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Campisi M, Cannella L, Pavanello S. Cosmic chronometers: Is spaceflight a catalyst for biological ageing? Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102227. [PMID: 38346506 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Astronauts returning from space missions often exhibit health issues mirroring age-related conditions, suggesting spaceflight as a potential driver of biological ageing and age-related diseases. To unravel the underlying mechanisms of these conditions, this comprehensive review explores the impact of the space "exposome" on the twelve hallmarks of ageing. Through a meticulous analysis encompassing both space environments and terrestrial analogs, we aim to decipher how different conditions influence ageing hallmarks. Utilizing PubMed, we identified 189 studies and 60 meet screening criteria. Research on biological ageing in space has focused on genomic instability, chronic inflammation, and deregulated nutrient sensing. Spaceflight consistently induces genomic instability, linked to prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation, triggers pro-inflammatory and immune alterations, resembling conditions in isolated simulations. Nutrient sensing pathways reveal increased systemic insulin-like growth-factor-1. Microbiome studies indicate imbalances favoring opportunistic species during spaceflight. Telomere dynamics present intriguing patterns, with lengthening during missions and rapid shortening upon return. Despite a pro-ageing trend, some protective mechanisms emerge. Countermeasures, encompassing dietary adjustments, prebiotics, postbiotics, symbiotics, tailored exercises, meditation, and anti-inflammatory supplements, exhibit potential. Spaceflight's impact on ageing is intricate, with diverse findings challenging established beliefs. Multidisciplinary studies provide guidance for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Campisi
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luana Cannella
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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2
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Yang K, Hou R, Zhao J, Wang X, Wei J, Pan X, Zhu X. Lifestyle effects on aging and CVD: A spotlight on the nutrient-sensing network. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102121. [PMID: 37944707 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Aging is widespread worldwide and a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Mechanisms underlying aging have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Remarkably, aging and CVD overlap in numerous ways, with deregulated nutrient sensing as a common mechanism and lifestyle as a communal modifier. Interestingly, lifestyle triggers or suppresses multiple nutrient-related signaling pathways. In this review, we first present the composition of the nutrient-sensing network (NSN) and its metabolic impact on aging and CVD. Secondly, we review how risk factors closely associated with CVD, including adverse life states such as sedentary behavior, sleep disorders, high-fat diet, and psychosocial stress, contribute to aging and CVD, with a focus on the bridging role of the NSN. Finally, we focus on the positive effects of beneficial dietary interventions, specifically dietary restriction and the Mediterranean diet, on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the delayed effects of aging and CVD that depend on the balance of the NSN. In summary, we expound on the interaction between lifestyle, NSN, aging, and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiying Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Rongyao Hou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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3
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Raffin J, de Souto Barreto P, Le Traon AP, Vellas B, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Rolland Y. Sedentary behavior and the biological hallmarks of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101807. [PMID: 36423885 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While the benefits of physical exercise for a healthy aging are well-recognized, a growing body of evidence shows that sedentary behavior has deleterious health effects independently, to some extent, of physical activity levels. Yet, the increasing prevalence of sedentariness constitutes a major public health issue that contributes to premature aging but the potential cellular mechanisms through which prolonged immobilization may accelerate biological aging remain unestablished. This narrative review summarizes the impact of sedentary behavior using different models of extreme sedentary behaviors including bedrest, unilateral limb suspension and space travel studies, on the hallmarks of aging such as genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. We further highlight the remaining knowledge gaps that need more research in order to promote healthspan extension and to provide future contributions to the field of geroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Raffin
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 37 Allées Jules Guesdes, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 37 Allées Jules Guesdes, 31000 Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Pavy Le Traon
- Institute for Space Medicine and Physiology (MEDES), Neurology Department CHU Toulouse, INSERM U 1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 37 Allées Jules Guesdes, 31000 Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre
- Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Centre de recherche, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (IUGM), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yves Rolland
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 37 Allées Jules Guesdes, 31000 Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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4
