rishabh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Satya Narayan Mishra
- Maa Gayatri College of Pharmacy, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Prayagraj 211009, India
| | | | - Neeraj Kumar Tiwari
- Department of IT-Satellite Centre, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Girish C Shukla
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Munish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
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13
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An F, Meng X, Yuan L, Niu Y, Deng J, Li Z, Liu Y, Xia R, Liu S, Yan C. Network regulatory mechanism of ncRNA on the Wnt signaling pathway in osteoporosis. Cell Div 2023; 18:3. [PMID: 36879309 PMCID: PMC9990358 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-023-00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a type of non-protein-coding RNA molecule transcribed from the genome which performs broad regulation of a variety of biological functions in human cells. The Wnt signaling pathway is highly conserved in multicellular organisms, playing an important role in their growth and development. Increasing evidence suggests that ncRNA can regulate cell biological function, enhance bone metabolism, and maintain normal bone homeostasis by interacting with the Wnt pathway. Studies have also demonstrated that the association of ncRNA with the Wnt pathway may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis, evaluation of prognosis, and treatment of osteoporosis. The interaction of ncRNA with Wnt also performs an important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. Targeted therapy of the ncRNA/Wnt axis may ultimately be the preferred choice for the treatment of osteoporosis in the future. The current article reviews the mechanism of the ncRNA/Wnt axis in osteoporosis and reveals the relationship between ncRNA and Wnt, thereby exploring novel molecular targets for the treatment of osteoporosis and providing theoretical scientific guidance for its clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu An
- Teaching Experiment Training Center, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Lingqing Yuan
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yanqiang Niu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jie Deng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Ruoliu Xia
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Shiqing Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Chunlu Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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14
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Guan S, Zhang Z, Wu J. Non-coding RNA delivery for bone tissue engineering: progress, challenges and potential solutions. iScience 2022; 25:104807. [PMID: 35992068 PMCID: PMC9385673 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 20 million individuals worldwide suffer from congenital or acquired bone defects annually. The development of bone scaffold materials that simulate natural bone for bone defect repair remains challenging. Recently, ncRNA-based therapies for bone defects have attracted increasing interest because of the great potential of ncRNAs in disease treatment. Various types of ncRNAs regulate gene expression in osteogenesis-related cells via multiple mechanisms. The delivery of ncRNAs to the site of bone loss through gene vectors or scaffolds is a potential therapeutic option for bone defect repair. Therefore, this study discusses and summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs, siRNAs, and piRNAs in osteogenic signaling and reviews the widely used current RNA delivery vectors and scaffolds for bone defect repair. Additionally, current challenges and potential solutions of delivery scaffolds for bone defect repair are proposed, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for their future clinical applications.
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