1
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He J, Luo L, Xu S, Yang F, Zhu W. Pyrrole-based EGFR inhibitors for the treatment of NCSLC: Binding modes and SARs investigations. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:195-217. [PMID: 36394145 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has made substantial progress due to the rapid development of small molecule targeted therapy, with dramatically prolonged survival. As an effective drug for the treatment of NSCLC, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are currently experiencing issues like severe adverse events and drug resistance. It is urgent to develop novel types of EGFR inhibitors to overcome the abovementioned limitations. Pyrrole always works well as a probe for the creation of novel medication candidates for hard-to-treat conditions like lung cancer. Although the design, synthesis, and biological assays of pyrrole derivatives have been reported, their inhibitory actions against the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) EGFR have not been in-depthly studied. This review highlights the small molecule EGFR inhibitors containing pyrrole heterocyclic pharmacophores in recent years, and the research on their mechanism, biological activity, and structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Leixuan Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shidi Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Feiyi Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wufu Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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2
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Chen Y, Zhang Z, Henson ES, Cuddihy A, Haigh K, Wang R, Haigh JJ, Gibson SB. Autophagy inhibition by TSSC4 (tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 4) contributes to sustainable cancer cell growth. Autophagy 2021; 18:1274-1296. [PMID: 34530675 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1973338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell growth is dependent upon the sustainability of proliferative signaling and resisting cell death. Macroautophagy/autophagy promotes cancer cell growth by providing nutrients to cells and preventing cell death. This is in contrast to autophagy promoting cell death under some conditions. The mechanism regulating autophagy-mediated cancer cell growth remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that TSSC4 (tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 4) is a novel tumor suppressor that suppresses cancer cell growth and tumor growth and prevents cell death induction during excessive growth by inhibiting autophagy. The oncogenic proteins ERBB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2) and the activation EGFR mutant (EGFRvIII, epidermal growth factor receptor variant III) promote cell growth and TSSC4 expression in breast cancer and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, respectively. In EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells, TSSC4 knockout shifted the function of autophagy from a pro-cell survival role to a pro-cell death role during prolonged cell growth. Furthermore, the interaction of TSSC4 with MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3) via its conserved LC3-interacting region (LIR) contributes to its inhibition of autophagy. Finally, TSSC4 suppresses tumorsphere formation and tumor growth by inhibiting autophagy and maintaining cell survival in tumorspheres. Taken together, sustainable cancer cell growth can be achieved by autophagy inhibition via TSSC4 expression.ABBREVIATIONS: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; CQ: chloroquine; EGFRvIII: epidermal growth factor receptor variant III; ERBB2: erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2; GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule Associated protein 1 light chain 3; TSSC4: tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Chen
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zhaoying Zhang
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth S Henson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew Cuddihy
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Katharina Haigh
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ruobing Wang
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jody J Haigh
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Spencer B Gibson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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3
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Hawkins P, Stevenson T, Powari M. Use of the Idylla EGFR Mutation Test for Variant Detection in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Samples. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 156:653-660. [PMID: 33877290 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stratified management of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) through epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) variant analysis has become standard clinical practice. The Idylla system is a fully compliant European in vitro diagnostics device, a fully automated platform designed to rapidly genotype formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. This retrospective study aims to validate the Idylla EGFR Mutation Test for use with extracted DNA from known NSCLC samples. METHODS In this study, 20 µL of archival extracted DNA was placed directly inside the Idylla EGFR assay single-use cartridge. Idylla results were compared with the original Sanger sequencing reference method. RESULTS The Idylla EGFR Mutation Test yielded valid results for all samples tested, confirming the variants identified by the reference method that lay within the Idylla target range. No false-positive cases were noted with the Idylla assay. Variant genotype reports were obtained within 150 minutes. CONCLUSIONS The Idylla EGFR assay is sensitive for extracted DNA and can be reliably applied to cytologic specimens, enabling its implementation as an ancillary first-line test for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hawkins
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, DevonUK
| | - Tracey Stevenson
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, DevonUK
| | - Manish Powari
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, DevonUK
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4
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Marzo T, La Mendola D. The Effects on Angiogenesis of Relevant Inorganic Chemotherapeutics. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:73-86. [PMID: 33243124 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201126163436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key process allowing the formation of blood vessels. It is crucial for all the tissues and organs, ensuring their function and growth. Angiogenesis is finely controlled by several mechanisms involving complex interactions between pro- or antiangiogenic factors, and an imbalance in this control chain may result in pathological conditions. Metals as copper, zinc and iron cover an essential role in regulating angiogenesis, thus therapies having physiological metals as target have been proposed. In addition, some complexes of heavier metal ions (e.g., Pt, Au, Ru) are currently used as established or experimental anticancer agents targeting genomic or non-genomic targets. These molecules may affect the angiogenic mechanisms determining different effects that have been only poorly and non-systematically investigated so far. Accordingly, in this review article, we aim to recapitulate the impact on the angiogenic process of some reference anticancer drugs, and how it is connected to the overall pharmacological effects. In addition, we highlight how the activity of these drugs can be related to the role of biological essential metal ions. Overall, this may allow a deeper description and understanding of the antineoplastic activity of both approved or experimental metal complexes, providing important insights for the synthesis of new inorganic drugs able to overcome resistance and recurrence phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Chang SM, Yang M, Lu W, Huang YJ, Huang Y, Hung H, Miecznikowski JC, Lu TP, Tzeng JY. Gene-Set Integrative Analysis of Multi-Omics Data Using Tensor-based Association Test. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:2259-2265. [PMID: 33674827 PMCID: PMC8388036 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Facilitated by technological advances and the decrease in costs, it is feasible to gather subject data from several omics platforms. Each platform assesses different molecular events, and the challenge lies in efficiently analyzing these data to discover novel disease genes or mechanisms. A common strategy is to regress the outcomes on all omics variables in a gene set. However, this approach suffers from problems associated with high-dimensional inference. RESULTS We introduce a tensor-based framework for variable-wise inference in multi-omics analysis. By accounting for the matrix structure of an individual's multi-omics data, the proposed tensor methods incorporate the relationship among omics effects, reduce the number of parameters, and boost the modeling efficiency. We derive the variable-specific tensor test and enhance computational efficiency of tensor modeling. Using simulations and data applications on the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), we demonstrate our method performs favorably over baseline methods and will be useful for gaining biological insights in multi-omics analysis. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION R function and instruction are available from the authors' website: https://www4.stat.ncsu.edu/∼jytzeng/Software/TR.omics/TRinstruction.pdf. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary materials are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Mao Chang
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA
| | - Wenbin Lu
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yu-Jyun Huang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueyang Huang
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hung Hung
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Tzu-Pin Lu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Ying Tzeng
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA.,Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA
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6
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Gieszer B, Megyesfalvi Z, Dulai V, Papay J, Kovalszky I, Timar J, Fillinger J, Harko T, Pipek O, Teglasi V, Regos E, Papp G, Szallasi Z, Laszlo V, Renyi-Vamos F, Galffy G, Bodor C, Dome B, Moldvay J. EGFR variant allele frequency predicts EGFR-TKI efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma: a multicenter study. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:662-674. [PMID: 33718012 PMCID: PMC7947383 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Although lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) with sensitizing mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly sensitive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), in most cases disease progression inevitably occurs. Our aim was to investigate the predictive and prognostic significance of adjusted tumoral EGFR variant allele frequency (EGFR-aVAF) in the above setting. Methods Eighty-nine Caucasian advanced-stage LADC patients with known exon-specific EGFR mutations undergoing EGFR-TKI treatment were included. The correlations of EGFR-aVAF with clinicopathological variables including progression-free and overall survival (PFS and OS, respectively) were retrospectively analyzed. Results Of 89 EGFR-mutant LADC patients, 46 (51.7%) had exon 19 deletion, while 41 (46.1%) and 2 (2.2%) patients had exon 21- and exon 18-point mutations, respectively. Tumoral EGFR-aVAF was significantly higher in patients harboring EGFR exon 19 mutations than in those with exon 21-mutant tumors (P<0.001). Notably, patients with EGFR exon 19 mutant tumors demonstrated significantly improved PFS (P=0.003) and OS (P=0.02) compared to patients with exon 21 mutations. Irrespective of specific exon mutations, a statistically significant positive linear correlation was found between EGFR-aVAF of tumoral tissue and PFS (r=0.319; P=0.002). High (≥70%) EGFR-aVAF was an independent predictor of longer PFS [vs. low (<70%) EGFR-aVAF; median PFSs were 52 vs. 26 weeks, respectively; P<0.001]. Additionally, patients with high EGFR-aVAF also had significantly improved OS than those with low EGFR-aVAF (P=0.011). Conclusions Our study suggests that high (≥70%) EGFR-aVAF of tumoral tissue predicts benefit from EGFR-TKI treatment in advanced LADC and, moreover, that exon 19 EGFR mutation is associated with high EGFR-aVAF and improved survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Gieszer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.,National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Dulai
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Papay
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Timar
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Fillinger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.,National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tunde Harko
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Pipek
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vanda Teglasi
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Regos
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergo Papp
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Szallasi
- MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Viktoria Laszlo
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ferenc Renyi-Vamos
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.,National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Galffy
- Torokbalint County Institute of Pulmonology, Torokbalint, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bodor
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Dome
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.,National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judit Moldvay