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Zong B, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang P, Kan G, Li M, Feng J, Wang Y, Chen X, Jin R, Ge Q. Effects of long-term simulated microgravity on liver metabolism in rhesus macaques. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22536. [PMID: 36070186 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200544rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an essential multifunctional organ and constantly communicates with nearly all the tissues in the body. Spaceflight or simulated microgravity has a significant impact on the livers of rodent models, including lipid accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Whether similar liver lipotoxicity could occur in humans is not known, even though altered circulating cholesterol profile has been reported in astronauts. Using a 42-day head-down bed rest (HDBR) model in rhesus macaques, the present study investigated whether simulated microgravity alters the liver of non-human primates at the transcriptome and metabolome levels. Its association with stress and intestinal changes was also explored. Compared to the controls, the HDBR monkeys showed mild liver injury, elevated ANGPTL3 level in the plasma, and accumulation of fat vacuoles and inflammatory cells in the liver. Altered transcriptome signatures with up-regulation of genes in lipid metabolisms and down-regulation of genes in innate immune defense were also found in HDBR group-derived liver samples. The metabolic profiling of the liver revealed mildly disturbed fatty acid metabolism in the liver of HDBR monkeys. The intestinal dysbiosis, its associated endotoxemia and changes in the composition of bile acids, and elevated stress hormone in HDBR monkeys may contribute to the altered lipid metabolisms in the liver. These data indicate that liver metabolic functions and gut-liver axis should be closely monitored in prolonged spaceflight to facilitate strategy design to improve and maintain metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zong
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghan Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Immunology Research Center, Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronauts Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Le Roux E, De Jong NP, Blanc S, Simon C, Bessesen DH, Bergouignan A. Physiology of physical inactivity, sedentary behaviours and non-exercise activity: insights from the space bedrest model. J Physiol 2022; 600:1037-1051. [PMID: 33501660 PMCID: PMC10895929 DOI: 10.1113/jp281064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity, i.e. not reaching the recommended level of physical activity (PA), and sedentary behaviours (SB), i.e. sitting time, have been associated with increased risk for common metabolic diseases. Recent epidemiological data suggest that high volumes of SB are detrimental to metabolic health, even in the presence of regular exercise, i.e. moderate/vigorous PA. This suggests that the health effects of SB are independent from those of exercise. However, experimentally testing this hypothesis is complicated because of the difficulty in disassociating SB from PA. Bedrest studies, a traditional space science model, can offer new insights. In some bedrest studies, an exercise training protocol has been used to counteract the harmful effects of inactivity. While bedrest induces an inactive and sedentary state, exercise with bedrest represents a unique model of sedentary yet physically active people. Here, we review bedrest studies with and without exercise training. Although exercise training prevents the loss of muscle mass and function, even large volumes of exercise are not sufficient to fully counteract the negative metabolic adaptations triggered by inactivity. This observation supports the existence of independent adverse health effects of SB, but also the potential benefits of non-exercise activity, i.e. daily living light PA. We gathered available data to examine the complex relationships between exercise, non-exercise activity, SB and health outcomes. Given the large amount of SB in modern societies, the sole promotion of exercise, i.e. moderate/vigorous PA may be insufficient, and promotion of light PA may be a complimentary approach to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Le Roux
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathan P De Jong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, University of Lyon, Oullins, France
- Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Ogawa M, Belavý DL, Yoshiko A, Armbrecht G, Miokovic T, Felsenberg D, Akima H. Effects of 8 weeks of bed rest with or without resistance exercise intervention on the volume of the muscle tissue and the adipose tissues of the thigh. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14560. [PMID: 32951335 PMCID: PMC7507449 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of bed rest, with or without resistance exercise intervention, on the volumes of muscle tissue and the intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous adipose tissues of the thigh. Twenty men were included, who were randomly assigned in three groups: resistance exercises group (RE group), resistance exercises with whole-body vibration group (VRE group), and nonexercise control group (CTR group). The RE and VRE groups performed resistance exercises during 8 weeks of bed rest (3 days per week). Additionally, consecutive axial magnetic resonance images were obtained before and after the bed rest. Using these images, the volumes of the muscle tissue and the intramuscular adipose tissue, intermuscular adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue of the thigh were evaluated. No significant time-by-group interaction was observed the volumes of the muscle tissue and the intramuscular adipose tissue, intermuscular adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue between the RE and VRE groups. Furthermore, the RE and VRE groups were pooled as the resistance exercise intervention group (TR group), wherein their thigh muscle tissue volume was observed to be maintained after the bed rest. However, that of the CTR group significantly decreased. Regarding the thigh intramuscular adipose tissue and intermuscular adipose tissue volumes, no significant difference was observed among the CTR and TR groups. Although subcutaneous adipose tissue volume in the CTR group significantly increased after the bed rest, no changes were observed in that of the TR group. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that within the 8 weeks of bed rest, adipose tissue adaptation differs depending on the location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Ogawa
