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Cubisino SAM, Milenkovic S, Conti-Nibali S, Musso N, Bonacci P, De Pinto V, Ceccarelli M, Reina S. Electrophysiological properties and structural prediction of the SARS-CoV-2 viroprotein E. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1334819. [PMID: 38606285 PMCID: PMC11007222 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1334819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus SARS- CoV-2, has caused millions of sick people and thousands of deaths all over the world. The viral positive-sense single-stranded RNA encodes 31 proteins among which the spike (S) is undoubtedly the best known. Recently, protein E has been reputed as a potential pharmacological target as well. It is essential for the assembly and release of the virions in the cell. Literature describes protein E as a voltage-dependent channel with preference towards monovalent cations whose intracellular expression, though, alters Ca2+ homeostasis and promotes the activation of the proinflammatory cascades. Due to the extremely high sequence identity of SARS-CoV-2 protein E (E-2) with the previously characterized E-1 (i.e., protein E from SARS-CoV) many data obtained for E-1 were simply adapted to the other. Recent solid state NMR structure revealed that the transmembrane domain (TMD) of E-2 self-assembles into a homo-pentamer, albeit the oligomeric status has not been validated with the full-length protein. Prompted by the lack of a common agreement on the proper structural and functional features of E-2, we investigated the specific mechanism/s of pore-gating and the detailed molecular structure of the most cryptic protein of SARS-CoV-2 by means of MD simulations of the E-2 structure and by expressing, refolding and analyzing the electrophysiological activity of the transmembrane moiety of the protein E-2, in its full length. Our results show a clear agreement between experimental and predictive studies and foresee a mechanism of activity based on Ca2+ affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefano Conti-Nibali
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonacci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- We.MitoBiotech S.R.L, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Simona Reina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- We.MitoBiotech S.R.L, Catania, Italy
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2
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Liu K, Zhang YZ, Yin H, Yu LL, Cui JJ, Yin JY, Luo CH, Guo CX. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 m6A modification sites correlate with viral pathogenicity. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105228. [PMID: 37734532 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been found that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) m6A modifications can affect viral replication and function. However, no studies to date have shown a correlation between SARS-CoV-2 m6A modifications and viral pathogenicity. In this study, we analyzed m6A modification in 2,190,667 SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNAs. m6A modifications of SARS-CoV-2 from different lineages, causing mild or severe COVID-19 and showing breakthrough for different vaccines were analyzed to explore correlations with viral pathogenicity. The results suggested that the presence of more m6A modifications in the SARS-CoV-2 N region (positive strand) correlates with weaker pathogenicity. In addition, we identified three m6A modification sites correlating with weak pathogenicity (924 in ORF1ab, 15,659 in ORF1ab, 28,288 in N, 28,633 in N and 29,385 in N, 29,707 in 3'UTR) and one with strong pathogenicity (74 in 5'UTR). These results provide new information for understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and controlling the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, China
| | - Ying-Zi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, China
| | - Hui Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, China
| | - Lu-Lu Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jia-Jia Cui
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, China; Department of Geriatric Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, China; Hunan Provincial Gynecological Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering Research Center, China
| | - Chen-Hui Luo
- Scientific Research Office, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, China.
| | - Cheng-Xian Guo
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China.
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3
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Stincarelli MA, Rocca A, Antonelli A, Rossolini GM, Giannecchini S. Antiviral Activity of Oligonucleotides Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Genomic RNA Stem-Loop Sequences within the 3'-End of the ORF1b. Pathogens 2022; 11:1286. [PMID: 36365037 PMCID: PMC9696570 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased evidence shows vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibited no long-term efficacy and limited worldwide availability, while existing antivirals and treatment options have only limited efficacy. In this study, the main objective was the development of antiviral strategies using nucleic acid-based molecules. To this purpose, partially overlapped 6-19-mer phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides (S-ONs) designed on the SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA stem-loop packaging sequences within the 3' end of the ORF1b were synthetized using the direct and complementary sequence. Among the S-ONs tested, several oligonucleotides exhibited a fifty percent inhibitory concentration antiviral activity ranging from 0.27 to 34 μM, in the absence of cytotoxicity. The S-ON with a scrambled sequence used in the same conditions was not active. Moreover, selected 10-mer S-ONs were tested using different infectious doses and against different SARS-CoV-2 variants, showing comparable antiviral activity that was abrogated when the central sequence was mutated. Experiments to evaluate the intracellular functional target localization of the S-ON inhibitory activity were also performed. Collectively the data indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 packaging region in the 3' end of the ORF1b may be a promising target candidate for further investigation to develop innovative nucleic-acid-based antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Rocca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, I-50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Antonelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, I-50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, I-50134 Florence, Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, I-50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, I-50134 Florence, Italy
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4