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Kiss E, Abdelwahab EHMM, Steib A, Papp E, Torok Z, Jakab L, Smuk G, Sarosi V, Pongracz JE. Cisplatin treatment induced interleukin 6 and 8 production alters lung adenocarcinoma cell migration in an oncogenic mutation dependent manner. Respir Res 2020; 21:120. [PMID: 32434541 PMCID: PMC7238555 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predominant metastatic site of lung cancer (LC) is the brain. Although outdated, conventional cisplatin treatment is still the main therapeutic approach for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), since targeted therapy that offers better tumor control is not always possible. In the present study brain metastasis associated cytokine expression was investigated in primary NSCLC adenocarcinoma (AC) tissues with known oncogenic mutations in the presence or absence of platina based and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) drugs. METHODS Primary lung tumor samples were isolated, DNA was sequenced and then the samples were grouped based on mutation. Experiments were also performed using KRAS mutant A549 and EGFR mutant PC-9 cells. Drug response was analyzed in three dimensional (3D) tissue cultures. We assessed drug response and IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine expression in relation to cellular invasion using ATP dependent cell viability, qRT-PCR analysis, cytokine bead array, and migration assay. RESULTS In 3D co-cultures, primary NSCLC derived cells harboring EGFR mutation responded better to erlotinib treatment than KRAS mutant or KRAS/EGFR wild type (WT) cancer cells. In contrast, under the same culture conditions KRAS/EGFR WT or KRAS mutant cancer cells are more sensitive to cisplatin than EGFR mutant cells. Drug response and pro-inflammatory cytokine production varied depending on the driver mutations. Cisplatin but not erlotinib increased both IL-6 and IL-8 secretion and only IL-6 increased cellular migration and proliferation. CONCLUSION In vitro assays are available to determine the response to planned therapeutic approach of lung cancer subtypes. The sequence of administration of therapeutic drugs determines cytokine production and therefore therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Kiss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, Pecs, Hungary
- Humeltis Ltd, 20 Ifjusag Str, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, Pecs, Hungary
| | - El Husseiny Mohamed Mahmud Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, Pecs, Hungary
| | | | - Emoke Papp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 13 Ifjusag Str, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Torok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 13 Ifjusag Str, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Jakab
- Department of Surgery, Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 13 Ifjusag Str, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Smuk
- Department of Pathology, Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 13 Ifjusag Str, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Veronika Sarosi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 13 Ifjusag Str, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Judit Erzsebet Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, Pecs, Hungary
- Humeltis Ltd, 20 Ifjusag Str, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, Pecs, Hungary
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8
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Tian Y, Zhao J, Ren P, Wang B, Zhao C, Shi C, Wei B, Ma J, Guo Y. Different subtypes of EGFR exon19 mutation can affect prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201682. [PMID: 30383772 PMCID: PMC6211626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims In this study, we determined whether different subtypes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon19 mutation are associated with the therapeutic effect of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on advanced non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. Methods A total of 122 patients with stage III or IV non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical characteristics of these patients, including progression-free survival (PFS) outcome for EGFR-TKI treatment, were analyzed. Results According to the mutation pattern, we classified the in-frame deletions detected on EGFR Exon19 into three different types: codon deletion (CD), with a deletion of one or more original codons; codon substitution and skipping (CSS), with a deletion of one or two nucleotides but the residues could be translated into a new amino acid without changing following amino acid sequence; CD or CSS plus single nucleotide variant (SNV) (CD/CSS+SNV), exclude CD or CSS, there’s another SNV nearby the deletion region. The clinical characteristics of three groups were analyzed and as a result, no significant difference was found. By comparing the average number of missing bases and amino acids of the three mutation subtypes, it could be discovered that the number of missing bases and amino acids of the three mutation subtypes is diverse, and group CSS> group CD> group CD/CSS+SNV. Finally, survival analysis was performed between three groups of patients. The median PFS of group CD, group CSS and group CD/CSS+SNV was 11 months, 9 months and 14 months respectively. There was a distinct difference in the PFS between group CSS and group CD/CSS+SNV (P = 0.035<0.05), and the PFS of group CD/CSS+SNV was longer. Conclusions Different mutation subtypes of EGFR exon19 can predict the therapeutic effect of EGFR-TKIs on advanced non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Tian
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiuzhou Zhao
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengzhi Zhao
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Shi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Zhao Y, Liu W, Tian Y, Yang Z, Wang X, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Zhao S, Wang C, Liu Y, Sun J, Teng Z, Wang S, Lu G. Anti-EGFR Peptide-Conjugated Triangular Gold Nanoplates for Computed Tomography/Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Photothermal Therapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:16992-17003. [PMID: 29722264 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is difficult to cure because of the high recurrence rate and the side effects of current treatments. It is urgent to develop a new treatment that is safer and more effective than current treatments against NSCLC. Herein, we constructed anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) peptide-conjugated PEGylated triangular gold nanoplates (TGN-PEG-P75) as a targeting photothermal therapy (PTT) agent to treat NSCLC under the guidance of computed tomography (CT) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. The surface of TGNs is successfully conjugated with a novel peptide P75 that has the specific affinity to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). It is found that the EGFR is overexpressed in NSCLC cells. The TGN-PEG-P75 has uniform edge length (77.9 ± 7.0 nm) and neutrally charged surface. The cell uptake experiments demonstrate remarkable affinity of the TGN-PEG-P75 to high EGFR expression cells than low EGFR expression cells (5.1-fold). Thanks to the strong near-infrared absorbance, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and the increased accumulation in tumor cells via the interaction of P75 and EGFR, TGN-PEG-P75 exhibits 3.8-fold superior therapeutic efficacy on HCC827 cells than TGN-PEG. The in vivo CT/PA dual-modal imaging of the TGN-PEG-P75 is helpful in selecting the optimal treatment time and providing real-time visual guidance of PTT. Furthermore, treatments on HCC827 tumor-bearing mouse model demonstrate that the growth of NSCLC cells can be effectively inhibited by the TGN-PEG-P75 through PTT, indicating the great promise of the nanoplatform for treating NSCLC in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenfei Liu
- Department of Respiration, Nanjing First Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 210029 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhaogang Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | | | - Guangming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
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10
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Tu CY, Cheng FJ, Chen CM, Wang SL, Hsiao YC, Chen CH, Hsia TC, He YH, Wang BW, Hsieh IS, Yeh YL, Tang CH, Chen YJ, Huang WC. Cigarette smoke enhances oncogene addiction to c-MET and desensitizes EGFR-expressing non-small cell lung cancer to EGFR TKIs. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:705-723. [PMID: 29570930 PMCID: PMC5928373 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the leading risks for lung cancer and is associated with the insensitivity of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it remains undetermined whether and how cigarette smoke affects the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR TKIs. In this study, our data showed that chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or tobacco smoke‐derived carcinogen benzo[α]pyrene, B[α]P, but not nicotine‐derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), reduced the sensitivity of wild‐type EGFR‐expressing NSCLC cells to EGFR TKIs. Treatment with TKIs almost abolished EGFR tyrosine kinase activity but did not show an inhibitory effect on downstream Akt and ERK pathways in B[α]P‐treated NSCLC cells. CSE and B[α]P transcriptionally upregulate c‐MET and activate its downstream Akt pathway, which is not inhibited by EGFR TKIs. Silencing of c‐MET reduces B[α]P‐induced Akt activation. The CSE‐treated NSCLC cells are sensitive to the c‐MET inhibitor crizotinib. These findings suggest that cigarette smoke augments oncogene addiction to c‐MET in NSCLC cells and that MET inhibitors may show clinical benefits for lung cancer patients with a smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Tu
- Department of Life Science, the iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ju Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Science, the iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Wang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Hsiao
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Center, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao He
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Shan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lun Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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11
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Yang JCH, Mok T, Han B, Orlando M, Puri T, Park K. A Review of Regimens Combining Pemetrexed With an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in the Treatment of Advanced Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2017; 19:27-34. [PMID: 28743421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pemetrexed is a standard first-line treatment for advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are a standard first-line treatment for advanced nonsquamous NSCLC with activating EGFR mutations. Pemetrexed and EGFR TKIs have different mechanisms of action and minimally overlapping toxicity profiles; therefore, it is hypothesized that their combination might result in acceptable toxicity, provided that the synergistic antitumor activity observed in preclinical studies is achieved. This review summarizes clinical trials of pemetrexed in combination with an EGFR TKI for the treatment of advanced nonsquamous NSCLC in the first- and second-line settings, using intercalated, sequential, and concurrent treatment strategies. As would be expected, such strategies were most efficacious in patients with the activating EGFR mutations associated with response to an EGFR TKI. In the studies that compared a pemetrexed-EGFR TKI combination with pemetrexed alone or the EGFR TKI alone, the pemetrexed-EGFR TKI combination was more efficacious than the single-agent regimens. The pemetrexed-EGFR TKI combinations were generally associated with a higher incidence of grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events than the single-agent regimens; however, such toxicities were clinically manageable. Future studies of pemetrexed-EGFR TKI combinations should focus on optimizing treatment strategies in patients with activating EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony Mok
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mauro Orlando
- Eli Lilly Interamerica, Inc, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tarun Puri
- Eli Lilly and Company (India) Pvt Ltd, Gurgaon, India
| | - Keunchil Park
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Thumallapally N, Yu H, Farhan M, Ibrahim U, Odiami M. Concomitant Presence of EGFR and ALK Fusion Gene Mutation in Adenocarcinoma of Lung: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Pharm Pract 2017; 31:244-248. [PMID: 28438075 DOI: 10.1177/0897190017704751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence has long suggested that oncogenic driver mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer are mutually independent. However, recent studies reported in pertinent literature reveal that concomitant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement can occur in a subset of patients with NSCLC. In order to shed further light on this issue, we report a case of adenocarcinoma of lung harboring both EGFR mutation in exon 21 (L861Q) and ALK rearrangement. This allows us to speculate on likely molecular mechanisms underlying this uncommon phenomenon, while also offering some practical guidelines on the therapeutic options that could benefit patients diagnosed with this dual-positive tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hana Yu
- 1 Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Farhan
- 2 Department of Hematology/Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Uroosa Ibrahim
- 2 Department of Hematology/Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Maricel Odiami