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Furo, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daniel L Belavý
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Radiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Akito Yoshiko
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Gabriele Armbrecht
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Radiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Miokovic
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Radiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Felsenberg
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Radiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Furo, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Japan
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Trakaki A, Scharnagl H, Trieb M, Holzer M, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Goswami N, Marsche G. Prolonged bedrest reduces plasma high-density lipoprotein levels linked to markedly suppressed cholesterol efflux capacity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15001. [PMID: 32929107 PMCID: PMC7490699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent observations strongly connect high-density lipoproteins (HDL) function and levels with coronary heart disease outcomes and risk for infections and sepsis. To date, our knowledge of factors determining this connection is still very limited. The immobility associated with prolonged bedrest is detrimental to health, affecting several systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and urinary. Effects of prolonged bedrest on the composition and functional properties of HDL remain elusive. We evaluated metrics of HDL composition and function in healthy male volunteers participating in a randomized, crossover head-down bedrest study. We observed that HDL cholesterol efflux capacity was profoundly decreased during bedrest, mediated by a bedrest associated reduction in plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol and major apolipoproteins (apo) apoA-I and apoA-II. Paraoxonase activity, plasma anti-oxidative capacity and the activities of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein were not affected. No change was observed in the content of HDL-associated serum amyloid A, a sensitive marker of inflammation. Resistive vibration exercise countermeasure during bedrest did not correct impaired cholesterol efflux capacity and only tended to increase arylesterase activity of HDL-associated paraoxonase. In conclusion, prolonged bedrest reduces plasma HDL levels linked to markedly suppressed HDL cholesterol efflux capacity. Resistive vibration exercise during bedrest did not correct HDL levels and impaired cholesterol efflux capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Trakaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Trieb
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Holzer
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Hinghofer-Szalkay
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/D-5, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/D-5, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Amino Acids in Health and Endocrine Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:97-109. [PMID: 32761572 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary amino acids play an important role in maintaining health. Branched chain amino acids can adversely increase blood pressure whereas arginine and citrulline can reduce it. D-amino acids play important roles in several cell types including testis, the nervous system and adrenal glands. Several amino acids also can have dramatic effects on diabetes; branched chain amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine have been implicated while others, namely arginine and citrulline can improve outcomes. Leucine has been shown to play important roles in muscle primarily through the mTOR pathway though this effect does not translate across every population. Glutamine, arginine and D-aspartate also exert their muscle effects through mTOR. Relationships between amino acids and endocrine function include that of glucocorticoids, thyroid function, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and leptin. Leucine, for example, can alleviate the effect of dexamethasone on muscle protein accretion. Interestingly, amino acid transporters play an important role in thyroid function. Several amino acids have been shown to increase GLP-1 levels in non-diabetics when administered orally. Similarly, several amino acids increase ghrelin levels in different species while cysteine can decrease it in mice. There is evidence to suggest that the arginine/NO pathway may be involved in modulating some of the effects of ghrelin on cells. In regard to IGF-1, branched chain amino acids can increase levels in adults while tryptophan and phenylalanine have been shown to increase levels in infants. Finally, leptin levels can be elevated by branched chain amino acids while restricting leucine in high fat diets can increase leptin sensitivity.
