Newcastle Disease Virus Hemagglutinin Neuraminidase as a Potential Cancer Targeting Agent

The multifaceted interactions between Newcastle disease virus proteins and host proteins: a systematic review

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) typically induces severe illness in poultry and results in significant economic losses for the worldwide poultry sector. NDV, an RNA virus with a single-stranded negative-sense genome, is susceptible to mutation and immune evasion during viral transmission, thus imposing enormous challenges to avian health and poultry production. NDV is composed of six structural proteins and two nonstructural proteins that exert pivotal roles in viral infection and antiviral responses by interacting with host proteins. Nowadays, there is a particular focus on the mechanisms of virus-host protein interactions in NDV research, yet a comprehensive overview of such research is still lacking. Herein, we briefly summarize the mechanisms regarding the effects of virus-host protein interaction on viral infection, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. This review can not only enhance the present comprehension of the mechanism underlying NDV and host interplay, but also furnish a point of reference for the advancement of antiviral measures.

Review detection of Newcastle disease virus

Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infecting poultry, which has caused great harm to the poultry industry around the world. Rapid diagnosis of NDV is important to early treatment and early institution of control measures. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the most recent research into NDV, including historical overview, molecular structure, and infection mechanism. We then focus on detection strategies for NDV, including virus isolation, serological assays (such as hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, reporter virus neutralization test, Immunofluorescence assay, and Immune colloidal gold technique), molecular assays (such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, real-time quantitative PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification) and other assays. The performance of the different serological and molecular biology assays currently available was also analyzed. To conclude, we examine the limitations of currently available strategies for the detection of NDV to lay the groundwork for new detection assays.

Ex Vivo Differential Responsiveness to Clostridium perfringens and Lactococcus lactis by Avian Small Intestine Macrophages and T Cells

Tissue resident immune system cells in the chicken intestine play a significant role in the protection against pathogens. However, very little is known about these cells. The current study was conducted to further characterize chicken intestinal immune system cells. Furthermore, this study aimed to assess the immune modulatory action of a highly virulent Clostridium perfringens, a commonly found chicken intestinal microbe, in comparison with a non-commensal, Lactococcus lactis, on intestine-derived immune system cells. The results demonstrated varying distribution of innate and adaptive immune cells along the avian gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecal tonsils. In addition, steady-state and tissue-specific presence of CD25+ cells among αβ and γδ T-cell subsets was assessed along the intestine. Ex vivo stimulation with C. perfringens or L. lactis resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of CD25+ T cells (γδ and αβ T cells). In addition, significantly more cell death was observed in ex vivo stimulation with C. perfringens, which was indirectly correlated with a decrease in macrophage activation based on nitric oxide (NO) production with no effect on lymphoid cell responsiveness as per intracellular interferon (IFN)-gamma (γ) staining. Ex vivo stimulation with L. lactis activated γδ T cells and αβ T cells, based on intracellular IFN-γ staining, while it had limited effect on macrophages. However, the ability of γδ and αβ T cells to produce IFN-γ and the ability of macrophages production of NO was rescued in the presence of L. lactis. These results demonstrate the potential application of L. lactis, as a probiotic, against virulent C. perfringens infection in chicken.

Secretion of tumoricidal human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) by recombinant Lactococcus lactis: optimization of in vitro synthesis conditions

BACKGROUND

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively eliminates tumor cells. However, the short biological half-life of this molecule limits its potential use in the clinic. Our aim was to construct a recombinant strain of nonpathogenic Lactococcus lactis bacteria as a vector for effective and prolonged human TRAIL production. Herein, we examined the expression and secretion conditions leading to the production of biologically active protein in vitro.

RESULTS

The human soluble TRAIL-cDNA (hsTRAIL-cDNA) with optimized codons was designed to fit the codon usage pattern (codon bias) of the L. lactis host. This cDNA construct was synthesized and cloned in lactococcal plasmid secretion vector pNZ8124 under the control of the nisin-induced PnisA promoter. The pNZ8124-hsTRAIL plasmid vector was transformed into the L. lactis NZ9000 host strain cells by electroporation. Secretion of the protein occurred at the neutral pH during induction, with optimized concentration of the inducer and presence of serine proteases inhibitor. Using Western blotting and amino acid sequencing method we found that TRAIL was secreted in two forms, as visualized by the presence of two distinct molecular size bands, both deprived of the usp45 protein, the bacterial signal peptide. By the use of MTS assay we were able to prove that hsTRAIL present in supernatant from L. lactis (hsTRAIL+) broth culture was cytotoxic to human HCT116 colon cancer cells but not to normal human fibroblasts. Flow cytometry analysis revealed TRAIL-induced apoptosis of cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

We designed recombinant L. lactis bacteria, which efficiently produce biologically active, anti-tumorigenic human TRAIL in vitro. Further studies in tumor-bearing NOD-SCID mice will reveal whether the TRAIL-secreting L. lactis bacteria can be used as a safe carrier of this protein, capable of inducing effective elimination of human colon cancer cells in vivo.

A review on Lactococcus lactis: from food to factory

Lactococcus lactis has progressed a long way since its discovery and initial use in dairy product fermentation, to its present biotechnological applications in genetic engineering for the production of various recombinant proteins and metabolites that transcends the heterologous species barrier. Key desirable features of this gram-positive lactic acid non-colonizing gut bacteria include its generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, probiotic properties, the absence of inclusion bodies and endotoxins, surface display and extracellular secretion technology, and a diverse selection of cloning and inducible expression vectors. This have made L. lactis a desirable and promising host on par with other well established model bacterial or yeast systems such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces [corrected] cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis. In this article, we review recent technological advancements, challenges, future prospects and current diversified examples on the use of L. lactis as a microbial cell factory. Additionally, we will also highlight latest medical-based applications involving whole-cell L. lactis as a live delivery vector for the administration of therapeutics against both communicable and non-communicable diseases.