- 2 Department of Hematology/Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
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13
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Vinayanuwattikun C, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Abedi-Ardekani B, Zaridze D, Mukeria A, Voegele C, Vallée M, Purnomosari D, Forey N, Durand G, Byrnes G, Mckay J, Brennan P, Scelo G. Elucidating Genomic Characteristics of Lung Cancer Progression from In Situ to Invasive Adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31628. [PMID: 27545006 PMCID: PMC4992872 DOI: 10.1038/srep31628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the diversity of somatic alterations and clonal evolution according to aggressiveness of disease, nineteen tumor-blood pairs of 'formerly bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma (BAC)' which had been reclassified into preinvasive lesion (adenocarcinoma in situ; AIS), focal invasive lesion (minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; MIA), and invasive lesion (lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma; LPA and non-lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma; non-LPA) according to IASLC/ATS/ERS 2011 classification were explored by whole exome sequencing. Several distinct somatic alterations were observed compare to the lung adenocarcinoma study from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). There were higher numbers of tumors with significant APOBEC mutation fold enrichment (73% vs. 58% TCGA). The frequency of KRAS mutations was lower in our study (5% vs. 32% TCGA), while a higher number of mutations of RNA-splicing genes, RBM10 and U2AF1, were found (37% vs. 11% TCGA). We found neither mutational pattern nor somatic copy number alterations that were specific to AIS/MIA. We demonstrated that clonal cell fraction was the only distinctive feature that discriminated LPA/non-LPA from AIS/MIA. The broad range of clonal frequency signified a more branched clonal evolution at the time of diagnosis. Assessment of tumor clonal cell fraction might provide critical information for individualized therapy as a prognostic factor, however this needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanida Vinayanuwattikun
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and The King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - David Zaridze
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anush Mukeria
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Maxime Vallée
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CHUQ Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dewajani Purnomosari
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nathalie Forey
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Graham Byrnes
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - James Mckay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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14
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Yamakawa K, Yokohira M, Nakano Y, Kishi S, Kanie S, Imaida K. Activation of MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling during NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis in female A/J mice. Cancer Med 2016; 5:903-13. [PMID: 26864819 PMCID: PMC4864820 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway is activated by several growth factors and mitogens, and upregulation has been noted in many human cancers, including examples in the lung. In this study, to study the association of ERK1/2 activation with mutation of Kras encoding an upstream activator of ERK1/2 in lung premalignant lesions, we immunohistochemically examined expression of phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and MAP/ERK kinase 1/2 (pMEK1/2) proteins and correlation between ERK activation and mutation of Kras encoding an upstream activator of ERK1/2, in a mouse lung carcinogenesis model. Female 7‐week‐old A/J mice were administered a single dose of 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK), then maintained without additional treatment until sacrifice at week 52. Histopathologically, adenocarcinomas, adenomas and hyperplasias were observed in the lung. pMEK1/2 was expressed mostly in the cell cytoplasm in all three. In contrast, pERK1/2‐positive cells were also relatively rare in any histological types as compared with level of pMEK1/2 expression. However, pERK1/2‐positive cells in adenocarcinoma were still markedly more common than in hyperplasias and adenomas (~5‐fold, ~4‐fold; P < 0.01). Activating mutations of Kras gene at codons 12, 13 and 61 were detected in the majority of adenomas and adenocarcinomas, but without any significant relation to pERK1/2 expression. These results suggest that activation of ERK1/2 plays a key role in malignant transformation during lung carcinogenesis featuring Kras mutaion. Activation of ERK1/2 in lung premalignant lesions was little regardless of the mutation of Kras, and ERK1/2 activation in NNK‐induced mouse lung carcinogenesis may be regulated not only by Kras mutation but also other signaling pathway or regulatory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yamakawa
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masanao Yokohira
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakano
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Sosuke Kishi
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Kanie
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.,Toxicology Laboratory, TAIHO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imaida
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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15
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Suzawa K, Yamamoto H, Murakami T, Katayama H, Furukawa M, Shien K, Hashida S, Okabe K, Aoe K, Soh J, Asano H, Tsukuda K, Mimura Y, Toyooka S, Miyoshi S. Establishment and molecular characterization of cell lines from Japanese patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:705-712. [PMID: 26870271 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive disease that is resistant to conventional therapies. Cell lines are useful models for studying the biological characteristics of tumors; therefore, the establishment of MPM cell lines is valuable for exploring novel therapeutic strategies for MPM. In the present study, 4 MPM cell lines (YUMC8, YUMC44, YUMC63, and YUMC64) were established, which consisted of 2 epithelioid and 2 sarcomatoid mesothelioma histological subtypes, from Japanese patients with MPM. The DNA methylation status, mutations, copy number gains, protein expression of representative genes, and the sensitivity to several drugs were examined in these 4 cell lines. Methylation of P16 was demonstrated in 3/4 cell lines, in which the protein expression of p16 was lost. Methylation of RASSF1A was observed in 3/4 cell lines. Copy number gains of EGFR, HER2 or MET were not detected in the 4 cell lines. Mutations in various genes, including EGFR, KRAS, HER2, BRAF, and PIK3CA, which are frequently detected in non-small cell lung cancer, were not detected in the 4 cell lines. microRNA-34b/c is a direct transcriptional target of p53 and is often silenced in MPM by promoter methylation. In the present study, miR-34b/c was heavily methylated in 2/4 established MPM cell lines. For cell adhesion molecules, E-cadherin expression was detected in the 2 epithelioid MPM cell lines, whereas N-cadherin expression was detected in all 4 established cell lines by western blotting. Vimentin was strongly expressed in the 2 sarcomatoid MPM cell lines. None of the established MPM cell lines demonstrated significant responses to the drugs tested, including NVP-AUY922, 17-DMAG, Trichostatin A, and Vorinostat. Although novel molecular findings were not observed in the current characterization of these MPM cell lines, these lines will be useful for future extensive analyses of the biological behavior of MPM and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Suzawa
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yamamoto
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-0241, Japan; Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-0241, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Murakami
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-0241, Japan
| | - Hideki Katayama
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-0241, Japan; Department of Medical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-0241, Japan
| | - Masashi Furukawa
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shien
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hashida
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okabe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-0241, Japan; Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-0241, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoe
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-0241, Japan; Department of Medical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-0241, Japan
| | - Junichi Soh
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Asano
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tsukuda
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-0241, Japan
| | - Shinichi Toyooka
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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16
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Lee JG, Wu R. Erlotinib-cisplatin combination inhibits growth and angiogenesis through c-MYC and HIF-1α in EGFR-mutated lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Neoplasia 2015; 17:190-200. [PMID: 25748238 PMCID: PMC4351293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination treatment for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is becoming more popular due to the anticipation that it may be more effective than single drug treatment. In addition, there are efforts to genetically screen patients for specific mutations in light of attempting to administer specific anticancer agents that are most effective. In this study, we evaluate the anticancer and anti-angiogenic effects of low dose erlotinib-cisplatin combination in NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. In NSCLC cells harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, combination erlotinib-cisplatin treatment led to synergistic cell death, but there was minimal efficacy in NSCLC cells with wild-type EGFR. In xenograft models, combination treatment also demonstrated greater inhibition of tumor growth compared to individual treatment. The anti-tumor effect observed was secondary to the targeting of angiogenesis, evidenced by decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and decreased levels of CD31 and microvessel density. Combination treatment targets angiogenesis through down-regulation of the c-MYC/hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) pathway. In fact, cell lines with EGFR exon 19 deletions expressed high basal levels of c-MYC and HIF-1α and correlate with robust responses to combination treatment. These results suggest that low dose erlotinib-cisplatin combination exhibits its anti-tumor activity by targeting angiogenesis through the modulation of the c-MYC/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway in NSCLC with EGFR exon 19 deletions. These findings may have significant clinical implications in patients with tumors harboring EGFR exon 19 deletions as they may be particularly sensitive to this regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine G Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Reen Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhao S, Wang Y, Di W, Zhao G, Yang M, Zhang Q. Prognostic value of survivin and EGFR protein expression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Target Oncol 2015; 9:349-57. [PMID: 24233638 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-013-0300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particular type of breast cancer which is characterized by its biological aggressiveness, worse prognosis, and lack of prognostic markers or therapeutic targets in contrast with hormonal receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancers. We aimed to evaluate survivin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and their prognostic value and determine their relationships with the clinicopathological parameters of TNBC. A total of 136 patients who had undergone a resection of primary TNBC were enrolled at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from March 2003 to September 2005. Expression of ER, PR, HER2, EGFR, and survivin was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The association of TNBC and other clinicopathological variables and the prognostic value of survivin and EGFR expression were evaluated. Survivin was expressed in 62 (45.6 %) cases and EGFR was expressed in 82 (60.3 %) cases. Survivin expression was associated with menopausal status (P = 0.011), tumor size (P = 0.037), and lymph node status (P = 0.001). EGFR expression was associated with menopausal status (P = 0.029), lymph node status (P = 0.004), P53 expression (P = 0.001), Ki-67 expression (P = 0.028), and lymphatic vascular invasion (P = 0.037). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor size (hazard ratio (HR) 1.587, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.081–2.330, P = 0.018 for disease-free survival (DFS); HR 1.606, 95%CI 1.096–2.354, P = 0.015 for overall survival (OS)), lymph node status (HR 2.873, 95%CI 1.544–5.344, P = 0.001 for DFS; HR 2.915, 95%CI 1.553–5.471, P = 0.001 for OS), tumor grade (HR 1.914, 95%CI 1.218–3.007, P = 0.005 for DFS; HR 1.983, 95%CI 1.228–3.203, P = 0.005 for OS), EGFR (HR 3.008, 95%CI 1.331–6.792, P = 0.008 for DFS; HR 3.151, 95%CI 1.374–7.226, P = 0.007 for OS), and survivin (HR 1.573, 95%CI 1.087–2.277, P = 0.016 for DFS; HR 1.607, 95%CI 1.088–2.374, P = 0.017 for OS) were of prognostic significance for disease-free and overall survival. We draw a conclusion from the present study that survivin and EGFR expression are useful prognostic markers of TNBC and might be useful for molecular targeting therapy of TNBC treatment.