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Downs ME, Scott JM, Ploutz-Snyder LL, Ploutz-Snyder R, Goetchius E, Buxton RE, Danesi CP, Randolph KM, Urban RJ, Sheffield-Moore M, Dillon EL. Exercise and Testosterone Countermeasures to Mitigate Metabolic Changes during Bed Rest. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 26:97-104. [PMID: 32718692 PMCID: PMC7387751 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Exercise is a front-line countermeasure used to maintain astronaut health during long-duration spaceflight; however, reductions in metabolic health still occur. Accordingly, we evaluated serial changes in metabolic parameters in a spaceflight analog and evaluated the efficacy of exercise with or without the addition of low-dose testosterone treatment on mitigating adverse metabolic changes. SUBJECTS/METHODS Healthy young (<55 years) men were randomly assigned to one of three groups during 70-days of strict, diet controlled, 6° head-down bed rest: Control (CON, n=9), exercise plus testosterone countermeasure (TEX, n=8), or exercise countermeasure plus placebo (PEX, n=9). Basal metabolic rate (BMR), glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity were measured before, during, and after bed rest. Exercise energy expenditure and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption were measured in TEX and PEX subjects during bed rest. RESULTS Leptin decreased during bed rest (Pre to BR+0 changed from 6.9 ± 5.1, 5.8 ± 4.2, and 4.7 ± 4.1 to 7.9 ±3.6, 6.5 ± 4.6, and 4.1 ±3.0 ug• L-1 for CON, PEX, and TEX respectively). Bed rest induced a decrease in BMR (Pre to BR57 changed from 1655 ± 212, 1629 ± 108, and 1706 ± 146 to 1476 ± 166, 1668 ± 142, and 1603 ± 132 kcal • day-1 ± 95%CI for CON, PEX, and TEX respectively). Similarly, bed rest negatively affected glucose metabolism assessed by 2hr OGTT glucose (Pre to BR66 changed from 6.29 ± 0.72, 5.13 ± 0.72, and 5.87 ± 0.73 to 6.62 ± 0.72, 5.83 ± 0.72, and 7.08 ± 0.72 mmol • L-1 ± 95%CI). Reambulation following bed rest positively affected glucose tolerance in CON (2hr OGTT glucose at BR+12: 5.3 ± 0.72, 6.42 ± 0.73, and 6.04 ± 0.73 mmol • L-1 ± 95%CI). Testosterone protected against bed rest induced insulin resistance (HOMA-IR from Pre to BR+66 changed from 1.74 ± 0.54, 1.18 ± 0.55, and 1.45 ± 0.56 to 2.24 ± 0.56, 1.47 ± 0.54, and 1.07 ± 0.54). CONCLUSION This study confirmed that inactivity during 70 days of head-down bed rest adversely affects metabolic health. The daily exercise countermeasures were beneficial but not completely protective of bed rest induced decrements in metabolic health. Supplementary countermeasures such as testosterone may provide additional benefits not provided by exercise alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Downs
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kathleen M Randolph
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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10
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Smith SM, Heer M, Shackelford LC, Sibonga JD, Spatz J, Pietrzyk RA, Hudson EK, Zwart SR. Bone metabolism and renal stone risk during International Space Station missions. Bone 2015; 81:712-720. [PMID: 26456109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone loss and renal stone risk are longstanding concerns for astronauts. Bone resorption brought on by spaceflight elevates urinary calcium and the risk of renal stone formation. Loss of bone calcium leads to concerns about fracture risk and increased long-term risk of osteoporosis. Bone metabolism involves many factors and is interconnected with muscle metabolism and diet. We report here bone biochemistry and renal stone risk data from astronauts on 4- to 6-month International Space Station missions. All had access to a type of resistive exercise countermeasure hardware, either the Advanced Resistance Exercise Device (ARED) or the Interim Resistance Exercise Device (iRED). A subset of the ARED group also tested the bisphosphonate alendronate as a potential anti-resorptive countermeasure (Bis+ARED). While some of the basic bone marker data have been published, we provide here a more comprehensive evaluation of bone biochemistry with a larger group of astronauts. Regardless of exercise, the risk of renal stone formation increased during spaceflight. A key factor in this increase was urine volume, which was lower during flight in all groups at all time points. Thus, the easiest way to mitigate renal stone risk is to increase fluid consumption. ARED use increased bone formation without changing bone resorption, and mitigated a drop in parathyroid hormone in iRED astronauts. Sclerostin, an osteocyte-derived negative regulator of bone formation, increased 10-15% in both groups of astronauts who used the ARED (p<0.06). IGF-1, which regulates bone growth and formation, increased during flight in all 3 groups (p<0.001). Our results are consistent with the growing body of literature showing that the hyper-resorptive state of bone that is brought on by spaceflight can be countered pharmacologically or mitigated through an exercise-induced increase in bone formation, with nutritional support. Key questions remain about the effect of exercise-induced alterations in bone metabolism on bone strength and fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Smith
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Martina Heer
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda C Shackelford
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jean D Sibonga
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan Spatz
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Sara R Zwart
- Division of Space Life Sciences, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX, USA
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