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Wang L, Tan H, Medina-Puche L, Wu M, Garnelo Gomez B, Gao M, Shi C, Jimenez-Gongora T, Fan P, Ding X, Zhang D, Ding Y, Rosas-Díaz T, Liu Y, Aguilar E, Fu X, Lozano-Durán R. Combinatorial interactions between viral proteins expand the potential functional landscape of the tomato yellow leaf curl virus proteome. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010909. [PMID: 36256684 PMCID: PMC9633003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate the cells they infect in order to replicate and spread. Due to strict size restrictions, viral genomes have reduced genetic space; how the action of the limited number of viral proteins results in the cell reprogramming observed during the infection is a long-standing question. Here, we explore the hypothesis that combinatorial interactions may expand the functional landscape of the viral proteome. We show that the proteins encoded by a plant-infecting DNA virus, the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), physically associate with one another in an intricate network, as detected by a number of protein-protein interaction techniques. Importantly, our results indicate that intra-viral protein-protein interactions can modify the subcellular localization of the proteins involved. Using one particular pairwise interaction, that between the virus-encoded C2 and CP proteins, as proof-of-concept, we demonstrate that the combination of viral proteins leads to novel transcriptional effects on the host cell. Taken together, our results underscore the importance of studying viral protein function in the context of the infection. We propose a model in which viral proteins might have evolved to extensively interact with other elements within the viral proteome, enlarging the potential functional landscape available to the pathogen. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on the molecular machinery of their host cell to complete their life cycle. For this purpose, viruses co-opt host processes, modulating or redirecting them. Most viruses have small genomes, and hence limited coding capacity. During the viral invasion, virus-encoded proteins will be produced in large amounts and coexist in the infected cell, which enables physical or functional interactions among viral proteins, potentially expanding the virus-host functional interface by increasing the number of potential targets in the host cell and/or synergistically modulating the cellular environment. Examples of interactions between viral proteins have been recently documented for both animal and plant viruses; however, the hypothesis that viral proteins might have a combinatorial effect, which would lead to the acquisition of novel functions, lacks systematic experimental validation. Here, we use the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a plant-infecting virus with reduced proteome and causing devastating diseases in crops, to test the idea that combinatorial interactions between viral proteins exist and might underlie an expansion of the functional landscape of the viral proteome. Our results indicate that viral proteins prevalently interact with one another in the context of the infection, which can result in the acquisition of novel functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Medina-Puche
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mengshi Wu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Borja Garnelo Gomez
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Gao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaonan Shi
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamara Jimenez-Gongora
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Ding
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tábata Rosas-Díaz
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Emmanuel Aguilar
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Area de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, Spain
| | - Xing Fu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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5
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Tian L, Liu Q, Pei R, Chen Y, Xu C, Tang J, Sun H, Liu K, Yang Q, Yang L, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Shan C, Hu X, Chen X, Wang Y. Comparison of viral propagation and drug response among SARS-CoV-2 VOCs using replicons capable of recapitulating virion assembly and release. Virol Sin 2022; 37:695-703. [PMID: 35781091 PMCID: PMC9247232 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several variants of concern (VOCs) have emerged since the WIV04 strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first isolated in January 2020. Due to mutations in the spike (S) protein, these VOCs have evolved to enhance viral infectivity and immune evasion. However, whether mutations of the other viral proteins lead to altered viral propagation and drug resistance remains obscure. The replicon is a noninfectious viral surrogate capable of recapitulating certain steps of the viral life cycle. Although several SARS-CoV-2 replicons have been developed, none of them were derived from emerging VOCs and could only recapitulate viral genome replication and subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) transcription. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 replicons derived from the WIV04 strain and two VOCs (the Beta and Delta variants) were prepared by removing the S gene from their genomes, while other structural genes remained untouched. These replicons not only recapitulate viral genome replication and sgRNA transcription but also support the assembly and release of viral-like particles, as manifested by electron microscopic assays. Thus, the S-deletion replicon could recapitulate virtually all the post-entry steps of the viral life cycle and provides a versatile tool for measuring viral intracellular propagation and screening novel antiviral drugs, including inhibitors of virion assembly and release. Through the quantification of replicon RNA released into the supernatant, we demonstrate that viral intracellular propagation and drug response to remdesivir have not yet substantially changed during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from the WIV04 strain to the Beta and Delta VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiuhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yingshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jielin Tang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Innovation Center for Pathogen Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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6
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Chen M, Yan C, Zheng L, Zhang XE. The smallest near-infrared fluorescence complementation system for imaging protein-protein and RNA-protein interactions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1119-1129. [PMID: 35211278 PMCID: PMC8790895 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04839b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and its derivative molecular biosensor systems provide effective tools for visualizing biomolecular interactions. The introduction of red and near-infrared fluorescence emission proteins has expanded the spectrum of signal generating modules, enabling BiFC for in vivo imaging. However, the large size of the signal module of BiFC can hinder the interaction between proteins under investigation. In this study, we constructed the near-infrared BiFC and TriFC systems by splitting miRFP670nano, the smallest cyanobacteriochrome-evolved phytochrome available. The miRFP670nano-BiFC sensor system identified and enabled visualization of protein–protein interactions in living cells and live mice, and afforded a faster maturation rate and higher photostability and cellular stability when compared with those of reported near-infrared BiFC systems. We used the miRFP670nano-BiFC sensor system to identify interactions between the nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and cellular stress granule proteins in living cells and found that the N protein downregulated the expression level of granule protein G3BP1. With the advantages of small size and long wavelength emission of the signal module, the proposed molecular biosensor system should be suitable for various applications in cell imaging studies. The smallest near-infrared fluorescence complementation system for imaging protein–protein and RNA–protein interactions in living cells and live mice.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chuang Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Luping Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China .,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
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