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18
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Chatziandreou I, Tsioli P, Sakellariou S, Mourkioti I, Giannopoulou I, Levidou G, Korkolopoulou P, Patsouris E, Saetta AA. Comprehensive Molecular Analysis of NSCLC; Clinicopathological Associations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133859. [PMID: 26208325 PMCID: PMC4514742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selection of NSCLC patients for targeted therapy is currently based upon the presence of sensitizing mutations in EGFR and EML4/ALK translocations. The heterogeneity of molecular alterations in lung cancer has led to the ongoing discovery of potential biomarkers and targets in order to improve survival. AIM This study aimed to detect alterations in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, MET-gene copy number and ALK rearrangements in a large cohort of 956 NSCLC patients of Hellenic origin using highly sensitive techniques and correlations with clinicopathological characteristics. RESULTS Mutations were detected in EGFR 10.6% (101 out of 956 samples), KRAS 26.5% (191 out of 720 samples), BRAF 2.5% (12 out of 471 samples), PIK3CA 3.8% (7 out of 184 samples), MET gene amplification was detected in 18% (31 out of 170) and ALK rearrangements in 3.7% (4 out of 107 samples). EGFR mutations were detected in exon 19 (61.4% of mutant cases), exon 21 p.Leu858Arg (19.8%), exon 20 (15.8%), exon 18 (2.9%) and were correlated with gender histology, smoking status and TTF1 staining. p.Thr790Met mutant cases (3.9%) displayed concurrent mutations in exons 19 or 21. Negative TTF-1 staining showed strong negative predictive value for the presence of EGFR mutations. KRAS mutations were associated with histology, the most common mutation being p.Gly12Cys (38%). DISCUSSION In conclusion, only 89 patients were eligible for EGFR -TKIs and ALK inhibitors therapy, whereas 257 patients showed other alterations, highlighting the necessity for a detailed molecular profiling potentially leading to more efficient individualized therapies for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Chatziandreou
- First Department of Pathology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Tsioli
- First Department of Pathology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Stratigoula Sakellariou
- First Department of Pathology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Mourkioti
- First Department of Pathology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Giannopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Levidou
- First Department of Pathology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- First Department of Pathology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelica A. Saetta
- First Department of Pathology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
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19
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Dhillon S. Gefitinib: a review of its use in adults with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Target Oncol 2015; 10:153-70. [PMID: 25637458 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-015-0358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gefitinib (Iressa®) is a selective small-molecule epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR TKI) indicated for the treatment of adults with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating mutations of EGFR tyrosine kinase. Large phase III or IV clinical trials in patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC showed that gefitinib as first- or subsequent-line treatment significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) and improved objective response rates and/or health-related quality of life parameters in patients with activating EGFR mutations and in clinically selected patients (e.g., Asian patients or never-smokers) who are more likely to harbour these mutations. Overall survival did not increase significantly with gefitinib, although post-study treatments may have had a confounding effect on this outcome. Gefitinib was generally well tolerated in these studies, with mild or moderate skin reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances and elevations in liver enzymes among the most common adverse reactions in gefitinib recipients; interstitial lung disease has also been reported in <6 % of gefitinib recipients. Compared with chemotherapy, gefitinib as first- or subsequent-line therapy provided similar or greater PFS benefit and was generally associated with fewer haematological adverse events, neurotoxicity, asthenic disorders, as well as grade ≥3 adverse events. Although the position of gefitinib with respect to other EGFR TKIs is not definitively established, current evidence indicates that gefitinib monotherapy is an effective and generally well-tolerated first- or subsequent-line treatment option for patients with NSCLC and activating EGFR mutations who have not received an EGFR TKI previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohita Dhillon
- Springer, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, 0754, Auckland, New Zealand,
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20
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Cha YK, Lee HY, Ahn MJ, Choi YL, Lee JH, Park K, Lee KS. Survival outcome assessed according to tumor burden and progression patterns in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutant lung adenocarcinoma undergoing epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Clin Lung Cancer 2014; 16:228-36. [PMID: 25499173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been associated with a marked therapeutic response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the clinical predictors of the survival benefit of EGFR-TKI therapy for NSCLC with EGFR-activating mutations have not been well elucidated. Therefore, the present study evaluated the clinical predictors of survival outcome in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC who had been treated with EGFR-TKIs. MATERIAL AND METHODS The data from 224 patients with EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma treated with EGFR-TKIs were retrospectively reviewed. The treatment outcomes were evaluated according to the clinical factors, number of metastasis sites, and progression patterns. RESULTS The clinical factors associated with reduced progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) on univariate analysis were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) ≥ 2, intra- and extrathoracic metastasis, extrathoracic metastasis, a high number of metastatic sites, metastasis to the liver or adrenal gland at baseline, and rapid progression at the diagnosis of progressive disease (PD). On multivariate analysis, the factors that remained significantly associated with a shorter PFS were ECOG PS ≥ 2 (odds ratio [OR], 2.189; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.374-3.437; P < .001) and rapid tumor progression at PD (OR, 1.800; 95% CI, 1.059-3.058; P = .030). CONCLUSION Thus, the tumor burden, expressed as the number of metastatic sites at EGFR-TKI treatment, and rapid tumor progression at PD were predictive of inferior survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with activating EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ki Cha
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yun Lee
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keunchil Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Lee
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Melosky B. Review of EGFR TKIs in Metastatic NSCLC, Including Ongoing Trials. Front Oncol 2014; 4:244. [PMID: 25309870 PMCID: PMC4164005 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Most of these recent trials were conducted in patients with EGFR mutation-positive tumors. As our knowledge of the EGFR mutation and its resistant pathways develops, the complexity of the situation expands. This article briefly reviews the pivotal trials leading to approval of EGFR TKIs in the first-line setting for patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung carcinomas. It discusses the historical use of EGFR TKIs after the first-line setting in unselected patients and briefly describes ongoing trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Melosky
- Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency - Vancouver Centre , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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22
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Sundarraj S, Thangam R, Sujitha MV, Vimala K, Kannan S. Ligand-conjugated mesoporous silica nanorattles based on enzyme targeted prodrug delivery system for effective lung cancer therapy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 275:232-43. [PMID: 24467950 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor antibody (EGFRAb) conjugated silica nanorattles (SNs) were synthesized and used to develop receptor mediated endocytosis for targeted drug delivery strategies for cancer therapy. The present study determined that the rate of internalization of silica nanorattles was found to be high in lung cancer cells when compared with the normal lung cells. EGFRAb can specifically bind to EGFR, a receptor that is highly expressed in lung cancer cells, but is expressed at low levels in other normal cells. Furthermore, in vitro studies clearly substantiated that the cPLA2α activity, arachidonic acid release and cell proliferation were considerably reduced by pyrrolidine-2 loaded EGFRAb-SN in H460 cells. The cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were significantly induced by the treatment of pyrrolidine-2 loaded EGFRAb-SN when compared with free pyrrolidine-2 and pyrrolidine-2 loaded SNs in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. An in vivo toxicity assessment showed that silica nanorattles and EGFRAb-SN-pyrrolidine-2 exhibited low systemic toxicity in healthy Balb/c mice. The EGFRAb-SN-pyrrolidine-2 showed a much better antitumor activity (38%) with enhanced tumor inhibition rate than the pyrrolidine-2 on the non-small cell lung carcinoma subcutaneous model. Thus, the present findings validated the low toxicity and high therapeutic potentials of EGFRAb-SN-pyrrolidine-2, which may provide a convincing evidence of the silica nanorattles as new potential carriers for targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbagamoorthy Sundarraj
- Proteomics and Molecular Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, TN, India.
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Proteomics and Molecular Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, TN, India; Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Guindy, Chennai 600 032, TN, India
| | - Mohanan V Sujitha
- Proteomics and Molecular Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, TN, India
| | - Karuppaiya Vimala
- Proteomics and Molecular Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, TN, India
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Proteomics and Molecular Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, TN, India; Department of Zoology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, TN, India.
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Gomez GG, Wykosky J, Zanca C, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK. Therapeutic resistance in cancer: microRNA regulation of EGFR signaling networks. Cancer Biol Med 2013; 10:192-205. [PMID: 24349829 PMCID: PMC3860350 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulate cellular homeostatic processes. EGFR activates downstream signaling cascades that promote tumor cell survival, proliferation and migration. Dysregulation of EGFR signaling as a consequence of overexpression, amplification and mutation of the EGFR gene occurs frequently in several types of cancers and many become dependent on EGFR signaling to maintain their malignant phenotypes. Consequently, concerted efforts have been mounted to develop therapeutic agents and strategies to effectively inhibit EGFR. However, limited therapeutic benefits to cancer patients have been derived from EGFR-targeted therapies. A well-documented obstacle to improved patient survival is the presence of EGFR-inhibitor resistant tumor cell variants within heterogeneous tumor cell masses. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which tumors resist EGFR-targeted therapies and highlight the emerging role of microRNAs (miRs) as downstream effector molecules utilized by EGFR to promote tumor initiation, progression and that play a role in resistance to EGFR inhibitors. We also examine evidence supporting the utility of miRs as predictors of response to targeted therapies and novel therapeutic agents to circumvent EGFR-inhibitor resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- German G Gomez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jill Wykosky
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ciro Zanca
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Postiglione I, Chiaviello A, Aloj SM, Palumbo G. 5-aminolaevulinic acid/photo-dynamic therapy and gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines: a potential strategy to improve gefitinib therapeutic efficacy. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:382-95. [PMID: 23869760 PMCID: PMC6622218 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Often, non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) respond only poorly to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib, which targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), these poor responders EGFRs lacking activating mutations. In this study, we have attempted to improve TKI response of NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H1299) devoid of EGFR mutations, by combination of gefitinib and 5-ALA/photodynamic therapy (PDT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells of the two lines were incubated with gefitinib (from 0.5 to 50 mm, for 48 h) then irradiated at doses ranging from 4 to 20 J/cm(2) ; 5-ALA concentration and incubation time were kept constant (1 mm for 3 h). We analysed cell viability, colony-forming efficiency, cell cycle parameters, proteasome and NF-κB activity and expression patterns of specific proteins, after individual or combined treatments. RESULTS Effects (antagonistic, additive or synergistic) of combination treatment were evaluated using a predictive model (combination index) for expected interactive effects and results are consistent with mutual potentiation exceeding simple additivity. Investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying cytotoxic effects indicated that combination treatment impaired proteasome function, inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity and hampered AKT pro-survival signalling. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that poor response of cells devoid of EGFR activating mutations to TKIs, can be overcome by combining gefitinib with 5-ALA/photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Postiglione
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Health BiotechnologyUniversity Federico IINaples80131Italy
| | - A. Chiaviello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Health BiotechnologyUniversity Federico IINaples80131Italy
| | - S. M. Aloj
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Health BiotechnologyUniversity Federico IINaples80131Italy
| | - G. Palumbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Health BiotechnologyUniversity Federico IINaples80131Italy
- IEOS/CNR ‘G. Salvatore’Naples80131Italy
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25
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Zhang XH, Cheng Y, Shin JY, Kim JO, Oh JE, Kang JH. A CDK4/6 inhibitor enhances cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in lung adenocarcinoma cells harboring mutant KRAS as well as wild-type KRAS. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:597-605. [PMID: 23792647 PMCID: PMC3742489 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.24592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The KRAS gain-of-function mutation confers intrinsic resistance to targeted anti-cancer drugs and cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, ultimately leading to treatment failure. KRAS mutation frequency in lung adenocarcinoma is ~15–30%. Novel therapeutic strategies should be developed to improve clinical outcomes in these cases. Deregulation of the p16/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway is frequently observed in various cancers and it represents an attractive therapeutic target. We compared the anti-tumor efficacy of genetically knocked-down CDK4 and a pharmacological inhibitor of CDK4/6, CINK4, in KRAS mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma cells. We also investigated changes in anti-proliferative activity and downstream molecules with these treatments in combination with paclitaxel. CDK4 short interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly increased paclitaxel sensitivity in KRAS mutation-positive H23 cells. CINK4 demonstrated concentration- and time-dependent anti-proliferative activity in 5 adenocarcinoma lines. CINK4 induced G1 arrest by downregulating the p16/cyclin D1/Rb pathway, resulting in apoptotic induction via increased expression of cleaved caspase3, cleaved PARP and Bax. Combined CINK4 and paclitaxel produced synergistic anti-proliferative activity and increased apoptosis through reduced cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 in KRAS mutation-positive cancer cells. These data suggest CDK4 is a promising target for development of anti-cancer drugs and CINK4 combined with paclitaxel may be an effective therapeutic strategy for enhancing anti-tumor efficacy in KRAS mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma.
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27
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Powers AD, Han W, Liu B, Palecek SP. Multiplexed tyrosine kinase activity detection in cancer cells using a hydrogel immobilized substrate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5489-99. [PMID: 23624904 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kinases play a key role in cellular signaling, and the overactivation or overexpression of these kinases has been linked to a variety of cancers. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors treat the mechanism of these cancers by targeting the specific kinases that are overactive. Some patients, however, do not respond to these inhibitors or develop resistance to these inhibitors during treatment. Additionally, even within cancers of the same tissue type, different kinases may be overactive in different patients. For example, some lung cancers overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and respond to EGFR inhibitors, whereas other lung cancers do not overexpress EGFR and receive no benefit from this treatment. Even among patients exhibiting EGFR overexpression, some do not respond to EGFR kinase inhibitors because other kinases, such as Met kinase, are also overactivated. Here we describe a quantitative and specific multiplexed microfluidic assay using a hydrogel immobilized substrate for measuring the kinase activity of Met and Abl kinase from cancer cells. We immobilized kinase-specific substrates on macroporous hydrogel micropillars in microchannels. These microchannels were incubated with 6 μl of a kinase reaction solution containing cancer cell lysate, and we measured kinase activity via fluorescence detection of a phosphotyrosine antibody. We showed that the assay can specifically measure the activity of both Met and Abl kinase within one microchannel and has the potential to measure the activity of as many as five kinases within one microchannel. The assay also detected Met kinase inhibition from lysates of cancer cells grown in the Met kinase inhibitor PHA665752.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D Powers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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28
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Masui K, Gini B, Wykosky J, Zanca C, Mischel PS, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK. A tale of two approaches: complementary mechanisms of cytotoxic and targeted therapy resistance may inform next-generation cancer treatments. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:725-38. [PMID: 23455378 PMCID: PMC3616676 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and molecularly targeted approaches represent two very different modes of cancer treatment and each is associated with unique benefits and limitations. Both types of therapy share the overarching limitation of the emergence of drug resistance, which prevents these drugs from eliciting lasting clinical benefit. This review will provide an overview of the various mechanisms of resistance to each of these classes of drugs and examples of drug combinations that have been tested clinically. This analysis supports the contention that understanding modes of resistance to both chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies may be very useful in selecting those drugs of each class that will have complementing mechanisms of sensitivity and thereby represent reasonable combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul S. Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- Moores Cancer Center and
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Frank B. Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- Moores Cancer Center and
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Webster K. Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
- Moores Cancer Center and
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
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29
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Zhuang Y, Xu J, Ma H, Zhu W, Guo L, Kang S, Guo F. A sequential method of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation detection reduces false negatives: a new case with doublet mutations of L833V and H835L in China. Clin Lung Cancer 2013; 14:295-300. [PMID: 23313172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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30
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Antonicelli A, Cafarotti S, Indini A, Galli A, Russo A, Cesario A, Lococo FM, Russo P, Mainini AF, Bonifati LG, Nosotti M, Santambrogio L, Margaritora S, Granone PM, Dutly AE. EGFR-targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: focus on EGFR oncogenic mutation. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:320-30. [PMID: 23423768 PMCID: PMC3575628 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The two essential requirements for pathologic specimens in the era of personalized therapies for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) are accurate subtyping as adenocarcinoma (ADC) versus squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) and suitability for EGFR molecular testing, as well as for testing of other oncogenes such as EML4-ALK and KRAS. Actually, the value of EGFR expressed in patients with NSCLC in predicting a benefit in terms of survival from treatment with an epidermal growth factor receptor targeted therapy is still in debate, while there is a convincing evidence on the predictive role of the EGFR mutational status with regard to the response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).This is a literature overview on the state-of-the-art of EGFR oncogenic mutation in NSCLC. It is designed to highlight the preclinical rationale driving the molecular footprint assessment, the progressive development of a specific pharmacological treatment and the best method to identify those NSCLC who would most likely benefit from treatment with EGFR-targeted therapy. This is supported by the belief that a rationale for the prioritization of specific regimens based on patient-tailored therapy could be closer than commonly expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Antonicelli
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Unit, Foundation IRCCS (Scientific Institute for Research Hospitalization and Health Care) "Ca' Granda" General Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Mechanisms of resistance to reversible inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinase in non-small cell lung cancer. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2012; 16:401-6. [PMID: 23788917 PMCID: PMC3687444 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2012.31768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients consist of EGFR overexpression and EGFR (HER1) gene mutations. Structural dysfunction of the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR is associated with the clinical response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in patients with NSCLC. The most common EGFR gene mutations occur as either deletions in exon 19 or as substitution L858R in exon 21 and cause a clinically beneficial response to gefinitib or erlotinib treatment. Unfortunately, the majority of patients finally develop resistance to these drugs. Acquired resistance is linked to secondary mutations localised in the EGFR gene, mainly substitution T790M in exon 20. Through intense research a few different mechanisms of resistance to reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been identified: amplification of MET or IGF-1R genes, abnormalities of PTEN and mTOR proteins as well as rare mutations in EGFR and HER2 genes. Extensively investigated new drugs could be of significant efficiency in NSCLC patients with secondary resistance to reversible EGFR TKI.
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Mutated KRAS Is an Independent Negative Prognostic Factor for Survival in NSCLC Stage III Disease Treated with High-Dose Radiotherapy. LUNG CANCER INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:587424. [PMID: 26316935 PMCID: PMC4437400 DOI: 10.1155/2012/587424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background. The main attention regarding prognostic and predictive markers in NSCLC directs towards the EGFR-targeted pathway, where the most studied genetic alterations include EGFR mutations, EGFR copy number, and KRAS mutations. We wanted to explore the prognostic impact of mutated KRAS in the stage III setting treated with high-dose radiochemotherapy. Methods. Samples were obtained from patients participating in two prospective studies of locally advanced NSCLC receiving combined radiochemotherapy: the RAKET study, a randomized phase II study where patients were treated with induction chemotherapy (carboplatin/paclitaxel) followed by concurrent radiochemotherapy, and the Satellite trial, a phase II study with induction chemotherapy (cisplatin/docetaxel) followed by radiotherapy concurrent cetuximab. The samples were analysed regarding KRAS mutations, EGFR mutations, and EGFR FISH positivity. Results. Patients with mutated KRAS had a significantly inferior survival, which maintained its significance in a multivariate analysis when other possible prognostic factors were taken into account. The prevalence of KRAS mutations, EGFR mutations, and EGFR FISH positivity were 28.8%, 7.5%, and 19.7%, respectively. Conclusion. Mutated KRAS is an independent negative prognostic factor for survival in NSCLC stage III disease treated with combined radiochemotherapy. The prevalence of KRAS mutations and EGFR mutations are as expected in this Scandinavian population.
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Zhang XH, Shin JY, Kim JO, Oh JE, Yoon SA, Jung CK, Kang JH. Synergistic antitumor efficacy of sequentially combined paclitaxel with sorafenib in vitro and in vivo NSCLC models harboring KRAS or BRAF mutations. Cancer Lett 2012; 322:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Oliveras-Ferraros C, Cufí S, Queralt B, Vazquez-Martin A, Martin-Castillo B, de Llorens R, Bosch-Barrera J, Brunet J, Menendez JA. Cross-suppression of EGFR ligands amphiregulin and epiregulin and de-repression of FGFR3 signalling contribute to cetuximab resistance in wild-type KRAS tumour cells. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1406-14. [PMID: 22491422 PMCID: PMC3326676 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the mutational status of KRAS, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands amphiregulin (AREG) and epiregulin (EREG) might function as bona fide biomarkers of cetuximab (Ctx) sensitivity for most EGFR-driven carcinomas. METHODS Lentivirus-delivered small hairpin RNAs were employed to specifically reduce AREG or EREG gene expression in wild-type KRAS A431 squamous cell carcinoma cells. Colony-forming assays were used to monitor the impact of AREG and EREG knockdown on Ctx efficacy. Amphiregulin and EREG protein expression levels were assessed by quantitative ELISA in parental A431 cells and in pooled populations of A431 cells adapted to grow in the presence of Ctx. A phosphoproteomic platform was used to measure the relative level of phosphorylation of 42 distinct receptor tyrosine kinases before and after the acquisition of resistance to Ctx. RESULTS Stable gene silencing of either ligand was found to notably reduce the expression of the other ligand. Parental A431 cells with normal expression levels of AREG/EREG exhibited significantly increased growth inhibition in response to Ctx, compared with derivatives that are engineered to produce minimal AREG/EREG. The parental A431 cells acutely treated with Ctx exhibited reduced basal expression levels of AREG/EREG. Pooled populations of Ctx-resistant A431 cells expressed significantly lower levels of AREG/EREG and were insensitive to the downregulatory effects of Ctx. Phosphoproteomic screen identified a remarkable hyperactivation of FGFR3 in Ctx-resistant A431 cells, which gained sensitivity to the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the FGFR3 TK inhibitor PD173074. The A431 parental cells acutely treated with Ctx rapidly activated FGFR3 and their concomitant exposure to Ctx and PD173074 resulted in synergistic apoptosis. CONCLUSION Cross-suppression of AREG/EREG expression may explain the tight co-expression of AREG and EREG, as well as their tendency to be more highly expressed than other EGFR ligands to determine Ctx efficacy. The positive selection for Ctx-resistant tumour cells exhibiting AREG/EREG cross-suppression may have an important role in the emergence of Ctx resistance. As de-repression of FGFR3 activity rapidly replaces the loss of EGFR-ligand signalling in terms of cell proliferation and survival, combinations of Ctx and FGFR3-targeted drugs may be a valuable strategy to enhance the efficacy of single Ctx while preventing or delaying acquired resistance to Ctx.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oliveras-Ferraros
- Unit of Translational Research, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain
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35
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High incidence of EGFR mutations in Korean men smokers with no intratumoral heterogeneity of lung adenocarcinomas: correlation with histologic subtypes, EGFR/TTF-1 expressions, and clinical features. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:323-30. [PMID: 22237264 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3182381515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation has been known to be associated with adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC; lepidic) feature. This study was aimed to characterize the frequency of EGFR mutations and their association with histologic subtypes in Korean nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS Three hundred eighty-two (88 biopsies and 294 resections) NSCLC patients were investigated for EGFR mutations (exons 18-21) by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing method. For the resected adenocarcinoma specimens, histologic subtypes were classified according to both 2004 World Health Organization classification and 2011 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification. The results were correlated with EGFR mutation and clinicopathologic features. RESULTS EGFR mutations were detected in 196 of 382 NSCLCs (51.3%) and were more frequent in women than in men (65.7% versus 34.3%, p < 0.001) and in nonsmokers than in smokers (63.4% versus 32.0%, p < 0.001). Regarding histologic subtypes of adenocarcinoma, mixed acinar and BAC pattern showed the most frequent EGFR mutation (67.6%), followed by mixed papillary and acinar (65.2%), mixed solid and acinar (38.2%), micropapillary and acinar (30.4%), and acinar and mucinous BAC (13.3%). In addition, EGFR mutations were more frequently observed in tumors with BAC or papillary components than those with mucinous BAC or solid components. Identical EGFR mutations were detected in a single tumor showing mixed histological features. EGFR protein expression was seen more frequently in tumors with EGFR mutations than those without EGFR mutations (75.3% versus 24.7%, p=0.003). EGFR mutations were significantly more common in tumors with thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) expression than those without TTF-1 (p < 0.001), and almost all (92.7%) mutated adenocarcinomas were TTF-1 positive. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of EGFR mutations is variable according to histologic subtypes, gender, and smoking history. The mixed acinar and BAC and papillary and acinar subtypes, the presence of BAC (lepidic) or papillary components, EGFR, and TTF-1 protein expression can predict higher EGFR mutation in lung adenocarcinoma. However, intratumoral heterogeneity of EGFR mutation was not found. In addition, relatively high incidence of EGFR mutations in Korean men who smoked with adenocarcinoma histology suggests that these patients should not be left behind EGFR mutation test.
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Bae JH, Kim SJ, Kim MJ, Oh SO, Chung JS, Kim SH, Kang CD. Susceptibility to natural killer cell-mediated lysis of colon cancer cells is enhanced by treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors through UL16-binding protein-1 induction. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:7-16. [PMID: 21951556 PMCID: PMC11164140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways by treatment with quercetin induced the expression of natural killer cell group 2D (NKG2D) ligands on cancer cells and made the cells sensitive to natural killer (NK)-cell mediated cytotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated whether epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors could induce the expression of NKG2D ligands in colon cancer cells. Treatment with EGFR inhibitors predominantly increased the levels of mRNA transcripts and surface protein of UL16-binding protein-1 (ULBP1) in various colon cancer cells, including KM12, Caco-2, HCT-15, and HT-29, which express EGFR, and increased susceptibility of these colon cancer cells to NK-92 cells. The expression of ULBP1 was not induced by inhibitors of nuclear factor-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, and MAPK, but was induced by inhibitors of PKC, and the induction of ULBP1 expression with EGFR inhibitors was prevented by treatment with PMA in colon cancer cells. A transcription factor, activator protein-2 alpha (AP-2α), which has a suppressive effect on ULBP1 transcription, was prevented from binding to the ULBP1 promoter by treatment with EGFR inhibitors. The present study suggests that EGFR inhibitors can enhance the susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis of colon cancer cells by induction of ULBP1 via inhibition of the PKC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
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Zhou Q, Zhang XC, Chen ZH, Yin XL, Yang JJ, Xu CR, Yan HH, Chen HJ, Su J, Zhong WZ, Yang XN, An SJ, Wang BC, Huang YS, Wang Z, Wu YL. Relative abundance of EGFR mutations predicts benefit from gefitinib treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3316-21. [PMID: 21788562 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.33.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to determine whether abundance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in tumors predicts benefit from treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS We detected EGFR mutations in 100 lung cancer samples using direct DNA sequencing and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). Mutation-positive tumors by both methods carried high abundance of EGFR mutations. Tumors that were mutation positive by ARMS but mutation negative by direct DNA sequencing harbored low abundance of EGFR mutations. Mutation-negative tumors by both methods carried wild-type EGFR. All patients received gefitinib treatment. The correlation between EGFR mutation abundance and clinical benefit from gefitinib treatment was analyzed. RESULTS Of 100 samples, 51 and 18 harbored high and low abundances of EGFR mutations, respectively; 31 carried wild-type EGFR. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 11.3 (95% CI, 7.4 to 15.2) and 6.9 months (95% CI, 5.5 to 8.4) in patients with high and low abundances of EGFR mutations, respectively (P = .014). Median PFS of patients with low abundance of EGFR mutations was significantly longer than that of those with wild-type tumors (2.1 months; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.2; P = .010). Objective response rates (ORRs) were 62.7%, 44.4%, and 16.1%, and overall survival (OS) rates were 15.9 (95% CI, 13.4 to 18.3), 10.9 (95% CI, 2.7 to 19.1), and 8.7 months (95% CI, 4.6 to 12.7) for patients with high abundance of EGFR mutations, low abundance of EGFR mutations, and wild-type EGFR, respectively. The difference between patients with high and low abundances of EGFR mutations was not significant regarding ORR and OS. CONCLUSION The relative EGFR mutation abundance could predict benefit from EGFR-TKI treatment for advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Rapamycin decreases survivin expression to induce NSCLC cell apoptosis under hypoxia through inhibiting HIF-1α induction. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:185-91. [PMID: 21567203 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family that is overexpressed in various tumors and is important in restricting apoptosis. Understanding the molecular events of apoptosis may provide information for developing novel therapeutic agents targeting non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLCs). This study used three human NSCLC cell lines, NCI-H1299, SK-MES-1, and NCI-H460. Changes in apoptosis, the mRNA and protein expression of survivin under normoxia and hypoxia, with or without rapamycin treatment were analyzed. In addition, siRNA and ChIP assay were further applied to demonstrate the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)α in regulating survivin expression regulation under hypoxia during rapamycin induced NSCLC cell apoptosis. Treatment with rapamycin resulted in significantly increased NSCLC cells apoptosis under hypoxia. We demonstrated for the first time that rapamycin inhibited hypoxia-induced survivin expression in NSCLC cell lines. We further demonstrated that HIF-1α participated in hypoxia-induced survivin expression, and that rapamycin inhibited hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression by enhancing its degradation. The results above collectively showed that rapamycin inhibits HIF-1α-induced survivin expression under hypoxia to induce NSCLC apoptosis.
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McMillen E, Ye F, Li G, Wu Y, Yin G, Liu W. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and p-EGFR expression in resected non-small cell lung cancer. Exp Lung Res 2011; 36:531-7. [PMID: 20939760 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2010.482176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer, specifically non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. In China, a dramatic increase in the incidence of NSCLC is expected in the next 20 years (Molina et al. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:584–594). Mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status is a known predictor of response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and immunohistochemistry may be a less costly way of predicting presence of mutation. In this study, mutation analysis of EGFR in 218 cases of NSCLC was performed. One hundred thirty tissue samples were examined via immunohistochemistry of p-EGFR (Y1045 and Y1068) and correlated with mutation status. Mutations were seen in 29% of patients, and were correlated with female sex, nonsmoking history, and adenocarcinoma histology. Phosphorylation at Y1045 was noted in 52% of cases, but in 71% of cases with EGFR mutation (P = .003). Phosphorylation of Y1068 was seen in 55% of cases but in 73% of cases with EGFR mutation (P = .006). This study correlating EGFR mutation with p-EGFR expression in resected NSCLC is one of the largest to date, although TKI response could not be assessed. The data show that, among Chinese patients, detection of p-1045 and p-1068 expression with immunohistochemistry predicts EGFR mutations. Immunohistochemical analysis of p-EGFR may be useful to predict responses to TKI therapy, although future studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth McMillen
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Wojas-Krawczyk K, Krawczyk P, Mlak R, Kucharczyk T, Kowalski DM, Krzakowski M, Milanowski J. The applicability of a predictive index for second- and third-line treatment of unselected non-small-cell lung cancer patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 82:341-50. [PMID: 21242665 DOI: 10.1159/000322843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of EGFR (TKI-EGFR) induced response in only 10% of Caucasian non-small-cell lung cancer patients in second- or third-line treatment. Independent predictive factors for qualification to TKI-EGFR treatment have not been assessed. In 2008, a prognostic index was reported for patients treated with erlotinib in the BR.21 trial, but its application for real, unselected patients is limited. OBJECTIVES Based on clinical and molecular factors of patients treated with erlotinib, we tried to create a predictive index which could be applied in real treatment practice. METHODS In a Cox regression model, we established 6 factors which affected overall survival for erlotinib treatment: performance status, erlotinib-induced rash, time from diagnosis to treatment, gender, weight loss and LDH level. We analyzed the risk factors of early progression and survival shorter than 6 months. In addition we included: time from first-line chemotherapy to erlotinib treatment, smoking status, mutation status in EGFR and anemia. RESULTS Our model consisted of 10 factors that were assigned points according to HR or χ2 and p value. The score was used to separate patients into 4 risk categories of unfavorable disease course based on 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles: low risk (I), intermediate low risk (II), intermediate high risk (III) and high risk (IV). Survival probability was significantly higher for group I, intermediate for groups II and III, and significantly lower for group IV (χ2 = 49.5, p < 0.0001). Based on the previously reported index we could not qualify our patients for the low risk group. CONCLUSIONS Our model could be useful for qualification for erlotinib treatment of patients with numerous adverse factors and limited access to genetic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Wojas-Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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Li G, Luo X, He J, Zhu Z, Yu G, Qin H, Zeng T, Liu Z, Wu S, Xu J, Ren-Heidenreich L. A novel liquidchip platform for simultaneous detection of 70 alleles of DNA somatic mutations on EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded slides containing tumor tissue. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 49:191-5. [PMID: 21118047 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA somatic mutations of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway play critical roles in the response or resistance of tumors to targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). To provide a high-throughput (HTP) clinical testing service for detecting these mutations, we developed a novel platform, SurPlex®-xTAG70plex-EGFR liquidchip. METHODS This platform was developed based on a universal 100-tag system. The procedures for multiplex PCR, allele specific primer extension (ASPE) and hybridization were optimized and standardized. RESULTS A total of 70 alleles of somatic mutations of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA can be detected simultaneously in one reaction from one formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) slide within one day. Cross-reaction was < 8% between individual amplimers and 70 different ASPE primers. The sensitivity for detecting mutants in the wild-type DNA was 1%-5%. Seventy-three FFPE samples with somatic mutations were used to validate the 70plex. Seventy-one showed a complete match, while two were not detected. CONCLUSIONS A simple, accurate, sensitive HTP technology was developed and standardized for detecting simultaneously 70 different alleles of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA gene mutations from FFPE tumor slides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Li
- SurExam Bio-Tech Co. Ltd., Guangzhou Technology Innovation Base, Science City, Guangzhou, PR China
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Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation (EGFR) Testing for Prediction of Response to EGFR-Targeting Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) Drugs in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: An Evidence-Based Analysis. ONTARIO HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT SERIES 2010; 10:1-48. [PMID: 23074402 PMCID: PMC3377519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In February 2010, the Medical Advisory Secretariat (MAS) began work on evidence-based reviews of the literature surrounding three pharmacogenomic tests. This project came about when Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) asked MAS to provide evidence-based analyses on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three oncology pharmacogenomic tests currently in use in Ontario.Evidence-based analyses have been prepared for each of these technologies. These have been completed in conjunction with internal and external stakeholders, including a Provincial Expert Panel on Pharmacogenetics (PEPP). Within the PEPP, subgroup committees were developed for each disease area. For each technology, an economic analysis was also completed by the Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA) and is summarized within the reports.THE FOLLOWING REPORTS CAN BE PUBLICLY ACCESSED AT THE MAS WEBSITE AT: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/mas or at www.health.gov.on.ca/english/providers/program/mas/mas_about.htmlGENE EXPRESSION PROFILING FOR GUIDING ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY DECISIONS IN WOMEN WITH EARLY BREAST CANCER: An Evidence-Based AnalysisEpidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation (EGFR) Testing for Prediction of Response to EGFR-Targeting Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) Drugs in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: an Evidence-Based AnalysisK-RAS testing in Treatment Decisions for Advanced Colorectal Cancer: an Evidence-Based Analysis OBJECTIVE The Medical Advisory Secretariat undertook a systematic review of the evidence on the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation testing compared with no EGFR mutation testing to predict response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib (Iressa(®)) or erlotinib (Tarceva(®)) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). CLINICAL NEED TARGET POPULATION AND CONDITION With an estimated 7,800 new cases and 7,000 deaths last year, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in Ontario. Those with unresectable or advanced disease are commonly treated with concurrent chemoradiation or platinum-based combination chemotherapy. Although response rates to cytotoxic chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC are approximately 30 to 40%, all patients eventually develop resistance and have a median survival of only 8 to 10 months. Treatment for refractory or relapsed disease includes single-agent treatment with docetaxel, pemetrexed or EGFR-targeting TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib). TKIs disrupt EGFR signaling by competing with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the binding sites at the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain, thus inhibiting the phosphorylation and activation of EGFRs and the downstream signaling network. Gefitinib and erlotinib have been shown to be either non-inferior or superior to chemotherapy in the first- or second-line setting (gefitinib), or superior to placebo in the second- or third-line setting (erlotinib). Certain patient characteristics (adenocarcinoma, non-smoking history, Asian ethnicity, female gender) predict for better survival benefit and response to therapy with TKIs. In addition, the current body of evidence shows that somatic mutations in the EGFR gene are the most robust biomarkers for EGFR-targeting therapy selection. Drugs used in this therapy, however, can be costly, up to C$ 2000 to C$ 3000 per month, and they have only approximately a 10% chance of benefiting unselected patients. For these reasons, the predictive value of EGFR mutation testing for TKIs in patients with advanced NSCLC needs to be determined. THE TECHNOLOGY EGFR MUTATION TESTING The EGFR gene sequencing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays is the most widely used method for EGFR mutation testing. PCR assays can be performed at pathology laboratories across Ontario. According to experts in the province, sequencing is not currently done in Ontario due to lack of adequate measurement sensitivity. A variety of new methods have been introduced to increase the measurement sensitivity of the mutation assay. Some technologies such as single-stranded conformational polymorphism, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, and high-resolution melting analysis have the advantage of facilitating rapid mutation screening of large numbers of samples with high measurement sensitivity but require direct sequencing to confirm the identity of the detected mutations. Other techniques have been developed for the simple, but highly sensitive detection of specific EGFR mutations, such as the amplification refractory mutations system (ARMS) and the peptide nucleic acid-locked PCR clamping. Others selectively digest wild-type DNA templates with restriction endonucleases to enrich mutant alleles by PCR. Experts in the province of Ontario have commented that currently PCR fragment analysis for deletion and point mutation conducts in Ontario, with measurement sensitivity of 1% to 5%. RESEARCH QUESTIONS In patients with locally-advanced or metastatic NSCLC, what is the clinical effectiveness of EGFR mutation testing for prediction of response to treatment with TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib) in terms of progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rates (ORR), overall survival (OS), and quality of life (QoL)?What is the impact of EGFR mutation testing on overall clinical decision-making for patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC?What is the cost-effectiveness of EGFR mutation testing in selecting patients with advanced NSCLC for treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib in the first-line setting?What is the budget impact of EGFR mutation testing in selecting patients with advanced NSCLC for treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib in the second- or third-line setting? METHODS A literature search was performed on March 9, 2010 using OVID MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, OVID EMBASE, Wiley Cochrane, CINAHL, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination/International Agency for Health Technology Assessment for studies published from January 1, 2004 until February 28, 2010 using the following terms: Non-Small-Cell Lung CarcinomaEpidermal Growth Factor ReceptorAn automatic literature update program also extracted all papers published from February 2010 until August 2010. Abstracts were reviewed by a single reviewer and for those studies meeting the eligibility criteria full-text articles were obtained. Reference lists were also examined for any additional relevant studies not identified through the search. Articles with unknown eligibility were reviewed with a second clinical epidemiologist, and then a group of epidemiologists, until consensus was established. The quality of evidence was assessed as high, moderate, low or very low according to GRADE methodology. The inclusion criteria were as follows: POPULATION patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC (stage IIIB or IV)PROCEDURE: EGFR mutation testing before treatment with gefitinib or erlotinibLANGUAGE: publication in EnglishPublished health technology assessments, guidelines, and peer-reviewed literature (abstracts, full text, conference abstract) OUTCOMES progression-free survival (PFS), Objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), quality of life (QoL).The exclusion criteria were as follows: Studies lacking outcomes specific to those of interestStudies focused on erlotinib maintenance therapyStudies focused on gefitinib or erlotinib use in combination with cytotoxic agents or any other drugGrey literature, where relevant, was also reviewed. OUTCOMES OF INTEREST PFSORR determined by means of the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST)OSQoL QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: The quality of the Phase II trials and observational studies was based on the method of subject recruitment and sampling, possibility of selection bias, and generalizability to the source population. The overall quality of evidence was assessed as high, moderate, low or very low according to the GRADE Working Group criteria. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Since the last published health technology assessment by Blue Cross Blue Shield Association in 2007 there have been a number of phase III trials which provide evidence of predictive value of EGFR mutation testing in patients who were treated with gefitinib compared to chemotherapy in the first- or second-line setting. The Iressa Pan Asian Study (IPASS) trial showed the superiority of gefitinib in terms of PFS in patients with EGFR mutations versus patients with wild-type EGFR (Hazard ratio [HR], 0.48, 95%CI; 0.36-0.64 versus HR, 2.85; 95%CI, 2.05-3.98). Moreover, there was a statistically significant increased ORR in patients who received gefitinib and had EGFR mutations compared to patients with wild-type EGFR (71% versus 1%). The First-SIGNAL trial in patients with similar clinical characteristics as IPASS as well as the NEJ002 and WJTOG3405 trials that included only patients with EGFR mutations, provide confirmation that gefitinib is superior to chemotherapy in terms of improved PFS or higher ORR in patients with EGFR mutations. The INTEREST trial further indicated that patients with EGFR mutations had prolonged PFS and higher ORR when treated with gefitinib compared with docetaxel. In contrast, there is still a paucity of strong evidence regarding the predictive value of EGFR mutation testing for response to erlotinib in the second- or third-line setting. The BR.21 trial randomized 731 patients with NSCLC who were refractory or intolerant to prior first- or second-line chemotherapy to receive erlotinib or placebo. While the HR of 0.61 (95%CI, 0.51-0.74) favored erlotinib in the overall population, this was not a significant in the subsequent retrospective subgroup analysis. A retrospective evaluation of 116 of the BR.21 tumor samples demonstrated that patients with EGFR mutations had significantly higher ORRs when treated with erlotinib compared with placebo (27% versus 7%; P=0.03). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Kruewel T, Schenone S, Radi M, Maga G, Rohrbeck A, Botta M, Borlak J. Molecular characterization of c-Abl/c-Src kinase inhibitors targeted against murine tumour progenitor cells that express stem cell markers. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14143. [PMID: 21152443 PMCID: PMC2994747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The non-receptor tyrosine kinases c-Abl and c-Src are overexpressed in various solid human tumours. Inhibition of their hyperactivity represents a molecular rationale in the combat of cancerous diseases. Here we examined the effects of a new family of pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidines on a panel of 11 different murine lung tumour progenitor cell lines, that express stem cell markers, as well as on the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 and the human colon cancer cell line CaCo2 to obtain insight into the mode of action of these experimental drugs. Methodology/Principal Findings Treatment with the dual kinase inhibitors blocked c-Abl and c-Src kinase activity efficiently in the nanomolar range, induced apoptosis, reduced cell viability and caused cell cycle arrest predominantly at G0/G1 phase while western blot analysis confirmed repressed protein expression of c-Abl and c-Src as well as the interacting partners p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, heterogenous ribonucleoprotein K, cyclin dependent kinase 1 and further proteins that are crucial for tumour progression. Importantly, a significant repression of the epidermal growth factor receptor was observed while whole genome gene expression analysis evidenced regulation of many cell cycle regulated genes as well integrin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signalling to impact cytoskeleton dynamics, migration, invasion and metastasis. Conclusions/Significance Our experiments and recently published in vivo engraftment studies with various tumour cell lines revealed the dual kinase inhibitors to be efficient in their antitumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kruewel
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IMG-CNR, Pavia, Italy
| | - Astrid Rohrbeck
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Juergen Borlak
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ware KE, Marshall ME, Heasley LR, Marek L, Hinz TK, Hercule P, Helfrich BA, Doebele RC, Heasley LE. Rapidly acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in NSCLC cell lines through de-repression of FGFR2 and FGFR3 expression. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14117. [PMID: 21152424 PMCID: PMC2994708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite initial and sometimes dramatic responses of specific NSCLC tumors to EGFR TKIs, nearly all will develop resistance and relapse. Gene expression analysis of NSCLC cell lines treated with the EGFR TKI, gefitinib, revealed increased levels of FGFR2 and FGFR3 mRNA. Analysis of gefitinib action on a larger panel of NSCLC cell lines verified that FGFR2 and FGFR3 expression is increased at the mRNA and protein level in NSCLC cell lines in which the EGFR is dominant for growth signaling, but not in cell lines where EGFR signaling is absent. A luciferase reporter containing 2.5 kilobases of fgfr2 5′ flanking sequence was activated after gefitinib treatment, indicating transcriptional regulation as a contributing mechanism controlling increased FGFR2 expression. Induction of FGFR2 and FGFR3 protein as well as fgfr2-luc activity was also observed with Erbitux, an EGFR-specific monoclonal antibody. Moreover, inhibitors of c-Src and MEK stimulated fgfr2-luc activity to a similar degree as gefitinib, suggesting that these pathways may mediate EGFR-dependent repression of FGFR2 and FGFR3. Importantly, our studies demonstrate that EGFR TKI-induced FGFR2 and FGFR3 are capable of mediating FGF2 and FGF7 stimulated ERK activation as well as FGF-stimulated transformed growth in the setting of EGFR TKIs. In conclusion, this study highlights EGFR TKI-induced FGFR2 and FGFR3 signaling as a novel and rapid mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs and suggests that treatment of NSCLC patients with combinations of EGFR and FGFR specific TKIs may be a strategy to enhance efficacy of single EGFR inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7/pharmacology
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gefitinib
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Ware
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America.
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Nef HM, Möllmann H, Hilpert P, Troidl C, Voss S, Rolf A, Behrens CB, Weber M, Hamm CW, Elsässer A. Activated cell survival cascade protects cardiomyocytes from cell death in Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2010; 11:758-64. [PMID: 19633102 DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfp076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is characterized by rapid regeneration of contractile dysfunction. From recent studies it is known that excessive catecholamine levels due to emotional or physical stress might play a central role. After sympathetic activation, the PIK3/AKT pathway is a key regulator of many cellular responses, including cytoprotective effects. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the PIK3/AKT pathway plays a pivotal role in TTC. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 16 consecutive patients diagnosed with TTC were studied. Left ventricular biopsies were taken during the acute phase and after functional recovery. Specimens were examined by quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. Representative genes of the PI3K/AKT pathway (PIK3-R1, PTEN, GSK3beta, mTOR, PP2A, eIF4E) were compared with left ventricular controls from non-transplanted healthy hearts. PI3K expression was increased during the acute phase and after functional recovery. AKT protein levels were unaltered, but phosphorylation significantly increased during the acute phase. Both PTEN (PI3K antagonist) and PP2 (unspecific phosphatase) were down-regulated. Phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT downstream target mTOR was increased, while expression of both GSK3 isoforms was decreased. The Bax/Bcl2 ratio was increased in the acute and recovery phases. CONCLUSION PI3K/AKT signalling is activated in TTC. This activated cell survival cascade might protect cardiomyocytes from cell death and also contribute to rapid regeneration in TTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M Nef
- Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestrasse 2-8, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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Ruppert AM, Stankoff B, Lavolé A, Gounant V, Milleron B, Seilhean D. Miliary brain metastases in lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:e714-6. [PMID: 20823412 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Ruppert
- Hôpital Tenon, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, France
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Gaafar R, Bahnassy A, Abdelsalam I, Kamel MM, Helal A, Abdel-Hamid A, Eldin NA, Mokhtar N. Tissue and serum EGFR as prognostic factors in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Lung Cancer 2010; 70:43-50. [PMID: 20347505 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an asbestos related aggressive tumor. Asbestos causes genetic modifications and cell signaling events that favor resistance to chemotherapy. A variety of receptor tyrosine kinases have been identified to play a central role in various aspects of tumorigenesis. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a variety of epithelial malignancies including lung cancer in which EGFR aberrations not only predict response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors but also indicate tumor progression. However in MPM, the role of EGFR is less clear. This study was designed to identify serum and tissue EGFR levels in patients with MPM and to evaluate the relationship between serum and tissue EGFR levels and clinicao-pathological prognostic factors and survival. METHODS We investigated 71 cases of MPM for EGFR expression in tissue. Serum EGFR was assessed in 40 out of those 71 cases and 20 healthy subjects as a control. Pre-treatment serum EGFR levels were measured using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tissue EGFR protein overexpression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and gene amplification was assessed by the chromogen in situ hybridization (CISH) technique. Results were correlated with the clinical-pathological factors of the patients and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Out of the 71 patients included in the study, 19 had undergone extrapleural pneumonectomy. As for the rest of the patients, 46 received chemotherapy while 6 had only best supportive care. EGFR immuno-reactivity was detected in 74.6% of the cases, 37 (52.1%) cases were positive for EGFR gene amplification by CISH, 31 of them revealed moderate to high (++, +++) EGFR immuno-reactivity. Elevated serum EGFR >2.5 ng/ml (the median concentration of EGFR in MPM) was reported in 45% of the cases. The overall response rate (RR) for the 46 treated patients who received chemotherapy was 24.1%. After a median follow up of 29 months, the median overall survival (OS) was 10 months. Elevated serum and tissue EGFR is significantly associated with advanced disease stage. However neither EGFR overexpression in tissues nor high serum levels were associated with survival rates. CONCLUSIONS EGFR expression is a common feature in MPM patients. High pre-treatment levels of serum EGFR are associated with advanced stage but not with reduced OS. Detailed mutational analysis of EGFR on a larger number of patients is still needed to clarify the exact role of EGFR in MPM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Gaafar
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
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Mateen S, Tyagi A, Agarwal C, Singh RP, Agarwal R. Silibinin inhibits human nonsmall cell lung cancer cell growth through cell-cycle arrest by modulating expression and function of key cell-cycle regulators. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:247-58. [PMID: 19908243 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that silibinin possesses a strong antineoplastic potential against many cancers; however, its efficacy and underlying molecular mechanisms in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are not well defined. Herein, we assessed silibinin activity on prime endpoints and key molecular targets such as cell number, cell-cycle progression, and cell-cycle regulatory molecules in three cell lines representing different NSCLC subtypes, namely large cell carcinoma cells (H1299 and H460) and a bronchioalveolar carcinoma cell line (H322). Silibinin treatment (10-75 microM) inhibited cell growth and targeted cell-cycle progressing causing a prominent G(1) arrest in dose- and time-dependent manner. In mechanistic studies, silibinin (50-75 microM) modulated the protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) (4, 6, and 2), cyclins (D1, D3, and E), CDKIs (p18/INK4C, p21/Cip1, and p27/Kip1) in a differential manner in these three cell lines. Consistent with these observations, silibinin caused a reduction in kinase activity of CDK4 and 2 in all cell lines except no effect on CDK4 kinase activity in H460 cells, and concomitantly reduced Rb phosphorylation. Together, for the first time, these results identify potential molecular targets and anticancer effects of silibinin in NSCLC cells representing different NSCLC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiha Mateen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA and worldwide. Most patients present with advanced disease, and treatment options for these patients are generally limited to platinum-based chemotherapy and a few targeted therapies. Targeted agents currently in use for NSCLC inhibit oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase pathways, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. While current EGFR-targeted agents, including erlotinib and gefitinib, may result in dramatic responses, they demonstrate efficacy in only a fraction of patients, and resistance to these agents frequently develops. In order to select patients most likely to benefit from blockade of EGFR pathways, investigators have focused on identifying molecular correlates of response to anti-EGFR therapy. New strategies to minimize the risk of resistance to EGFR inhibition have been employed in the development of next-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as PF00299804 and BIBW 2992; these include irreversibility of target binding, inhibition of multiple EGFR family receptors, and/or simultaneous inhibition of EGFR and other oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-8593, USA.
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50
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Targeted therapies in the treatment of advanced/metastatic NSCLC. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:2473-87. [PMID: 19596191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has evolved substantially during the last years. Chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of treatment and prolongs survival with a positive impact on quality of life. However, we seem to have reached a plateau of activity in the treatment of NSCLC. Recently, the addition of bevacizumab or cetuximab to chemotherapy doublets has improved the outcome in selected patients with advanced NSCLC. Furthermore, the use of erlotinib and gefitinib is an alternative for second line treatment. Advances in our understanding of molecular biology of cancer and mechanisms of tumourigenesis have further enabled the discovery of several potential molecular targets and development of novel 'targeted therapies'. The purpose of this study is to review current data on the role of targeted therapies in the treatment of advanced NSCLC.
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